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INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNOLÓGICO
NORBERT WIENER
Manual del Alumno
ASIGNATURA: Ingles Para Informatica
III
PROGRAMA: S3C
Lima-Perú
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Manual del Alumno
SIMPLE PRESENT
(Presente Simple)
QUESTIONS :
(Preguntas)
*
Verb to Be
Sentence :
(Verbo ser, estar)
The C.P.U is the brain of a computer system
(El C.P.U. es el cerebro de un sistema de computación)
Question :
Is the C.P.U the brain of a computer system?
(¿Es el C.P.U .el cerebro de un sistema de computación?)
Sentence :
Computers are electronic brains.
(Las computadoras son cerebros electrónicos)
Question :
Are computers electronic brains?
(¿Son las computadoras cerebros electrónicos?)
Nota :
Para formular una pregunta con el verbo “to be” (am, is, are) se antepone el verbo “to be” al
sujeto.

Other Verbs
Sentence :
(Otros verbos)
A computer stores information.
(Una computadora almacena información)
Question :
Does a computer store information?
(¿Almacena información una computadora?)
Sentence :
Computers work fast and efficiently.
(Las computadoras trabajan rápido y eficientemente)
Question :
Do computers work fast and efficiently?
(¿Trabajan rápido y eficientemente las computadoras?)
Nota :
En presente simple, si la oración contiene un verbo diferente al verbo “to be” , se emplean los
auxiliares “do” o “does” para formular una pregunta.
El auxiliar “does” se emplea cuando los sujetos son “ he, she, o it ”
El auxiliar “do” se emplea cuando los sujetos son “ I, you, we, they “
NEGATIVE SENTENCES
1. I am a computer programmer.
I am not a computer programmer.
(Yo soy un programador)
(Yo no soy un programador)
2. Computers are intelligent.
Computers aren’t intelligent.
(Las computadoras son inteligentes)
(Las computadoras no son inteligentes)
3. My computer has internet.
My computer doesn’t have internet.
(Mi computadora tiene internet)
(Mi computadora no tiene internet)
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Manual del Alumno
4. Computers “understand” or “think”
Computers don’t “understand” or “think”.
(Las computadoras entienden o piensan)
(las computadoras no entienden o piensan)
Nota :
-
Para formar una oración negativa con el verbo “to be” (am, is, are) se coloca la partícula
negativa “not” después del verbo (am, is, are).
Ejemplo :
I’m not a computer programmer
Computers aren’t intelligent.
-
Para formar una oración negativa con un verbo diferente al verbo “to be” se precisan los
auxiliares “do” o “does”, los cuales se colocan entre el sujeto y “not”, y a continuación el
verbo y el complemento.
Ejemplo :
My computer doesn’t have internet.
Computers don’t “understand” or “think”
SHORT ANSWERS :
1. Verb to Be :
Question
Answers
: Is English difficult?
: Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
Question
Answer
: Are the windows opened?
: Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Are you a computer programmer?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
2. Other Verbs :
Question : Does your computer have multimedia?
Answer : Yes, it does. / No, it doesn’t.
Question : Do you have a scanner?
Answer : Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Question : Does your father work with computers?
Answer : Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
EXERCISES
PUT THESE SENTENCES INTO THE NEGATIVES USING THE VERB IN BRACKETS.
EXAMPLE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
:
John.........................maths. (like)
John doesn't like maths.
A key ................................. in alphabetical order. (be)
They ...................................computers in their jobs. (use)
We ......................................very experienced programmers. (be)
The cursor...............................very slowly about the screen. (move)
A mouse ...................................ten keys. (have)
Computer programs.................... written in natural languages. (be)
A pocket calculator .......................a disk drive. (have)
The shop .................................free software. (give)
Complete this paragraph :
Mr. Paul Harris (be) _____ an American teacher. He (live) _____ in London, he
(not/live) ______ in the United States. He (be) ____ married, his wife (not/be) ____ American,
She (be) ______ English.
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Manual del Alumno
They (live) _______ in London because his wife (not/like) ______ the United States; but their
children (be) ______ in the United States now, they (study) ______ there.
Answer :
1. Are computers intelligent?
.......................................................................................
2. Is ROM permanent memory?
......................................................................................
3. Can computers think?
......................................................................................
4. What is the basic job of the computers?
......................................................................................
5. Do computers make mistakes?
.....................................................................................
6. What is the brain of a computer system?
.....................................................................................
7. Do you have a computer?
....................................................................................
8. Does your father work with computers?
....................................................................................
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Manual del Alumno
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(Presente Progresivo)
Example :
Sentence :
Question :
Answer
:
Mr. Wilson is drinking a cup of hot coffee. (- working)
Is Mr. Wilson drinking a cup of hot coffee?
Yes, he is.
Sentence :
Question :
Answer
:
Mr. Wilson isn’t working at the moment.
Is Mr. Wilson working at the moment?
No, he isn’t. He is drinking a cup of hot coffee.
Nota :
-
El presente progresivo indica una acción que está teniendo lugar en el momento en que se
habla.
-
El presente progresivo se forma colocando el verbo “ to be ” y añadiendo la terminación
“ing” (...ando, ...endo) al verbo que se desea conjugar.
Ejemplo :
The students are writing e.mails now.
(Los estudiantes están escribiendo correos electrónicos ahora.)
The secretary is typing at the moment.
(la secretaria está tipeando en este momento)
-
Para interrogar se antepone el verbo “to be” al sujeto.
Ejemplo :
Are the students writing e.mails now?
Is the secretary typing at the moment?
-
Para negar se coloca “not” después del verbo “to be”
Ejemplo :
John isn’t sending a fax.
The students aren’t reading computer magazines.
READING COMPREHENSION
John Cooper is my name, I am a computer programmer, I work for an important company here
in London. I’m going to work now.
When I go into the office everybody is very busy. Mary is typing a letter, Fred is talking on the
phone to customers, some people are waiting to see the manager, Henry is reading long
reports, and Jean is sending faxes to France.
It’s hard to work here, but we like our job.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Is John an engineer?
What does he do?
Does he work?
Where does he work?
Is John working now?
What is he doing?
EXERCISES
I.
Complete . Use Present Progresive or Simple Present :
1. Mr. Johnson _________ (work) on a report right now.
2. The students _________ (come) to classes every day.
3. Mr. Smith _________ (collect) information evey morning.
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Manual del Alumno
4. The secretaries ___________ (type) letters now.
II.
Write don’t doesn’t, aren’t, am not in the blank space
1.
2.
3.
4.
He ________ writing an e. mail right now.
She ________ send e.mails to your office every day.
The secretary ______ sending a fax.
They _______ read their mail in the morning.
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Manual del Alumno
SIMPLE PAST
Regular and Irregular verbs
REGULAR VERBS
BASE FORM
PAST
MEANING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Added
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
Añadir, sumar
dirigir, direccionar
Contestar
Llamar
Limpiar
Cerrar
Cambiar
Retardar
Borrar
Mostrar
Fallar
Abrir
Pegar
Grabar, registrar
Reemplazr
Guardar
Mostrar
Almacenar
Intentar
Tipear
Add
Address
Answer
Call
Clean
Close
Change
Delay
Delete
Display
Fail
Open
Paste
Record
Replace
Save
Show
Store
Try
Type
IRREGULAR VERBS
BASE FORM
PAST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Was, were
Began
Broke
Came
Cut
Did
Drew
Found
Fed
Forgot
Got
Gave
Kept
Knew
Lost
Made
Read
Said
Sent
Set
Spoke
Took
Thought
Understood
Be (am, is, are)
Begin
Break
Come
Cut
Do
Draw
Find
Feed
Forget
Get
Give
Keep
Know
Lose
Make
Read
Say
Send
Set
Speak
Take
Think
Understand
PAST PARTICIPLE
Been
Begun
Broken
Come
Cut
Done
Drawn
Found
Fed
Forgotten
Got
Given
Kept
Known
Lost
Made
Read
Said
Sent
Set
Spoken
Taken
Thought
Understood
MEANING
Ser, estar
Empezar
Romper
Venir
Cortar
Hacer
Dibujar
Encontrar
Alimentar
Olvidar
Conseguir
Dar
Mantener
Saber, conocer
Perder
Hacer
Leer
Decir
Enviar
Establecer, fijar
Hablar
Tomar
Pensar
Entender
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Manual del Alumno
25. Write
Wrote
Written
Escribir
Nota :
-
El pasado de los verbos regulares se forman añadiendo “ed”
Ejemplo : My secretary answers the phone (Mi secretaria responde el teléfono)
My secretary answered the phone. (Mi secretaria respondió el teléfono)
-
No existe una regla para cambiar a pasado los verbos irregulares, por lo que para
emplearlos necesitamos memorizarlos o consultar una lista de verbos.
Ejemplo : I go to the institute at 8 am
( Yo voy al instituto a las 8 )
I went to the institute at 8 am. ( Yo fui al instituto a las 8)
THE USE OF DID
SIMPLE PRESENT
Positive
I
do
We
go
They have
It
begins
SIMPLE PAST
Positive
I
We
They
It
did
went
had
began
Negative
I
We did not
They didn’t
It
Question
do
go
have
begin
Did
I
do...?
we go...?
they have...?
It
begin...?
NOTA :
-
Para formar una oración negativa necesitamos el auxiliar “did” y la negación “not” , que se
colocan después del sujeto y antes del verbo, el cual debe estar en infinitivo (forma original)
Ejemplo : Mr. Wilson wrote an e.mail
( El Sr. Wilson escribió un correo)
Mr. Wilson didn’t write an e.mail ( El Sr. Wilson no escribió un correo)
-
Para formar una oración interrogativa se antepone el auxiliar “did” al sujeto y se coloca el
verbo en infinitivo (forma original)
Ejemplo : The secretary sent a fax
(La secretaria envió un fax)
Did the secretary send a fax? (¿Envió la secretaria un fax?)
EXERCISES
Change these sentences to Interrogative and Negative :
1. They started that technology 20 years ago.
Interrogative : Did they start that tecnology 20 years ago?
Negative
: They didn’t start that technology 20 years ago
2. The students took their English exam yesterday morning.
...............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
3. Charles Babbage designed the analytical engine.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
4. The first generation of computers used the vacuun tubes.
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Manual del Alumno
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
5. The programmers drew a flow chart of the problem.
..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
6. Dennis typed the information last night.
..............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
7. Robert and Carlos brought a new C.D. Rom for the P.C.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
8. It was cold in the computer’s lab yesterday.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
9. Every computer user required to use the keyboard and the mouse.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
10. You bought a floppy disk last week.
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
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Manual del Alumno
SIMPLE PAST
Reading Comprehension
The first electronic computers, made in the 1940’s, were large, slow , and very
expensive, but in the 1960’s computers made a giant step forward with the invention of
transistors. Transistors used the semi-conductor properties of silicon to provide
electronic amplification. The problem with the early computers was that the electricity
used in the computers passed along wires and valves, and this caused very high
temperatures. Because silicon is a semi-conductor, the problem of very high
temperatures was solved, and it was possible to reduce the size and cost of computers,
and also to make them work much faster with more powerful computers.
Today, a simple microcomputer can process more information more quickly than the
famous Harvard Mark I (IBM ’s first computer , made in 1943) which was 55 feet long
and 8 feet high and cost millions of dollars.
Answer :
1. When were the first electronic computers made?
.........................................................................................
2. Were they cheap?
.........................................................................................
3. How were the first computers?
..........................................................................................
4. What was the problem with the early computers?
..........................................................................................
5. What important discovery was made in the 1960’s?
..........................................................................................
Complete the following text. Use these words :
Showed
Was
Asked
Told
Gave
Went
Said
Came
Yesterday I _______ to a lecture at the university about computer viruses. It ______ a very
interesting talk. The lecturer _______ us lots of different kinds of viruses on her computer and
_______ us about some antivirus programs.
She _______ that most of the viruses ________ from the United States. At the end of the
lecture some members of the audience ________ some questions, and finally the lecturer
________ us each a leaflet with a lot of information about how to protect your computer against
viruses.
Translate :
When I went into the office everybody was very busy. Mary was typing a letter, Fred was
talking on the phone to a customer, three people were waiting to see the manager, Henry was
reading a long report, and Jean was sending a fax to France.
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Manual del Alumno
TIEMPO FUTURO
“ GOING TO ...”
Example :
Sentence :
Question :
Answer
:
John is going to buy a computer next weekend.
Is John going to buy a computer next weekend?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
Sentence :
Question :
Answer :
The students are going to save the important file.
Are the students going to save the important file?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
Nota :
-
Para el futuro usamos “ going to ... “ precedido por el verbo “to be” para hablar acerca de
intenciones o para hacer predicciones. (se emplea para describir una acción que va a
realizarse dentro de un instante o en un futuro más o menos inmediato).
Ejemplo :
I am going to have dinner at eight.
(Yo cenaré a las ocho)
He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow morning.
(el leerá el periódico mañana en la mañana)
-
La negación se forma colocando “not” después del verbo to be”, antes de “ going to...”
Ejemplo : They are not going to sell their computers.
(Ellos no venderán sus computadoras)
She is not going to watch television.
(Ella no verá televisión)
-
Para formar la interrogación se coloca el verbo “ to be” delante del sujeto.
Ejemplo : Hellen is going to change her car.
Is Hellen going to change her car?
The students are going to visit the museum
Are the students going to visit the museum?
-
Existen dos tipos de respuestas, breves o completas.
Ejemplo : Is the secretary going to send a fax?
Yes, she is
/ Yes, she is going to send a fax.
No, she isn’t. / No, she isn’t going to send a fax.
Are you going to watch television?
Yes, I am.
/ Yes, I’m going to watch television.
No, I’m not
/ No, I’m not going to watch television.
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Manual del Alumno
FUTURE TENSE
“ WILL ”
Example :
Sentence
Question
Answer
: The students will study for the final exam.
: Will the students study for the final exam?
: Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
NOTA :
-
Para formar el futuro se emplea el auxiliar “ will ” que se coloca entre el sujeto y el
verbo que se desea conjugar.
Ejemplo :
I will go to the library (Yo iré a la biblioteca)
They will buy a new computer. (Ellos comprarán una computadora)
Contractions
will
= ‘ll
will not = won’t
-
Al igual que otros verbos auxiliares, “will” suele abreviarse en la conversación por “ ’ll ”
Ejemplo :
Henry will come next week.
(Henry vendrá la próxima semana)
Henry’ll come next week.
-
Para negar se coloca “ not “ entre “ will ” y el verbo principal. “ Will not” se abrevia
“ won’t ” y ésta es la forma que suele emplearse en la conversación.
Ejemplo :
Susan will not write an e.mail tomorrow.
Susan won’t write an e. mail tomorrow.
(Susan no escribirá un correo mañana)
-
La interrogación se forma colocando “will” delante del sujeto, al que sigue el verbo que
se desea conjugar.
Ejemplo :
The students will surf the internet
Will the students surf the internet?
-
Existen dos tipos de respuestas : breves o completas.
Ejemplo :
Will the secretary send a fax?
Yes, she will. / Yes, she will send a fax.
No, she won’t. / No, she won’t send a fax.
READING COMPREHENSION
The CPU is the brain of a computer system : It controls all the other parts of the computer, and
does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be performed on data, and also
the sequence of those operations. All data must sooner or later pass through the CPU which
can retrieve data from memory and store the results of manipulations back into memory.
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Manual del Alumno
THE ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word used to qualify or modify a noun. It normally precedes the noun it
modifies.
(un adjetivo es una palabra usada para calificar o modificar un sustantivo. Normalmente
precede el sustantivo que modifica)
Example :
Singular
The new student
An old printer
That large room
Plural
The new students
Some old printers
Those large rooms
Nota :
En inglés el adjetivo es invariable con respecto a género y número y por regla general precede
al sustantivo
Ejemplo :
Good idea
(Buena idea)
Good ideas
(Buenas ideas)
An adjective can be used as a modifier of the subject after a linking verb :
( Un adjetivo puede ser usado como un modificador del sujeto después de un verbo)
Singular
This lesson is long
Plural
These lessons are long
(Esta lección es larga)
(Estas lecciones son largas)
That package is interesting
(Ese paquete es interesante)
Those packages are interesting
(Esos paquetes son interesantes)
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
(Clases de adjetivos)
1. Descriptive Adjectives
(Adjetivos calificativos o descriptivos)
Example :
A tall student
An intelligent girl
2. Quantitive Adjectives
(Adjetivos de cantidad)
Example :
Much - Little
(mucho-poco)
A large library
An efficient engineer
All – Any
(Todo-nada)
Several – Some
(Varios-algunos)
3. Demonstrative Adjectives
(Adjetivos demostrativos)
Example :
This keyboard
That printer
These flowcharts
Those computers
4. Possessive Adjectives
(Adjetivos posesivos)
Example :
My password
Your computer
His nickname
Her scanner
Most
(La mayoría)
Certain languages
Such ideas
Our English class
Their teacher
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Manual del Alumno
ADJECTIVES WITH THEIR ANTONYMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
High
Tall
Long
Wide
Large
New
Big
Hot
Late
Right
Low
Short
Short
Narrow
Small
Old
Little
Cold
Early
Wrong
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Hard
Difficult
Bad
Fast
Fat
Clear
Expensive
Complex
Full
Right
Soft
Easy
Good
Slow
Thin
Dirty
Cheap
Simple
Empty
Left
COMPARISONS OF ADJETIVES
Example :
Positive
: That car is fast.
(Ese carro es rápido)
Comparative
Superlative
: That car is faster than this.
: My car is the fastest.
(Ese carro es más rápido que éste)
(Mi carro es el más rápido)
Nota :
En inglés los adjetivos calificativos tienen tres grados de comparación :
- El positivo que expresa simplemente la posesión de una cualidad :
Ejemplo : fast car
(carro rápido)
tall man
(hombre alto)
-
El comparativo que indica que una persona o cosa posee una cualidad en mayor o
menor grado que otra persona o cosa. En inglés este grado compara sólo dos
personas o dos cosas.
Ejemplo : That car is faster than this. (Ese carro es más rápido que éste)
Henry is taller than Paul (Henry es más alto que Paul)
-
El grado superlativo indica que entre tres o más personas o cosas, una de ellas posee
una cualidad en mayor o menor grado que las demás.
Ejemplo : My car is the fastest
(Mi carro es el más rápido)
Henry is the tallest of the class. (Henry es el más alto de la clase)
El grado comparativo se forma agregando la letra “r” a los adjetivos de una sílaba (algunas
veces a los de dos) cuando terminan en vocal, o “er” cuando terminan en consonante)
Ejemplo :
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Brave
Small
Old
Easy
Big
Braver than
Smaller than
Older than
Easier than
Bigger than
the bravest
the smallest
the oldest
the easiest
the biggest
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Manual del Alumno
-
Los adjetivos que terminan en “y” se comparan cambiando la “y” en “i”, agregando “er”
en el grado comparativo y “est” en el grado superlativo.
Los adjetivos de una sola sílaba que terminan en consonante doblan esta consonante
al formar los grados comparativo y superlativo.
MAKING COMPARISONS
(Long adjectives)
Positive
:
A printer is expensive.
(una impresora es cara.)
Comparative
:
A scanner is more expensive than a printer.
(Un scaner es más caro que una impresora)
Superlative
:
The computer is the most expensive
(La computadora es la más cara)
Los adjetivos de tres o más sílabas forman los grados comparativo y superlativo anteponiendo
las palabras “more” y “most”
Ejemplo :
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Important
Beautiful
Interesting
more important than
more beautiful than
more interesting than
the most important
the most beautiful
the most interesting
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Good
Bad
Little
Much, many
Better than
Worse than
Less than
More than
The best
The worst
The least
The most
Nota :
Algunos adjetivos se comparan de una manera irregular y es necesario aprenderlos de
memoria.
Ejemplo :
Good
Better than
the best
(bueno)
(mejor que...)
(el mejor)
Bad
(malo)
worse than
(peor que ...)
the worst
(el peor)
COMPARISONS OF EQUALTY
“As ... as “
Example :
My PC is as fast as yours
(Mi computadora es tan rápida como la tuya)
He is as intelligent as you
(El es tan inteligente como tú)
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Manual del Alumno
El grado de igualdad se expresa por medio de las conjunciones “as ...as”
DINAMICA DE ESTUDIO
Multiple exercises
I.
Write sentences. Use the correct verbs
1.
I ________ to the movies every Wednesday night.
Past
; ______________________________________
Future : ______________________________________
2. The secretary _________ many letters a day.
(negative)
Past
: ________________________________________
Future : ________________________________________
3. My broter ________ engineering at the university. (negative)
Past
: ________________________________________
Future : ________________________________________
4. We ______ work on the computer in the afternoon.
Past
: ________________________________________
Future : ________________________________________
II.
Complete. Use the right form of the verbs (Present, Past, future)
1. Mrs. Baker ____________ (send) a copy of the letter tomorrow morning.
will send
is going to send
2. The computer programmers usually __________ (design) an interesting programs.
design
3. The students __________ (go) to a lecture last week.
went
4. I __________ (buy) a computer next week.
5. Yesterday I ________ (read) an article about antivirus programs.
6. The engineers always _________ (check) the students’ work.
III.
Translate :
1. If your computer uses the Microsoft Windows operating system, you can select
DOS or Windows software because windows can run software designed for both of
these operating systems.
2. Charles Babbage, generally considered to be the inventor of the computer was born
in England in 1791. His first machine, which was limited to solving certain types of
mathematical equations, was called the “Difference Engine” But he then had the
idea of making a machine which could do any sort of calculation. This device
Babbage called the “Analytical Engine”, but it was never finished and Babbage died.
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Manual del Alumno
3. Computers are changing the world we live in and the way we live. They are creating
new jobs and making old jobs unnecessary.
4. The following checklist can guide you in making purchasing decisions :
a. Who will use the equipment?
b. Does the equipment come with detailed, understandable setup instructions?
c. Will the vendor provide help in installing the equipment?
d. Is there a telephone number I can call for help?
e. Is the software documentation easy to understand?
f. Is there a tutorial I can attend?
g. Can the computer be upgraded?
h. Do I want to connect the computer to a network workstation and access a file
server?
i. Are there expansions slots?
j. How many disk drives do I need?
k. Will I require high-density or low-density disks?
l. Do I need to run the sofware in a Windows environment?
m. Can the software be run on a network?
n. Will the vendor install the hardware if necessary?
IV.
Fill this chart with the comparative and superlative form of the adjectives :
Adjective
Comparative
Superlative
Big
Small
Warm
Cold
High
Difficult
Beautiful
Interesting
Easy
Fast
Comfortable
Bigger than
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
The biggest
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
VI.
Fill in the blanks with the comparative form of the adjective in parentheses.
Paris is __________________ (beautiful) Chicago.
This book is ______________ (interesting) that one.
This exercise is ______________ (easy) the last one.
Is this lesson _________________ (difficult) the last one?
The fax is ______________ (fast) airmail.
This calculator is ______________ (expensive) that one.
Fill in the blanks with the superlative form of the adjective in parentheses
1. Canada is one of the ___richest ___ (rich) countries of the world in natural resources.
2. Queen Victoria was the monarch who ruled for ___________ (long) period in English
history.
3. This is one of the ______________ (interesting) books about Greek civilization
4. Chinese is probably one of the _______________ (difficult) languages to learn for British
people.
5. Florence is one of the ________________ (beautiful) cities in the world.
6. The Thames is one of the _______________ (dangerous) rivers in Britain.
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Manual del Alumno
VII.
Complete. Use “as ... as” :
1.
2.
3.
4.
VIII.
Translate the following sentences :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
IX.
This calculator is ______________ (expensive) that one.
My office is _____________ (big) Mr. Simm’s office.
The new equipment is ___________ (slow) the old one.
Microcomputers are ____________ (efficient) minicomputers.
This is the cheapest computer we have.
Eight bits of information combine to form a larger unit called a byte.
A bit is the smallest unit of information.
You can divide the main window into two smaller windows.
For less than $1 000 you can have a very good microcomputer.
A mainframe is bigger and more expensive than a microcomputer.
Learning a computer language is not as difficult as it seems.
All computers have the same basic characteristics.
Both, minicomputers and microcomputers can have a memory of 32 K.bytes
A microcomputer can sometimes cost as much as a minicomputer.
READING COMPREHENSION
The CPU
The CPU is the brain of a computer system : It controls all the other parts of the
computer, and does all the logical operations. It decides what operations will be
performed on data, and also the sequence of those operations. All data must sooner or
later pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the results
of manipulations back into memory. In microcomputers the two big companies that
make CPUs are called Intel and Motorola. Both companies make 8, 16, and 32 bit
microprocessors; the 32 bit processors are much faster and can process more
information than the others, and nowadays modern PCs all have 32 bit processors.
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Manual del Alumno
MODAL VERBS
CAN
-
Can expresses ability
(Can “poder” expresa abilidad. Se traduce “saber” cuando indica aptitud o habilidad
para hacer algo )
Example :
I can use a computer but I can’t use a typewriter.
(Yo puedo (sé) usar una computadora pero no puedo (no sé) usar una máquina de escribir)
-
Can expresses posibility
(Can expresa posibilidad)
Example :
A computer can be used for entertainment.
(Una computadora puede ser usada para entretenimiento)
-
Can expresses permission
(Can expresa permiso para hacer algo)
Example :
Can I leave a message?
(Puedo dejar un mensaje)
Sentence
:
Question
:
Short Answers :
The students can use the computers very well
Can the students use the computers very well?
Yes, they can. / No, they can’t.
Nota :
- La interrogación con “can” se forma anteponiendo “can” al sujeto.
- Para negar con “can” se añade “not” a dicho verbo, formando una sola palabra “cannot”
o “can’t”
COULD
-
Could expresses possibility
(Could expresa posibilidad “podría”)
Example :
The secretary could work better with modern equipment
La secretaria podría trabajar mejor con equipo moderno.
-
Could expresses past abilities
(Could expresa habilidad pasada “podía, pude”)
Ejemplo :
When I was younger I could play volleyball very well
(Cuando yo era más joven yo podía jugar voleybol muy bien)
-
Could expresses Polite requests
(Could expresa pedidos en forma cortez “podría”)
Ejemplo :
Could you open the window?
(¿podría abrir la ventana?)
Sentence
:
Question
:
Short Answers :
The secretary could work better with modern equipment.
Could the secretary work better with modern computers?
Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.
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Manual del Alumno
MUST
:
Must expresses obligations
(Must indica obligación o deber ineludible de hacer algo “debe”)
Ejemplo :
The computer must be turned off at night.
(La computadora debe apagarse en la noche)
SHOULD

Suggestions
(Sugerencias)
We often use should when we ask for or give an opinion about something
(Nosotros a menudo usamos “should” cuando pedimos o damos una opinión acerca de algo)
- You should study hard.
- People shouldn’t smoke
- Should I apply for that job?
(Tu deberías estudiar duro)
(La gente no debería fumar)
(¿Debería solicitar ese trabajo?)
MAY and MIGHT :
-
“May” and “Might” express possibilities.
( “May” y “Might” expresan posibilidades “ Podría ” )
Example :
- It may rain tomorrow.
(Podría llover mañana)
- I might travel around the world if I had money.
(Yo podría viajar alrededor del mundo si yo tuviera dinero)
-
“May” and “Might” ask for Permission or Polite Request
(“May” y “Might” expresan permiso o pedido cortez)
Example :
- May I come in?
(¿Podría entrar?)
- May you repeat, please?
(¿Podría repetir, por favor?)
Nota : En vez sw “can” se emplea a menudo “may” o “might” para traducir poder cuando se
pide o se da permiso para hacer algo.
WOULD
Would expresses possibility
Example :
I would travel around the world if I were a millionaire.
(Yo viajaría alrededor del mundo si yo fuera un millonario)
I wouldn’t work if I had money.
(Yo no trabajaría si tuviera dinero)
Sentence
:
Question
:
Short Answers :
That engineer would like to have modern computers.
Would that engineer like to have modern computers?
Yes, he would. / No, he wouldn’t.
Contractions :
I would
= I’d
I would not = I wouldn’t
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Manual del Alumno
PRESENT PERFECT
(Have / Has + Past Participle)
Example :
Sentence :
Question :
Answer :
John has studied for his final exam.
Has John studied for his final exam?
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
Sentence :
Question :
Answer :
They have lived in Madrid since l998.
Have they lived in Madrid since 1998?
Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
Nota :
-
El presente perfecto se forma con el auxiliar “have” o “has” acompañado del verbo
que se desea conjugar en pasado participio, el cual tratándose de verbos regulares
termina siempre en “ed”
Ejemplo :
I have worked for IBM for ten years.
(Yo he trabajado para IBM por 10 años)
-
La interrogación con el presente perfecto se forma colocando el sujeto entre el auxiliar
“have” o “has” y el participio del verbo de que se trate.
Ejemplo :
Mr. Parker has sent a fax
(El Sr. Parker ha enviado un fax)
Has Mr. Parker sent a fax?
(¿Ha enviado el Sr. Parker un fax?)
-
El pasado participio de los verbos irregulares es, en la mayoría de los casos,
totalmente distinto del infinitivo e incluso del pretérito.
Ejemplo :
BASE FORM
PAST
Go
See
Take
went
saw
took
PAST PARTICIPLE
gone
seen
taken
Present
: The students go to the library in the morning.
Past
: The students went to the library in the morning.
Present Perfect : The students have gone to the library in the morning.
-
La negación con el presente perfecto se forma colocando “have not” o “has not” , o
bien la forma abreviada “haven’t” o “hasn’ t” , según la persona, entre el sujeto y el
participio del verbo de que se trate.
Positive
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Contraction
have
has
‘ ve
‘s
Negative
Contraction
I
You
We
have not
They
haven’t
He
She
It
hasn’t
has not
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Manual del Alumno
PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE YOU EVER ...?
(¿Alguna vez has ...?)
Example :
1. Have you ever written a computer program?
Yes, I have.
Yes, I have written a program.
(¿Alguna vez has escrito un programa?)
(Sí, lo he hecho)
(Sí, he escrito un programa)
2. Have you ever travelled to the USA?
No, I haven’t.
No, I have never travelled to the USA.
(¿Alguna vez has viajado a USA?)
(No, no lo he hecho)
(No, nunca he viajado a USA)
3. Have you ever driven a car?
No, not yet.
(¿Alguna vez has manejado un carro?)
(No, todavía)
FOR / SINCE
(por / desde)
The words “for” and “since” are frequently used with the present perfect :
(las palabras “for” y “since” son frecuentemente usadas con el presente perfecto) :
Example :
- I have worked in this company for 5 years, since 1995.
(Yo he trabajado en esta compañía por 5 años, desde 1995)
- She has had the same car since 1994
(Ella ha tenido el mismo carro desde 1994)
- They have gone to the Costa Brava on holiday every year since they got
married.
(Ellos han ido a la Costa Brava en vacaciones cada año desde que ellos se
casaron)
- You haven’t written to me for two years.
(Tú no me has escrito por 2 años)
* For is used with periods of time :
(For es usado con períodos de tiempo) :
for two hours (Por dos horas)
for a long time (Por un largo tiempo)
for three years (Por tres años)
* Since is used when we refer to a point in time :
(Since es usado cuando nos referimos a un punto en el tiempo) :
since half past ten
since Tuesday
since 1997
(desde las diez y media)
(desde el martes)
(desde 1997)
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Manual del Alumno
HOW
LONG ...?
(¿Cuánto tiempo ...?)
Example :
Question :
How long has Mr. Parker worked for IBM?
(¿Cuánto tiempo ha trabajado el Sr. Parker para IBM?)
Answer
He has worked for IBM since 1995
(El ha trabajado para IBM desde 1995)
:
EXERCISES
I.
Make questions. Use How long...?
Mary lives in Madrid.
How long _has she lived_ in Madrid?
(Mary vive en Madrid)
(¿Cuánto tiempo ha vivido ella en Madrid?)
I work in St. Mary’s Hospital.
(Yo trabajo en el hospital St. Mary’s)
How long _have you worked_ in St. Mary’s Hospital?
(¿Cuánto tiempo has trabajado en el hospital St. Mary’s?)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
II.
Complete :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III.
Mary lives in Madrid.
I work in St. Mary’s hospital.
He lives in Manchester.
Jill plays the piano.
I know John.
She studies French.
They have a Rolls Royce.
For or Since in the following sentences.
I’ve lived in Barcelona _______ three years.
Mary hasn´t seen her brother ______ more than three months.
We’ve had this car ______ 1988.
They haven’t been to the cinema ______ a long time.
I haven’t seen John _____ Tuesday.
You haven’t written to me ______ you left London.
He has had the same job _____ five years.
That man has been here _____ nine o’ clock this morning.
Answer about you :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Where do you live? How long have you lived there?
Do you work? How long have you worked there?
How long have you studied at Norbert Wiener Institute?
Have you done your homework?
How many disk drives has your computer got?
Have you seen the new laser printers?
Have you ever written a computer program?
Have you got a PC?
How long have you had it?
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Manual del Alumno
READING COMPREHENSION
Bits and Byte
All the information, or data, that we give to a computer is represented by electrical signals. The
data we enter at the keyboard reaches the CPU as a pattern of electrical pulses, and each part
of the pattern is either a 1 or 0 (pulso or no pulse). In fact, the computer deals exclusively with
these 2 basic signals which we represent as 1 or 0. This basic unit of information is called a bit,
which is short for binary digit. Computers usually work with collections of 8 bits which are called
bytes.
The first thing we can do with bytes is represent numbers. We use the binary system instead of
the decimal system.
The next thing we can do with the 8 bits which comprise a byte is make each of the 256
different combinations represent a letter, number or symbol. In the case of PCs, these comprise
the ASCII code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). In this way we can
represent numbers, letters, and symbols for instructions so that the computer can understand
them. So in word processing, for example, each character, punctuation mark, number, or
symbol on the keyboard is represented by a unique code. The ASCII code represents the letter
A as 00010100, for example.
Finally, bits can be used to code pictures. For this, tiny dots called pixels (picture elements)
have certain numbers of bits assigned to them. Pictures are formed by putting many pixels
together.
Answer :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How is computer data represented?
What are the two basic signals that the computer deals with?
What is a bit?
What is a collection of eight bits?
What is the ASCII code?
What is a pixel?
The Computer Revolution
Computers are changing our lives. We are at the start of a third industrial revolution, and the
protagonist of this revolution is the silicon chip. We find silicon chips in many products, but
perhaps the computer is the most obvious example. Computers are rapidly changing the world
we live in and the way we live. They are creating new jobs and making old jobs unnecessary :
offices, banks, farms and factories are all very different from 20 years ago, and the people who
work in them have very different jobs.
1. Are computers changing our lives?
2. What is the protagonist of the third industrial revolution?
3. Where do we find silicon chips?
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Manual del Alumno
MULTIPLE EXERCISES
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Write the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use Present Perfect
We (visit) __have visited_ that museum many times.
Bill (finish) __________ the work recently.
Sally (lose) ___________ her keys.
Jack and Betty (decide) ____________ to get married.
I (travel, never) __________ by plane.
Charles (go) __________ to Brazil several times.
Suzanne (have) ____________ a baby.
The students (pass) _____________ the English exam.
We (see) ____________ that movie two times.
I (be) _____________ to Macchu Picchu recently.
II.
Copy and complete this letter using the present perfect of the verbs in parentheses.
Dear Richard,
Thanks for your postcard from Spain. I’m sorry I (not write) __________ before but I (be)
___________ very busy and very hot! Gerry’s parents are here and we’re doing a lot of
sightseeing. They (read) __________ a few guide books and they want to see everything. We
(do) _________ quite a lot so far. We (be) __________ to Mombasa on the coast, we (climb)
__________ the foothills of Mount Kilimanjaro and we (fly)__________ over the Victoria Falls in
Zimbabwe. At the moment I’m writing this letter on safari in the Serengeti National Park. We
(just see) __________ some lions!
By the way, (you ever sleep) ___________ under a mosquito net? It’s great fun! Anyway, I must
go, Gerry’s dad thinks he (find) _________ a scorpion in his sleeping bag!
Love,
Emma.
Answer about the letter :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III.
Who is writting the letter?
Why hasn’t Enma written before?
Where have they been?
Have they seen any animals in the National Park?
Where have they slept?
Write sentences (present perfect) Use Since or For.
Examples :
I / live / Rome / ten years
I _have lived_ in Rome _for_ ten years.
She / not phone / yesterday
She _hasn’t phone_ _ since_ yesterday.
1. They / work / the same company / 1985
.............................................................................................
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Manual del Alumno
2. I / have / this watch / five years
............................................................................................
3. She / study / English / she was five
...........................................................................................
4. He / not be / class / last Wednesday
..........................................................................................
5. We / not see / Mary / a long time
.........................................................................................
IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VI.
Complete : Past or Present Perfect
The students ________ (write) a computer program recently.
Last week John ________ (write) a program to play a simple game of space invaders.
The engineers ________ (check) the program for typing mistakes many times.
The secretary ________ (print) the program recently.
Mr. Parker ________ (start) the program with a “CLS” command yesterday.
Write the right form of the verbs. (Present, Past, Future or Present Perfect)
I always ________ (make) back up copies of important information.
Henry _________ (try) to find a bug in his computer tomorrow.
The wizards __________ (check) the computers recently.
Yesterday we __________ (store) the information on our disks.
Next week the students __________ (visit) IBM.
Translate these sentences :
1. Floppy disks should not be exposed to excesive heat or cold.
2. Information may be stored on a disk in random locations and the computer must
reassemble the information quickly before displaying it on your screen.
3. All data must pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the
results of manipulations back into the memory.
4. You must provide a file name in order to add the file to the project.
5. Modern computers may be either small and compact or large and more sophisticated,
according to their purpose.
6. You should always make back up copies of all important data.
7. Disks should be kept in a cool place.
8. The computer must be turned off at night.
9. You must use CLS to clear the screen.
VII.
Translate these paragraphs:
1. Computers may be used in industry and business to help us do things better and faster.
2. If your computer uses the Microsft Windows operating systems, you can select DOS or
Windows software because windows can run software designed for both of these operating
systems.
3. To find bugs in a computer program and correct them is a very slow task. Bugs can be
typing mistakes, or errors in your program. Imagine that you are trying to find a bug in your
program, and your teacher is helping you. These are the questions your teacher asks you :
- Have you checked the program for typing mistakes?
- Have you printed the program?
- Have you started the program with a “CLS” command?
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Manual del Alumno
OBLIGATIONS
HAVE TO ... / HAS TO ...
Example :
Professionals have to speak English
(Los profesionales tienen que hablar inglés)
A secretary has to type fast.
(Una secretaria tiene que tipear rápido)
Positive
I
You
We
They
He
She
It
Contraction
Negative
have to
‘ ve to
I
You
We
don’t have to ...
They
has to
‘s to
He
She
It
doesn’t have to ...
Nota :
“Have to” o “ Has to” es el sinónimo de “must” (deber)
Example :
You have to format every disk before it can receive information
(Tú tienes que (debes) formatear cada disco antes que éste pueda recibir información)
EXERCISES
Complete :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I _______ go now.
You really _______ work harder if you want to pass the exam.
Jenny ________ learn English if she wants a better job.
Paul and Bill can’t come tomorrow, They ________ work late.
Tom ______ travel next week.
Complete :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Have / Has to
Don’t / Doesn’t have to
I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _____________ work.
She ______________ get up early because she works in the afternoon.
Tom is very rich, so he _____________ work.
We ___________ leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.
Answer :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Do you have to clean your bedroom at home?
What else do you have to do at home?
What do the students have to do in the laboratory?
What do you have to do in class?
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Manual del Alumno
Nota :
“Have” o “Has” actúan como auxiliares ( “haber”) o como verbos (tiene, debe) según la oración.
Ejemplo :
Sally has a new computer.
(Sally tiene una nueva computadora) (Posesión)
Peter has gone to the office. (Peter ha ido a la oficina)
(Presente Perfecto)
Susy has to format the disks. (Susy tiene que formatear los discos) (obligación)
TRANSLATE :
The basic function of a computer is to process information or data. A calculator is a simple
example. First you have to give the calculator information, in this case numbers (add, subtract,
divide or multiply them). Finally after it has “processed” the data, the calculator will give you the
answer. So there are three steps in what the calculator (which is a simple computer) does :
input, processing and output.
Answer :
1. What is the basic function of a computer?
...............................................................
2. Is the calculator a simple computer?
................................................................
3. What are the steps that a calculator follow?
...................................................................
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Manual del Alumno
IMPERATIVES
Imperatives are used to follow instructions
(Los imperativos se usan para seguir instrucciones)
Example :
Turn off the monitor.
Don’t eat in the lab.
(Apaga el monitor)
(No comas en el laboratorio)
EXERCISES
Translate these instructions :
Move the cursor
Don’t do it
Don’t move the computer before you park the hard disk
Don’t buy a computer that hasn’t got any software written for it.
Don’t believe everything the salesman tells you.
Press Esc!
Clear the screen
Print the letter
Write quickly!
Turn on the printer.
Don’t smoke in the computer’s room.
Don’t leave the disks in the sun
EXERCISES
Translate the instructions given when opening an ink cartridge.
-
Open the package only when you install the enclosed cartridge.
Remove only the yellow portion of the tape from the cartridge before installation.
Once you install the cartridge, do not remove it except to replace.
For best printing results, use up this cartridge within six months of opening this package.
Do not dismantle the cartridge.
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Manual del Alumno
MULTIPLE EXERCISES
I.
Answer about you :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
II.
Complete. Use Present Perfect :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III.
Doris (drink) __________ a glass of milk for breakfast.
They (write) __________ two letters this months.
He (not/ see) __________ his parents since March.
(you/ go) _____________ to the theater recently?
Mrs. Jones (got) __________ a new job.
I (not/buy) ______________ a computer yet.
(Silvia /got) ____________ a driven license?
( your parents /buy) __________ a new house?
Complete. Use the right form of the vebs :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
IV.
Can you design a program?
__________________________________
Have you drawn a flowchart?
__________________________________
Did you buy a new software?
__________________________________
Have you ever been to Cerro Azul? __________________________________
What do you have to do tomorrow? __________________________________
Are you going to come on Saturday? _________________________________
Where are you going to go next weekend? ____________________________
What did do last week?
_________________________________________
Mrs. Steward always (come) _________ to work early.
Sally (send) ________ an e. mail to Mr. Clinton yesterday.
Henry Thompson (visit) __________ Madrid many times.
Alice and Harry (travel) __________ to Miami next summer.
My secretary (write) ________ many letters every day.
She (read) __________ an interesting book recently.
I (come) __________ early tomorrow morning.
Yesterday morning Mr. Smith (have) ________ a meeting.
Obligations. Wrte Sentences. Use “ Have / has to “
1. I / buy / a computer
________________________________
2. We / study / hard
________________________________
3. Mrs. Doyle / send / an important fax. ________________________
V.
Complete : Use comparatives
1. Your scanner is ___________ (expensive) this one.
2. A monochrome monitor is ________ (cheap) a colour monitor.
3. These computers are ________ (good) than those ones.
VI.
Complete : Use superlatives
1. This is _________ (good) film I have seen.
2. Basic is probably ________ (easy) programming language to learn.
3. That is __________ (expensive) package on the market today.
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Manual del Alumno
VII.
Translate :
1. Computers are useful because they can store a lot of information in a small space, and
manipulate, or process, the information quickly.
2. Computers can read, write and calculate at the speed of light.
3. Computers can count very fast and help people who work with complicated mathematical
calculations.
4. Some computers can store billions of pages of information and do complicated operations
on the data incredible fast.
5. All data must pass through the CPU which can retrieve data from memory and store the
results of manipulations back into the memory.
6. You can’t create an unnamed file, you must provide a file name in order to add to file to the
project.
7. Modern computers may be either small and compact or large and more sophisticated
according to their purpose.
8. Don’t worry too much about viruses. You may never see one. There are just a few ways to
become infected that you should be aware of.
9. Your word processor would not be of much use if you could not store the documents that
you prepare.
10. You can not use the Macintosh version of Microsoft Word on your IBM compatible
computer.