Download INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP ON FRUIT TREE

INTERNATIONAL WORKING GROUP ON FRUIT TREE VIRUSES
DETECTION OF VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASBS OF FRUIT
TREES
Laboratory Assays,Bioassaysand Indicators
Revised by Wilhelm Jelkmann
FederalBiological ResearchCentre for Agriculture and Forestry
Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops
Str. l0l
Schwabenheimer
D-69221 Dossenheim
Germany
INTRODUCTORY NOTES
The tablesof laboratoryassays,bioassays,and indicatorhostswere lastpresentedin
Actallorticulturae550:473-493.200l.AsaresultofthediscussionsoftheFruitTreeVirus
Working Groupduringthe businessmeetingsof the 1994Rome,the 1991Bethesda,andthe
2000 CanterburySymposia,only few modif,rcationswere made to the lists of woody and
herbaceousindicators since the publication in Acta Horticulturae 309: 407-418,1992.
Changesdecidedatthe l99l BethesdaSyrnposiumandpublishedin Acta I lorticulturae,172:
andwoody indicators,
1 59-783,I 998, includeda differentlayoutofthe approvedherbaceous
and updatednomenclatureand knowledgeaboutthe causalagentsofdiseases.As therehad
beenrapid progressin the developmentof polymerasechainreaction(PCR) basedassaysin
the 1990's,it wasdecidedin 1997to compilea new list of laboratoryassays.Eachlist fbr the
individual pomeand stonefruit speciescontainedthe previouslyapprovedELISA testsand,
in addition,nucleicacid basedtests.Due to the constantdevelopmentin methodologyand
often the existenceof different probes,primersand protocols,it rvasattemptedto list only
key references.It was not feasible for the Fruit Tree Virus Working Group to compil.e
detailed protocols.The nucleic acid basedassayspreviously suggestedare mostly well
adaptedfor equippedlaboratories,however, in many cases,validation of 1l.retests on a
broáderrangeof isolateswas required.This situationhad not fundamentallychangedat the
2000 Canterburyand the 2003 ValenciaSyrnposia.Therefore,the list of molecularassays
was only updatedin somecasesand expandedwl-reretestsfor additional
andtheir ref-erences
available.
diseases
hadbecome
viroidsandphytoplasma
viruses,
Sorne detailed comments on the potential of the PCR tests are listed under technical
notes.
TECHNICALNOTES
Molecular and SerologicalAssays that Have Been Applied to Temperate Fruit Trees
reference
seetheappropriate
Are Listed-Fordetails
Abbreviations - Enzyme linked immunosorbentassay= ELI_S4,rgYelsetranscription: IC-RT-PCR, reverse
polymerasechain reáction : RT-PCR, immunoc.apture-RT-PCR
chain reaction- enzymelinked irnmunosorbentassay: RT-PCRiranscription-polymerase
ELISA.
amountof virusesandviroids
PCRAssays Need Validation - PCR assaysfor an increasin_g
have been validatedfor many isolatesof each pathogen.However,PCR assays.forotlier
selectedpathogenswere conductedonly or1one or a few isolatesof a given pathogen.A
Proc. XIX'" lS on Fruit Tree Virus Diseases
Ed. G. Llácer
Acta Hort ó57, ISHS 2004
broaderrangeof isolatesof some pathogensneed to be assessedbefore the tests can be
recommendédfor cerlification or'quarintine pulposes.In addition to the selectionof
referencespresented,the newest literature available should be sought for improvementsin
methodologyand reliabilit-v.
HerbaceousIndicators - The widely usedsusceptibleherbaceousindicatorsareCucumis
satitt¿tsand Chenooodiumquinoa. Thev can be infected with viruses of the ilqrviras and
nepot,irus genera but not átt tl-te viruies of these groups or all strains can infect these
indicators,Furthermore,successand reliability of transmissiondependon the: origin of the
inoculum, type of tissuesampled.season!compositionof extractionbuffer, etc., consult:
N é m e t hM
, . (1986).
Woody Indicators - In general,testson woody indicatorsarestill consideredto be the most
reliableonesto usefor establishingthe healthofindividual plants(e.g.nuclearstockplants).
No indication is siven on the suoerioritvof individual test plantswhere more than one is
available.Eflecti-veness
with factorssuchas virus slrainand
is likely to vary-considerably
environmentalconditions.
indexing
Abbreviafiotts- Number of replicates(rep.),temperatureconditionsfor greenhouse
("C), durationof the test (in days: d, weeks: w, years: y, crops= c).
MOLECULAR ASSAYS FOR VIRUSES. VIROIDS. AND
PHYTOPLASMAS OF TEMPERATE FRUIT TREBS
VIRUSES
Pathogen Name
Arnericanplum line
patternvirus
Apple chlorottc
leafspot virus
Acronym
APLPV
Molecular Assay
Reference
RT-PCR
Scott and Zimmerman.2001
ACLSV
IC-RI-PCR
RT.PCR
Candresse
et al., 1995
Nemchninoe
v t al.,1995
Kinardetal.,1996
RT-PCR
Menzel et al.,2AO2
RT-PCR
Kinard et al., 1996
(multiplex)
Apple stern grooving
vlrus
ASGV
MacKenzie
et al.,l99l
Marinho et al., 1998
IC-R'T-PCR
RT-PCR.ELISA
RT-PCR
lmultiolex)
Apple stempitting
ASPV
IU-KI-PUK
VITUS
RT-PCR
RT-PCR
(multiplex)
Crossley
et al.,1998
Danielset al.,1998
James,
1999
Menzelet al.-2002
andKeirn-Kon
rad,1997
Jelkmann
Schwarzand Jelkmann,1998
Nemchinovet al., 1998
M a l i n o w s k i e ta l . , 1 9 9 8
Menzel eta1.,2002
Apple mosaicvirus
ApMV
Arabis mosaicvirus
ArMV
KI-PUK
RT-PCR.ELISA
RT-PCR
(multiplex)
RT-PCR
Little cherryvirus-l
LChV-I
KI -PUK
Little cherryvirus-2
LChV-2
RT-PCR
Rott and Jelkmann,2001a
Cherry green ring CGRMV
mottlevirus
RT-PCR
Zhanget al., 1998
Rott and Jelkmann,2001a
Cherryleafrollvirus
CLRV
RT-PCR
Rowhani et al., 1995
Cherry mottle leaf
virus
CMLV
RT-PCR
Rowhani,et al., 1995
Candresse
et al., 1998b
Saadeet al.,2000
Menzel ef a1..2002
MacKenzieel al.,1991
Nassuthet al.. 2000
Roft and Jella-narrn.2001a
Vitushkina et al.,1991
Cherrynecroticrusty CNRMV
mottlevirus
RT-PCR
Jameset al.,1999
JamesandUpton, 1999
Rott and Jelkmann.2001b
Cherryraspleafvirus
CRLV
RT-PCR
J a m e se t a l . , 2 0 0 1
Cherry virus A
CVA
R1'-PCR
Jamesand Jelkmann, 1998
Eastwell and Bernardy, 1998
Peach mosaic virus
PMV
RT-PCR
JamesandUptor-r,1999
PPV
PPV-D or
PPV-M
PPV-C
IU-KI-PUK
Strainspecific- RTPCR
Strainspecific- RTPCR
Plum pox virus
Prunedwarf virus
PDV
RT-PCR
Wetzelef a1.,1992
Candresse
et al., 1998a
NemchinovandHadidi. 1998
Parakhet al.. 1995
Rowhaniet al., 1998
RT.PCR.ELISA
RT-PCR(multiolex) Saadeet al.. 2000
Prunusnecrotic
ringspotvirus
I omato nngspot
virus
PNRSV
I'oRSV
Spiegelef a1.,7996
MacKenzieet al., 1997
et al., 1998b
RT-PCR-ELISA Candresse
Rowhaniet al.. 1998
Strainspecific- RT- Hammondet al., 1998
PCR
Saade
etal.,2000
RT.PCR
RT-PCR (multiplex)
IC-RT-PCR (nested)
Helguera et al., 200 I
RT.PCR
Griesbach,1995
Rowhani et al., 1998
RT-PCR-ELISA
VIROIDS
Apple scarskin
viroid
ASSVd
(DAVd)
Hop stunt vlrolcl
HSVd
Peach latent mosaic
viroid
PLIUVd
Apple dimplefruit
viroid
ADFVd
Pearblistercanker
viroid
PBCVd
Hybridization Hurtt et a1..1996
Desvigneset al., 1999
RT-PCR
Shamlouland Hadidi, 1999
Faggioli and Ragozzino,2002
Di Serioeta1.,2002
RT-PCR
(multiolex)
RT-PCR
Hadidiet al.,1992
Hybridization Astruc et al., 1996
et al., 1995
Romero-Durban
et al.. 1998
Cañizares
Amari et al.,2001
Shamloulet al., 1995
RT-PCR
Hybridization Ambros et al., 1995
Loreti et al.. 1995
Hybridization Di Serioet al., 1996,2001
RT-PCR
Faggioliand Ragozzino,2002
Di Serioeta1..2002
RT-PCR
lmultinlex)
Hybndlzatlon
RT-PCR
Ambroset al.,1995
Loretiet a1.,1995
2002
FassioliandRasozzino.
PHYTOPLASMAS
Apple proliferation
ph.vtoplasma
AP
PCR
Peardecline
phytoplasma
PD
PCR
ESFY
PCR
Europeanstonefruit
yellorvs
phytoplasma
578
Loreru et al., 1995
Smarlet al.,1996
Carraroet al., 1998
Lorenzet al., 1995
Smartet a1..1996
Carraroet al., 1998
Davieset al.. 1998
Smartet al.,1996
Carraroet al., 1998
et al.. 1998
Jarausch
Woodv Indicators
Malusplatycarpa
Maluspumilo
-VirginaCrab
-R 127407 A
-Spy227
-Kola.Radiant
Malus micromalus
-GMAL273
J rep
20'c
8w
ACLSV"scalvbark
26"C
2 4 w ASPV, ASGV (cut back at 12 w, keep
for 12morew)
3 rep 22"C
4 w ACLSV
3 rep 22-25'C 1 2 w ASPV,ACLSV
3 rep
26'C
8 w ASPV
3 rep
3 reo 22-26' C 1 2 w ACLSV. ASGV
cyclonrq oblongq
-C 711.Pis\,va
Plt'otiq veitcllii (IVP)*
* IVP: in vitro
4 reo 22"C
3 rep 22"C
5w
ACLSV
1 0 w ACLSV. ASPV
FIELD INDEXING
44.platvcar¡ta
3 rep
Py'onia wílchii
3 rep
2y
3 rep
3 rep
3y
M. pumila
-VirginiaCrab
-Spy227
-R 121407 A
-Lord Lambourne
-Gravensteiner
-Stayman
-GoldenDelicious
? ren
5 rep
3 rep
3 rep
3 rep
3y
2c
ACLSV, scalybar( Platycarpa
dwarf
ASPV
ASPV,ASGV
ASPV
ACLSV
mosaic(2y),rubberywood (3y), flat
limb (3y),chatfruit (3c)
flat limb
Staymanblotch
ApMV (2y),proliferation(useroot
graftingor side-grafting
and 5 rep.
[zvl);
-Red Delicious (Red clones 3 rep
e.e. Starkrimson)
580
3c
horseshoewound,
leafpucker,star
crack,roughskin,ring spot,russet
ring, greencrinkle,flat apple
(CRLV[3c])
ASSVd(DAVd), ADFVd
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASESOF PEAR
L.ABORATORYASSAYS
Asent / Disease
ACLSV / pear ring pattern
mosalc
MolecularAssav
SeroloeicalAssaY
ELISA
IC-RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR(multiplex)
RT.PCR
ELISA
ASGV/ pearstemgroovlrlg
IC.RT-PCR
IC-RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR(rnultiplex)
ASPV/pearveinyellows
RT-PCR
Hvbridization
RT-PCR
Hvbridization
PCR
ASSVd
PBCVd
Pear decline phytoplasma
IPD)
GREENHOASE INDEXING
Herbaceousindicators
N icotiana occidenlal is 3J B
Chenopodiutnquinoa
3 rep
20"c
3 rep
20'c
2 8 d A C L S V , A S P V ( v e i ny e l l o w s ' )
2 1 d ACLSV
Woodyindicators
P. veitchii
P. veitchii(IYP)
Pyrus contmunis
-NouveauPoiteau
3 rep 22'C
8 w quincesootyring spot,veinyellows
1 0 w (ASPV).ACLSV
3 rep 22"C
l0w
-Julesd'Airolles
3 rep 22"C
3 rep 26"C
8 w
3 reo 26"C
10w
ASPV.ASGV
4 reo
22"C
12w
PBCVd
4 rep
4 ren
ACLSV
5w
22"C
6 PBCVd
22"C 1 2 - 1 w
Malus nticromaltts
-GMAL273
M. puntila
-Virsinia Crab
C. oblonga
-C 7/l Piewa
P)trus corumunis
-Fieud 37
üw
Dear rulq paflern nlosalc
(nClSV i,u"inyellowslASPV).
quincesootyring sPot
ASPV
ÁSCV 4 u'k thencut backand4 rv
more
58r
FIELD INDEXING
I'. yeiÍcltii
3 rep
) v
P. con'nnunis
-BeurreHardy
3 rep
-BeurreBosc
-Williams(Barlett)
3 rep
3 rep
-Doyenne
du Comice
-D. du Comice*
-A 20
3 rep
5 rep
3 rep
-Julesd' Airolles
3 rep
ring mosaic(ACLSV), bark necrosis,
bud drop,bark split, stonypit
3 c stonypit, freckle pit, corky pit
3 v
bark split, rough bark, blister bark
(PBCVd),
bark split, bud drop
3 y peardeclinephytoplasma
i v
ACLSV, vein yellows(ASPV),blister
cankerviroid (PBCVd)
2 v vein yellows(ASPV)
quincesootyring spot,quinceyellow
blotch.quincestunt.ACLSV
velnyellows(ASPV),barknecrosis,
pearstemgrooving(ASGV),quince
sootvrinsspot
3y
C. oblonga
-C l/l Piswa
M. pttntila
-Lord Lambourne
5 rep
-Virsinia Crab
3 rep
*Preferabll'on lly'¿¡sussuriettsisor
3 y applerubberyrvood
2 v ASPV.ASGV
rootstoc
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASESOF CHERRY
I}IBORATORY ASSAYS
Agent / Disease
ACLSV
SerolosicalAssav
MolecularAssav
ELISA
IC-RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT.PCR.ELISA
RT-PCR
Hvbridization
RT-PCR
ApMV
ELISA
ArMV
ELISA
L C h V - 1 ,L C h V - 2
CGRMV
RT-PCR
CIRV
ELISA
CLRV
ELISA
RT-PCR
CMLV
ELISA
RT-PCR
CNRMV
CRLV
582
RT-PCR
ELISA
RT.PCR
CVA
MLRSV
ELISA
PetAMV
ELISA
PPV
ELISA
PDV
ELISA
PNRSV
ELISA
RpRSV
ELISA
SLRSV
ELISA
TRSV
ELISA
TBRV
ELISA
ToRSV
ELISA
RT-PCR
IC-RT-PCR
PPV-CspecificPCR
RT.PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
RT.PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
StrainspecificRT-PCR
RT-PCR
Hybridization
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
IlerbaceousIndicators
C. quinoa
5 rep
20"c
20d
ACLSV
PNnSV. genusNeprrvi'¿rs,
C. sativus
3 rep
20"c
20d
PNRSV,PDV
N. occidentalis
3 rep
20"c
28d
CTLV
5 rep
20-25"C 8 w PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV,EuroPean
Woodv Indicators
Prunuspersica
-Seedlings
GF 305
(or Elberta)
Pntrutstonxentoso
-1R473 x IR474 hYbrid or 3 rep
selfed (Cut backafter 6 w and
monitorfor another6 w)
Prunus serrulala
-Shirofugen
raspleaf,CLRV, EolarasPleaf(:
stempittins= ToRSV),SLRSV,
monléteaf(Cl¿LV),CLRV,
MLRSV
22'C
1 2 w PNRSV,PDV, EolarasPleaf
(ToRSV),ACLSV,greenling
mottle(CGRMV)
5 buds 22-26"C 8 w PNRSV.PDV,CGRMV
583
frunLs llybild
-Shiro plum
3 reo
l8'c
6 w peachwart
P. atittnt
-Bins
3 reo
l8"c
8 w CMLV. CRMV. CTLV. CRLV
P. aviunt
-Sam
3 rep
18"C
8w
f. serrulota
Kwanzan
3 ren
I 8"C
8 w CGRMV
CNRMV
FIELD INDEXING
I'.,terrulata
-Shirofugen
6 w - l y PNRSV, PDV, Shirofugenstunt
(bud into l y-old trees)
2y
sreenrins mottle (CGRMV)
5 buds
-Kwanzan
Prttntts aviunt
-Bing
1 rcn
? ren
3y
-Sanr
3 rep
3 v
-CanindexI
3 rep
3y
Prunus persica
- S e e d l i n s sG F 3 0 5
J rep
-lv
+ Do notdouble-bud
onto
'oots
ArMV
andCLRVwillprobably
astneyarehyperse
nsitive
not move from the inoculum bud to the indicator.
584
Europeanraspleaf,Hrmgarianrasp
leaf,CRLV*, rustymottle,SLRSV,
ArMV, twisted leaf, short stem,
black canker, detrimentalcanker,
cherrymottle leaf (CML\), rosette,
spur cherry
European rusty mottle, necrotic
rusty mottle,black canker,detrimental canker, rusty spot, little
(LCD)
cherrydisease
LCD
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASESOF PEACH
L,,IBORATORYASSAYS
Asent/ Disease
APLPV
Serolosical Assav
Molecular Assavs
ELISA
RT-PCR
ACLSV
ELISA
ApMV
ELISA
IC.RT.PCR
RT.PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
Ir,uropeanstone tiuit yellows
phytoolasma
HSVd
PCR
PLIVIVd
RT-PCR
Hybridization
RT.PCR
Hybridization
PPV
ELISA
PDV
ELISA
PNRSV
ELISA
SLRSV
trLISA
TBRV
ELISA
ToRSV
ELISA
RT-PCR
IC-RT-PCR
PPV-D or PPV-M specificPCR
RT-PCR
RT.PCR-ELISA
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
IC-RT-PCR (nested)
RT.PCR
Hybridization
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
HerbaceousIndicators
C. quinoa
5 rep
20"c
20d
C. salivus
3 rep
20'c
2 0 d PNRSV,PDV
PNRSV"ACLSV, perrusNeror'¡j¿¡s
585
Woody Indicators
lP.persica
cF 305
l-Seedinss
5 rep
20"c
| (or Elberla)
5 rep
20"c
P. tomentosa
-IR473 x IR474 hybrid
3 rep
P. serrulata
-Shirofugen
-Shirotugen(lVP)
Prtnnts hybrid
-Shiro olum
P. serrulala
-Kwanzan
P. qviutn
-Bins
22"C
5 buds 22-26.C
22"C
or
chips
3 rep
8 w I PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV, PPV.
IApMV
1 2 w lyellowbudmosaic(ToRSV),
lstempitting(ToRSV),willow
leaf rosette.enation.asteroid
spot,calico,purpleinosaic,
mottle,yellow mottle,blotch,oil
blotch,mule'sear,apricot
chlorotic leaf roll phytoplasma,
seedlingchlorosis,starmosaic,
mosaic,yellows,rosette,
PLMVd (crossprotectiontest),
yellow mosaic,MLRSV, stocky
prune,SLRSV,PYLR,
Americanplum line pattern
virus, Europeanstonefruit
vellows.
1 2 w PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV, PPV,
yellow bud mosaic(ToRSV),
stempitting (ToRSV)
4 w PNRSV,PDV
1 5 w green ring mottle (CGRI\4V),
mottleleaf (CMLV)
3 ren
l8'c
6w
neachwart
3 rep
I 8'C
8w
CGRMV
3 reo
l8"c
8w
CMLV
4y
as in the sreensamediseases
houseand:phonypeach,X
peachwart
diseasephytoplasma,
FIELD INDEXING
P. persica
-Seedlings
GF 305
(or Elberla)
3 rep
P. seryulala
-Shirofugen
-Kwanzan
. QVtUtll
Sam
586
5 buds
3 rep
rep
6 w - l y PNRSV,PDV
greenring mottle
2y
necrotic
rusty mottle
v
Prunus armeniaca
-Tilton
) v
3 rep
apricotring pox (possiblYcherrY
twistedleaO
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASESOF PLUM
ASSAYS
LABONATORY
Asent i Disease
APLPV
SerologicalAssays
ELISA
ACLSV
ELISA
ApMV
ELISA
Europeanstone fruit Yellows
nhvtoolasma
Molecular Assavs
RT-PCR
IC-RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT.PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
PCR
RT.PCR
HSVd
IJybridization
MLRSV
ELISA
PPV
ELISA
PDV
ELISA
PNRSV
ELISA
ToRSV
ELISA
IC.RT-PCR
RT.PCR
PPV-D or PPV-M sPecificPCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
RT-PCR
RT.PCR-ELISA
RT.PCR
Hvbridization
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
Herbaceousindicators
C. quinoa
5 rep
20"c
2 0 d PNRSV,ACLSV,genusNepouirtrs,
C. salívus
3 rep
20"c
2 0 d PNRSV,PDV, APMV
N. benthamiana
3 rep
20"c
2 8 d PPV
587
Woody indicators
P. persica
-SeedlingsGF 305
5 rep
20"c
Ew
P. lomentosa
-IR473 xlP.474 hybrid
3 rep
22"C
1 2 w PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV, barksplit
(ACLSV), pseudopox(ACLSV),
stemnittins IToRSV).PPV
PNRSV,PDY, ACLSV, PPV,
SLRSV,pseudopox(ACLSV),
Europeanplum line pattern,
ApMV, Americanplum line patterr
(APLPV),ToRSV,MLRSV,
Europeanstonefruit yellows
phl4oplasma
P. setttlqta
-Shirofugen
Prunushybrid
-Shiroplum
5 buds 22-26"C 4 w
3 rep
I 8'C
6w
PNRSV.PDV
neach wart
TIELD INDEXING
P. set'rulato
-Shirofugen
-Kr,vanzan
5 buds
3 rep
Prunushybrid
-Shiroplum
3 reo
2y
APLPV
-1 ren
,"y
2y
2v
Europeanplum line pattern,ApMV
bark solit. ACLSV
) v
apricotchloroticleafroll
ohvtoolasma
6 w - 1y PNRSV,PDV
2 v sreenrins mottle
P. dontesticq
-Ersinger
-Pruned'Ente707
P. persictt
- S e e d l i n gG
s F 305
3 reo
3 rep
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF APRICOT
ASSAYS
LABORATORY
Asent / Disease
ACLSV
ApMV
Serological Assay
ELISA
E,LISA
European stone fruit yellows
ohl'toolasma
PPV
BLISA
PDV
ELISA
PNRSV
ELISA
588
MolecularAssav
IC-RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
PCR
IC-RT-PCR
RT.PCR
PPV-D or PPV-M specificPCR
RT-PCR.
RT.PCR-ELISA
RT-PCR
RT-PCR.ELISA
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
HerbaceousIndicators: Not Reliable
Woody Indicators
P. persica
-Seedlings
GF 305
(or Elberta)
5 rep
5 rep
200c
8 w PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV,PPV,SLRSV
1 2 w MLRSV, ApMV, mosaic,ring pox,
puckerleaf,chloroticleaf mottle,
asteroidspot,Europeanstonefruit
vellowsohvtoolasma
P. tomentosa
-IR473 x IR474 hybrid
3 rep
22"C
12w
PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV,PPV,CTLV
(apricotring pox) (26'C)
4w
PNRSV.PDV
4w
CTL.V (aplicot ring pox)
P. senulata
-Shirofueen
P. armeniaca
-Tilton
20"c
5 buds 22-26'C
3 rep
26'C
FIELD INDEXING
P. serrutlata
-Shirofugen
-Kwanzan
5 buds
3 rep
P. armeniaca
-Tilton
-Moorpark
3 rep
3 rep
3y
3y
-Luizet or Priana
3 rep
) v
-Wenatchee
3 ren
3y
apncot rmg pox
moorpark moftle, chlorotic leaf mottle,
stone pitting
European stone fruit yellows
phytoplasma
aDrlcot rrllg Dox
P. persica
-Seedlinss
GF 305
3 rep
¿\
Europeanstone fruit yellows phytoplasma
6 w - l y PNRSV,PDV
sreenrins mottle
2v
OF ALMOND
VIRUSAND VIRUS.LIKE,DISEASES
LABORATORY,4SSITS
Agent/ Disease
Assay
Serological
ACLSV
ELISA
ApMV
ELISA
PPV
ELISA
PDV
ELISA
Assav
Molecular
IC.RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
IC-RT.PCR
RT-PCR
PCR
PPV-D or PPV-M specif-tc
RT-PCR
RT-PCR-ELISA
589
RT- PCR
RT-PCR.ELISA
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
Herbaceous
Indicators
C. qtinoa
5 rep
20'c
20d
genusNepovlrzsACLSV
('. sotit'us
3 rep
20'c
20d
PNRSV, ApMV, PDV
5 rep
20"c
20'c
8w
12w
PNRSV,PDV, ACLSV, SLRSV,PPV,
yellowbud mosaic(ToRSV),stem
pitting (ToRSV),mosaic,bud failure
(mule'sear)
3 rep
22"C
12w
PNRSV,PDV, ToRSV,stempitting
(ToRSV),yellow budmosaic(ToRSV),
ACLSV. PPV
4w
PNRSV.PDV
Woody Indicators
P. persica
-SeedlingG
s F 305
P. lontentosa
-1R473x IR474 hybrid
P..serrulata
-Shirofugen
5 ren
5 buds
aa
26"C
FIELD IND&YING
f. serrulata
Shirofusen
5
6 w - l v PNRSV.PDV
VIRUSAND VIRUS-LIKEDISBASES
OF WALNUT
LABORATORYASSAYS
Agent / Disease
serolosrcal Assav
CLRV
ELISA
MolecularAssay
RT-PCR
GREENHOUSE INDEXING
('. quinoo
590
5 rep
20"c
20d
CLRV
FIELD INDEXING
3
oronto.r
onio.Lhindsii
inoculum
áck line (CLRV)
batchesjust
above union,
VIRUS AND VIRUS-LIKE DISEASESOF CHESTNUT
GREENHOT]SE INDEXING
Hybrid Maraval Ca74
IIVP)
12w
mosalc
REMARKS
usedas indicators to detect
In general, chenopodium quinoa andL'ucumis salivttscallbe
trees:
fruit
in
the"followingvirúses
.
CRLV'
CIRV'C-LE^Y,
quínou:ACLSV,A|G-Y,-IoRSV,TRSY,,,4rlVfV'
Chenopoclium
-"iB{ü;ffiR-SV,
rBSV'
and
PNRSV'
Siirsü-,-tt'l-ñsv,TMV, TNV,PetAMV,
Cucumissativus:PNRSV,PDV,CLRV,SLRSV,CRLV'TRSV'ToRSV'RpRSV'and
TMV.
¡
c.M. Fauquet,D'E'L' Bishop'
For classificationof virusessee:M.H.V. Van Regenmortel,
M'A'*Mayo'
u.r. Ésii S.ü.1.t""", J' Mañiloff,
E.B.Carstenr,
4J;,Mt9:::-t]lS-1;
Report oJ the Internatronat
F;ñgb ;A ir.n. wi"t rér. virus Taxonomy Seventh
San Francisco,New York, Boston,
nrittt, San_Díego,
Contmitteeo, fo*iiiiy-i¡
2000'
Press,
iondon, Sydney,Tokyo:Academic
inducevisible
o Indexingof PNRSV andPDV on P. serrularaShirofugen:severestrains
to contiuue
recommended
is
ii
Nevertheless,
weeks.
u
tvnical symtoms *itilin
detectionof
the
for
in
su'rmer)
]#**",iái,, iiiii r,lii".Jirg tpring i* treesinoculáted
stunt'
mild strainsandfor Shirofugen
¡ ElbeúacaureplaceGF 305 when GF 305 seedsarenot available'
sametree'
. Useof Bing graftedonto F 1211allowsindexingon two indicatorswith the
by bioloeicalindexingin peach
. Mild strainsof peachlatentmosaicviroid canbe detected
J.C., Acta
,"orái"-in¿"cing_ítrai'.1De1v^ig¡.es
by cross protectionagainsta severe
p'fr'iop"tnbfogi"u Á"uí.;iue ScientiarunHungaricae15: I 83- I 90, I 980)'
59i