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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
333.714
C149c
Calentamiento global y cambio climático en Costa Rica / Compilado por
Gilbert Fuentes González. – 1ª ed – San José, C.R.: Organización
para Estudios Tropicales, 2012.
458 p.; 4 MB; PDF
ISBN 978-9930-9445-3-0
1. Calentamiento global - Bibliografías. 2. Cambio climático Bibliografías. 3. Costa Rica – Bibliografías. I. Gilbert Fuentes González. II.
Título
La OET cuenta con un Sistema de Bibliotecas, conformado por una biblioteca principal ubicada en su
oficina central en la Ciudad de la Investigación UCR y una en cada una de las 3 Estaciones Biológicas. La
colección total del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la OET esta formada por más de 12 mil volúmenes, 500
tesis, 75 títulos de publicaciones periódicas, 150 libros de cursos de OET y más de 14000 documentos en
formato pdf.
Le invitamos a visitar nuestra Biblioteca en La Ciudad de la Investigación de la UCR, de lunes a viernes de
8 a.m. a 12 m.d. y de 1 p.m. a 5 p.m. También puede localizarnos en el teléfono (506) 2524-0607, ext.
1260, en http://www.ots.ac.cr y en http://www.facebook.com/OTS.OET.
Si quiere recibir información permanente de OET ingrese sus datos en http://www.ots.ac.cr/contactos
marcando la casilla de su interés.
Créditos
Portada: Carlos Rodríguez Dussán, Departamento de Comunicación OET.
Compilación: Gilbert Fuentes, Consultor Externo – Manejo de Información OET.
Control de Calidad: Susana Aguilar, Biblioteca OET – Manejo de Información OET.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Presentación
La Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) cree firmemente que el correcto manejo de los datos y la
información, es una herramienta indispensable para promover la educación y la investigación en los
trópicos y esa es una razón para que desde 1996 utilizando la plataforma de su Biblioteca, haya
desarrollado y consolidado la “Bibliografía Nacional en Biología Tropical” (BINABITROP
http://www.ots.ac.cr/binabitrop).
En la actualidad BINABITROP cuenta con más de 37900 registros de libros, publicaciones periódicas,
tesis, monografías, congresos y otros, de los cuales más de 14 mil de estos documentos se ofrecen ya en
texto completo. Este es un proyecto único en el país, cuyo objetivo principal es rescatar las
publicaciones científicas que tratan sobre Costa Rica, generadas a través de los años tanto dentro como
fuera del país para reunirlas en una base de datos disponible al público.
De esta forma la OET colabora con aumentar, conservar y difundir conocimientos generados a partir de
nuestra riqueza natural y se constituye en una herramienta de consulta obligatoria para investigadores,
siendo la temática principal de Biología Tropical y temas afines como: ecología, manejo de recursos
naturales, conservación de la biodiversidad, aspectos legales, sociales y económicos, forestales,
agroecología.
Como un subproducto de BINABITROP, hemos iniciado desde el 2001 la generación de Bibliografías
Especializadas que tienen como objetivo, compilar las referencias sobre un tema específico y crear un
documento electrónico de libre acceso, que le facilite a los interesados sobre el tema tener en un solo
punto la información que requieran y así aumentar y difundir el conocimiento que tenemos de nuestra
riqueza natural de una forma más práctica.
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica, es nuestra producción 16 de las Bibliografías
Especializadas OET, la cual fue elaborada para ser entregada al Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, con el
fin de que sea utilizada por ellos como una herramienta de referencia en sus investigaciones y
publicaciones. Esta producción es una actualización a la fecha de la Bibliografía #7 elaborada en el 2008.
Esta bibliografía está compuesta por un Índice
Publicaciones compuesto por 659 referencias.
ser solicitadas por correo electrónico a la
referencias que cuentan con un enlace donde
formato pdf.
de Autores, una Lista de Descriptores, y un Listado de
Las referencias cuya localización indica NBINA pueden
dirección biblioteca.oet@ots.ac.cr. El texto contiene
el lector podrá ver el documento a texto completo en
Susana Aguilar (susana.aguilar@ots.ac.cr)
Encargada del Sistema de Bibliotecas
Organización para Estudios Tropicales
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 1 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
ÍNDICE DE AUTORES
Abarca-Monge, Sergio
103, 178, 180, 185, 212, 234,
631
Abler, D.G
104, 137
Abrar, Muhammad
467
Acevedo-Mairena, Heiner
485
Achard, F
405
ACOMUITA
416
Acosta, Alicia
591, 623
Adamson-Badilla, Marcos
644, 645
Aeby, Greta
467
Agostini, P
323, 350
Aguilar-Zumbado, Susana
(ed.)
020
Aguirre-González, Juan
Antonio
069
546
Aikin, K.C
349
Aldrich, M (comp.)
378
Alfaro-Alvarado, Luis Diego
256
Alfaro-Hernández, Maynor
613, 653
Alfaro-Martínez, Eric José
514
Amador, Manuel
428
Amador-Astúa, Jorge A
399, 514
Anchukaitis, Kevin J
412, 453, 517
Andelman, S.J
276, 321
Anderson, C
581
Anderson, Eric R
472, 474
Alfaro-Murillo, María de los
Angeles
044, 138, 290
Aniyar, S
161
Alice, Federico E
521, 524, 570, 578, 605
Anonymous
124, 150, 415, 597
Allen, L.H., Jr
001, 002
Antonarakis, Alexander S
557
Alpízar-Rodríguez, Francisco
592
Aplet, Gregory H
546
Alpízar-Vaglio, Edwin
249
Alvarado-Gamboa, Luis
Fernando
613, 625, 637, 638, 653
Araya, Diego
653
Alvarado-Hernández,
Alfredo
431
Ah-Peng, Claudine
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Araya-Barrantes, Marco
Vinicio
120
Araya-Villalobos, María
Cristina
653
Página 2 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Barborak, James R
485
Arce, Natalia
606
Avila, Héctor
446
Arce-Guillén, Mario
593
Avila-Bolaños, Daniela
655
Arellano-Gámez, Lucrecia
546
Avila-Vargas, G
339
Ares, A
199
Axmacher, Jan C
546
Arford, M.R
204
Aylward, Bruce A
279, 363
Arias-Cartín, Jorge Eduardo
090
Azofeifa-Mora, Ana Beatriz
(ed.)
020
Barrientos, Oscar
653
Baas, Pieter
140
Barrows, T
344
Babbar-Amighetti, Liana I
014, 043
Barry, Dwight
538, 581, 582, 583
Babilonia-Estrada, Rique
588
Bawa, Kamaljit S
258
Bakarr, M.I
321
Beardsley, T
123
Baker, B
220
Bebout, G.E
325
Baker, William J
546
Becker, A
241
Ball, A
308
Bedoya-Arrieta, R
391
Banks, Stuart
467
Bedoya-Arrieta, Ricardo
527
Arias-Castillo, Elvis
485
Aronson, Richard B
467
Arrow, K
161
Arroyo-Mora, J. Pablo
438, 460
Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor
559
Asefi, Salvi
436, 451
Asmerom, Y
203, 280, 299, 381
Atlas, Elliot L
409, 411
Aureli, Filippo
559
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Barbosa, P
334
Barone, J.A
334
Barone, John
546
Barrantes-Montero, Gilbert
195
Barrantes-Moreno, Gerardo
108, 423
Página 3 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Beecher, N.A
403
Beer, John W
339, 446
Beghin, J
053
Belwared, G
405
Benegas-Negri, L.A
388
Bennet, J
051
Bentz, J.A
284
Bergoeing-Guida, Jean Pierre
600
Berish, C.W
005
Berk, M.M (ed.)
048
Bermingham, Eldredge
510
Bermúdez-Oconitrillo,
Roxana
190
Bermúdez-Ramírez, Flor
181
Bernal, Blanca
464, 536
463
Berrocal-Jiménez, Alexander
096, 187
Berry, P
277
Blair, J. Bryan
130, 198, 551
Blanchartd, Eric
615
Boardman, Ben N.M
498
Bohannan, B.J.M
274
Boitani, L
321
Bolaños-Vives, Federico
174, 357, 516
Bolstad, P
247
Boniche, J
199
Borchert, Rolf
030, 073, 121
Borglin, S.E
369
Bosch, J
206
Boscolo, M
341, 358
Bernala, Blanca
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Botero, R.B
425
Bouma, J
133
Bouman, B.A.M
087, 098, 113, 133
Boyero, Luz
206
Boyle, W. Alice
528
Braatz, B.V (ed.)
054
Bradley, R.S
441
Bradshaw, Corey J.A
443
Bravo-Chacón, Juan
249, 604
Brehm, Gunnar
456, 546
Brenes, E
122
Brenes, T
242
Brenes-Vargas, A
047
Brenner, Mark
659
Bright, A
411
Página 4 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Brook, Barry W
443
Brooks, T.M
321
Brookshire, E.N. Jack
579
Brown, Becky Jean
005
Brown, S
036, 049, 160, 209, 308, 504
Bruckner, Andrew
467
Bruehl, Carsten A
546
Bruijnzeel, Leendert Adriaan
(comp.)
418
Bryan, B
153
Bubb, P (comp.)
378
Budd, Ann F
203
Budd, Ann F (ed.)
040, 041
Bui, T.P
411
Burlingame, Leslie J
217
Burns, S.J
280, 299, 381
Burrowes, P.A
306
Campos-Arce, José Joaquín
115, 138
Busch, C.B
228
Campos-Barrantes, Magda
Brígida
635, 640, 646
Bush, Mark B
659
Campos-Ortiz, Max
068, 249, 449
Bussmann, Rainer W
546
Candela, G
420
Bustamante, M.R
329
Cannavo, Patrice
548
Butler, Rose
438
Cardelús, Catherine L
456, 546
Cabrera, Kenneth R
659
Carey, C
165, 348
Cajiao-Jiménez, María
Virginia
396
Carlson, C.M
369
Calvo-Alvarado, Julio César
440, 448, 454, 563
Camargo-García, J.C
186
Cambardella, C.A
301
Camero-Rey, L.A
186
Campbell, J
373
Campbell, J.H
099
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Carlsson, Fredrik
592
Carney, K.M
274, 288, 327
Carpenter, Kent E
467
Carpio, Carlos E
270
Carrillo Roberto
472
Casasola-Coto, Francisco
479, 481
Página 5 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Castillo-Núñez, Mauricio
563
Castro, F
357
Castro, Jonathan
428
Castro-Chacón, Víctor
003
Castro-Esau, K.L
419, 469
Castro-Jiménez, E
108
Castro-Kahle, Federico
487
Castro-Salazar, René
134, 135, 221, 291, 470
Cavatassi, Romina
356, 375
Cedeño, J.R
174
Celarier, E.A
165
Cerrud-Santos, H.N
305
Cervi-F., A.P
421
Céspedes-Agüero, Margarita
Victoria
486
647, 649
Chacón-Chavarría, Oscar
485, 496
Chacón-Chaverri, Didiher
396
Chacón-León, Mario
479, 480, 481
Chacón-Montes de Oca,
Paula
433
Chain-Guadarrama, Adina
519
Chapman, Bruce D
458, 541
Chase, Jonathan M
493
Chassot, Olivier
580, 583
Chaturvedi, Ravikant K
575
Chavarría, A
112
Chaves, Luis Fernando
459
Chaves-Badilla, Oscar M
219, 559
Chaves-Cordero, Gerardo A
174, 357, 516, 542
Chazdon, Robin L
198, 557, 571
Chen, I-Ching
546
Cherrington, Emil A
472, 474
Chichilnisky, G
345
Chiriboga, Angel
467
Chomitz, Kenneth M
122
Chopping, Mark J
551
Chow, V.Y
411
Cicuzza, Daniele
546
Ciecka, Anna L
468, 525
Cifuentes-Jara, Miguel
445
Clark, David B
017, 080, 130, 143, 151, 162,
169, 198, 209, 229, 235, 252,
256, 353,
424, 430, 461, 543, 571
Clark, Deborah A
017, 080, 143, 162, 169, 197,
209, 220, 235, 241, 247, 250,
252, 260,
278, 295, 300, 313, 353, 362,
379, 395, 424, 430, 494, 522,
543
Chacón-Araya, Ana Rita
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 6 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Clark, James S
494
Consuegra, J.A
329
Craig, H
033
Contreras, Wilke
613
Craven, Dylan
521
Conway, T.J
411
Crill, P.M
152, 155, 175, 179, 202
Cordero, Silvia
606
Croitoru, Arie
563
Cordero-Castaño, S.A
470
Cronin, T.M
041
Córdoba-Muñoz, Rocío
249
Crowe, Jennifer
540
Corre, Marife D
490
Crump, Martha L
094
Cuartas, César A
479, 481, 482
Colwell, Robert K
456, 476
Correa-Metrio, Alexander
659
Cortés-Núñez, Jorge
128, 172, 173, 467
Condit, Richard
253
Cotera, J
112
Conn, Jan E
510
Coto, Mario
485
Connahs, Heidi
334
Coto, O
504
Conrad, M.E
369
Cotton, M.A
040
Constance, B.C
240
Cowden, C.C
392
Constantino, L
122
Cowling, R.M
321
Clark, Kenneth L
071, 092, 336
Cleveland, Cory C
240, 530, 569
Coates, A.G (ed.)
040, 041
Cole, D.W
004
Coley, Phyllis D
334
Collins, James P
413
Coloma, L.A
174, 329
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Cubero-Moya, José Alberto
192
Cueva-Moya, Juan Jacobo
432
Cuevas, Fernando
624
Curran, D.J
411
Curtis, P.S
247
Cushman, J.H (ed.)
036
da Costa-Freitas, Corina
Página 7 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
458
Daily, Gretchen C
042, 161
Dale, V.H
035
Dallmeier, F
148
Dambrine, Etienne
446
Das, Rishiraj
492
Dasgupta, P
161
Dash, Shawn T
565
Daube, B.C
411
de Miguel, Sergio
446
Deford, Douglas
646
del Coro-Arizmendi, M
546
Delgado-Rodríguez, M
365
Deliso, Elizabeth
549
Dengo, J.M
112
Denslow, Julie Sloan
263
Dessus, S
053
Dauzat, Jean
539
Di Stéfano-Gandolfi, José
Francisco
598
Davidson, E.A
058, 093, 154, 156, 247
Díaz, Henry F
441
Davis, Benjamin
356, 375
Díaz-Hernández, Arnulfo
190
de Alencastro-Graca, Paulo
Maurício
458, 541
Díaz-Porras, Rafael A
616
de Camargo, P.B
154
de Haan, C
323, 350
Dieperink, Carel
255
Diffendorfer, J
429
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Diniz, I.R
334
Dirzo, Rodolfo (ed.)
036
Dixon, R.K
231
Dobles-Mora, Roberto
596, 610
Dokken, David Jon (ed.)
477
Donnelly, Maureen A
094
Dore, M.H.I
211
Dore, M.H.I. ed.)
227
dos Santos, João Roberto
458, 541
Dowsett, H.F
040, 041
Drake, Jason B
198, 458, 541
Drexhage, J
504
Dreyer, E
548
Dubayah, Ralph O
130, 198, 563
Dudley, N
348
Página 8 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
491, 545
Dun, S
110
Dunbar, R.B
012
Durand, C
261
Dutra, Luciano V
458, 541
Dyer, Lee A
334
Dzib-Castillo, B.B
302
Eaton, William D
538, 580, 581, 582, 583
Echeverría-Bonilla, Jaime
052, 271, 654
Ehrlich, Paul R
161, 450
Eilu, Gerald
546
Ellsworth, D.S
247
Emerson, L
324
Engel, Stephanie
505
Engelen, V
426
Enquist, Carolyn A.F
208, 223, 233, 545
Erickson, H.E
057, 093, 156
Escobar, Federico
546
Escobar, Jaime
659
Escribano-Montoya, Jorge
190
Espeleta-Delgado, Javier F
395
Espinosa, Tatiana
619
Espinoza-Miranda, A
394
Evans, Michael N
453, 517
Ewel, John J
005, 301
Fahey, D.W
409
Fairall, C
368
Fairweather, K
324
Favila, Mario E
546
Enquist, Brian J
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Fay, J
308
Federici, S.E
405
Fernández-Rojas, Walter
637, 638
Fichtler, Esther
250
Fiedler, Konrad
546
Figueres-Olsen, José María
039, 158
Figueres-Olsen, Karen
Christiana
608
Finegan, Bryan
126, 270, 486
Fisher, M.J
183
Fisher, R.F
400
Fishpool, L.D.C
321
Fitzgerald, J.F
054
Flores, Africa I
472, 474
Fogden, Michael P.L
081, 099, 329, 337
Fogden, Michael P.L (phot.)
Página 9 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
326
Fogden, Patricia (phot.)
326
Foley, J.A
157
Fuentes-Bracamontes,
Rolando
620
Fuentes-González, Gilbert
496
Folgarait, P.J
105
Fuentes-González, Gilbert
(ed.)
020
Folke, C
161
Gamboa, H (il.)
396
Fonseca, G.A.B
321
Gámez-Hernández, Luis
134
Fonseca-González, William
524, 570, 578, 605
Gao, R.S
409, 411
Fonseca-Méndez, Karol
188, 191
García, Georgina
008, 251
Forner, C
504
García-Pérez, J.E
357
Fortunato, H.M
144
García-Víquez, Randall
496
Foster, P.N
106, 269, 329
Garita-Cruz, Damaris
181
Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto
009, 055, 056, 598
Gasner, Matthew R
525
Frankie, Gordon W
317
Gaston, K.J
321
Fresco, L.O
048
Geist, H
359
Frolking, S.E
032, 175
Gentry, G.L
334
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
George, R.K
070
Gering, J.C
294
Geron, C
220, 300
Gerow, Kenneth G
074, 236, 239
Gessel, S.P
004
Getty, S.R
203
Ghebray, Tesfay
483
Gholz, H.L
071, 092, 229, 319, 336
Ghosh, T.K
284
Giannoni, Gerardo (ed.)
488
Gilman, Alex C
456
Gitay, Habiba (ed.)
477
Glasbergen, P
255
Glynn, Peter W
435
Gobbi, José Alberto
323, 350
Página 10 de 456
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
155
Godoy, J.C
072, 118
Goetz, S.J
457
Goldman, Rebecca L
484
Gómez-Flores, Manuel
082, 118, 126, 127, 132, 339
Gonçalves, Fábio G
458, 541
González-Jiménez, Eugenio
527, 573
González-Maya, José
Fernando
466
González-Zamora, Arturo
559
Gordon, Andrew M
296, 360
Gorman, G.C
081
Gottlieb, E.W
411
Gradstein, Stephan Robbert
316
Granich, F
028
Grassi, H.D
405
Grauel, B
Greenberg, J
220
Guzmán-Brenes, Luis
Augusto
595
Greeney, Harold F
334
Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor M
172
Griswold, Terry L
317
Haaland, Hanne
531
Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel
R (ed.)
214
Haber, William A
283
Guenther, A
220, 300
Guerra-Alarcón, Leonardo
444
Guevara, R (ed.)
227
Guglielmo, Christopher G
528
Guilderson, Tom
659
Guswa, A.J
376, 562
Gutiérrez, María Elena
619
Gutiérrez-Miranda, Marcela
633
Guzmán, Julio
289
Guzmán, S.M
263
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Haberyan, K.A
303
Hafich, K
582
Hall, Charles A.S
159
Hallwachs, Winnie
334
Han, Qingyuan
436
Hannah, L
314
Hansen, David O
462
Hanson, P.J
247
Harmand, Jean Michel
397, 446, 452, 539, 548, 615
Harmon, M.E
556
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Junio 2012
Harriss, R.C
179
Hartshorn, Gary Spencer
031
Hauge, J.B
538, 581, 582
Heal, G
345
Hedin, Lars O
579
Helmer, Eileen H
049, 160
Hemp, Andreas
546
Hemp, Claudia
546
Henault, Catherine
452, 615
Henders, S
507
Hendy, Joanna
356, 375
Hengsdijk, H
133
Hergoualc'h, Kristell
397, 439, 452, 615
Herman, J.R
165
Herman, R.L
349
373
Hernández, Carlos E
463
Herrera, Luis Diego
622
Herrera-Fernández, Bernal
485, 486
Herrera-Ugarte, Mariana
593
Herrera-Villalobos, Alvaro
496
Herrick, J.D
300
Herzog, Sebastian K
546
Hidalgo, Marisol
290
Hietz, Peter
546
Hodell, David A
659
Hoffman, Michael
321
Hofstede, R.G.M
333
Hofton, Michelle A
198
Holland, E.A
023
Hollinger, D.Y
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Holmes, B
213, 326
Holz, Ingo
316
Hooghiemstra, Henry
147, 384
Horn, Sally P
007, 022, 303, 332, 347, 475
Hostettler, S (comp.)
378
Houghton, R.A
457
Hovde, S.J
349
Hubbell, Stephen P
461
Hughes, A
222
Hughes, R.F
145, 222, 254
Hunter, M.D
065
Ibáñez-D., Roberto
174, 357
Ibrahim, Muhammad A
111, 114, 186, 248, 323, 339,
350, 479, 481, 482, 502
Ibrahim, Muhammad A
(comp.)
180
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161
Imbach-Bartol, Pablo Andrés
421, 434, 537
Induni-Alfaro, Gustavo
485, 486
Irwin, Daniel
451
Islebe, Gerald A
147, 384
Jackson, B.C (ed.)
040, 041
Jackson, J.B.C
144
Jackson, John K
579
Jacobs, Jennifer M
319
Jallow, B.P (ed.)
054
James, Douglas A
500
Jankowski, Jill E
232, 468, 525
Jansen, H.G.P
133
Janssen, Jan
652
Jansson, A.M
161
Janzen, Daniel H
334
Jiménez, Juan José
390, 406, 533
Jiménez, R
411
Jiménez-Centeno, Carlos E
128, 173, 230, 377
Jiménez-Gómez, Roberto
599, 601
Jiménez-Méndez, Mildred
518
Jiménez-Otárola, Francisco
339, 446
Jiménez-Porras, Estefanía
613
Jiménez-Umaña, Manuel
594
Jobse, Judith C
222, 499
Johnson, D
201
Johnson, Dale W
004
Johnson, K.G
364
Johnstone, N
271
Jansson, B.O
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Jones, J.B (ed.)
164
Jordan, T.R
024
Joyce, A.T
469
Jung, M
320
Jung, P
144
Kaiser, J
237
Kalácska, Margaret Eika
Rose
440
Kannan, Ragupathy
500
Kanninen, Markku
111, 114, 118, 138, 184, 504
Kappelle, Maarten
140
Karl, T
300
Karlaganis, G
061
Karmalkar, A.V
441
Karsenty, A
342
Kass, Donald Charles Lieber
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
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297, 360, 366
Kattan, G.H (ed.)
214
Kauffman, B
222
Kauffman, D
222
Kautsky, N
161
Keeling, C.D
235
Keller, Michael
013, 018, 019, 023, 026, 057,
060, 063, 064, 074, 078, 085,
093, 129,
131, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
168, 175, 179, 202, 236, 239,
387
Kellner, James R
461
Kelly, K.K
349
Kelly, M
028
Kerr, Suzi
145, 254, 340, 341, 356, 358,
375
Kessler, Michael
546
Khatun, Kaysara
576
Kim, K.R
033
Kingerlee, W
058
Klein, R.J.T
149
Kleinn, Christoph
111, 114
Knox, R.G
198
Knyazikhin, Yuri
551
Koehler, Birgit
490
Koellner, Thomas
526, 534
Kohlmann, Bert
462, 463
Kok, M.T (ed.)
048
Korbeck, R.G., Jr
264, 328
Kumar, Anjali
011, 473, 476
Kurz, W.A
469
Kyle, Keiller O
525
La Marca, E
174, 329, 357
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Lachniet, M.S
280, 298, 299, 310, 331, 381
Lal, Rattan
390, 406, 533
Lambin, E
359
Landreau, Benjamin
489
Lane, Chad s
347, 475
Lansing, David M
532, 555, 584
Lansing, Stephanie
425
Laporte, S
070
Laurance, William F
427, 546
Laurito-Mora, César A
560
Laval, R.K
262
LaVal-Bugg, Richard K
259
Law, B.E
247, 373
Lawrence, Deborah A
313, 362, 492
Lawson, Gerry
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
539
Levin, S
161
Lawton, Robert O
171, 281, 311, 436, 451, 478,
561
Levy, S
401
League, B.L
332
Lewis, Philip
551
Leblanc-Ureña, Humberto A
390, 432, 433, 524, 605
Leyden, B.W
038
Leclerc, Gregoire
159
Leguía-Hidalgo, Efraín José
434
Li, C.S
086, 176
Lei, Ying D
374
Lei, Z
417
Leiva, Mario
290
Lemon, E
001, 002
Lennox, Julie
624
Lennox, Julie (coord.)
658
León-Azofeifa, Moisés
639
León-Campos, Aleazar
173
León-Soler, A
128
Li, L
325
Lill, J.L
334
Lin, J.L
368
Lindegaard, K
205
Linder, E
152, 175
Lindsay, Abby
509
Lipper, L
504
Lipper, Leslie
356, 375
Lips, Karen R
066, 174, 265, 306, 357, 429,
493
Liu, Shuguang
131, 145, 239, 254, 387
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Lizana, M
272
Loaiza, José R
510
Locatelli, Bruno
342, 434, 506, 537
Loescher, Henry William
080, 151, 220, 229, 245, 284,
319, 373, 556
Loewenstein, M
409
Long, J
321
Longino, John T
294, 456, 476
Lopes, E.C
380
López, Marina
607
López-Musalem, Alejandro
100, 109, 111, 114
López-Oviedo, Claudia
655
Lorenz, Klaus
533
Losi, Christopher J
253
Lötters, S
357
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Lovejoy, T.E (eds.)
314
Manoharan, Vani Starry
436, 451
Lovejoy, T.E, [ed.]
031
Manso-Sayao, Paulo
367, 609
Loyalka, S.K
284
Manzanilla-Puppo, J
357
Lubchenco, J
161
Mapes, B
368
Lücke-Sánchez, Oscar
112
Marcy, T.P
409
Lugo, Ariel E
036, 037
Margolis, M
275
Luna-Vega, Isolda
547
Maria Rey-Benayas, José
María
578
Matamoros-Delgado, Alonso
496
Marín, G (il.)
396
Matlock, Robert B., Jr
206
Marín-León, Rolando
437
Matross, D.M
411
Marlier, Miriam
571
Matson, Pamela A
008, 010, 029, 251, 274, 327
Marquet, P.A
321
Matteucci, H.J
405
Márquez, R
272
McDaniels, Tim L
526, 636
Marquis, Robert J
334
Mcdonald, S
538
Marshall, Andrew R
546
McRobert, S.P
264, 328
Martin, J
Meir, E
Luo, Y
247
Luvall, Jeffrey C
024
Maass, J. Manuel
008, 251
Maciver, D.C
148, 149
Mackensen, J
242
Mahoney, M.J
409
Mahrt, L
373
Mäler, K.G
161
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425
Martínez, Celia
537
Martínez, I
344
Marty, C
357
Masters, Karen L
329, 337, 554
Mata-Lorenzen, Juan
466
Mata-Montero, Erick
566
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276
Mejías-Esquivel, Ronald
271, 639
Mendelson, Joseph R., III
306, 429
Méndez-Arburola, Olga
Isabel
009, 552
Méndez-Rodríguez, Alberto
290
Merino-Viteri, A
329
Merkor, Christopher L
546
Mery, G
231
Metcalf, C. Jessica E
494
Meyer, J.R
174
Meyer, Nola Y
468
Middleton, Elizabeth M
165
Miranda-Quirós, Miriam
255, 322, 422, 633
Mitre, M.E
018
Mitsch, William J
462, 463, 464, 536, 544
177
Miyama, Toru
465
Molina-Rojas, Eloy
199
Mollicone, D
405
Molnar, S (ed.)
054
Montagnini, Florencia
076, 116, 243, 267, 354, 438,
521
Montenegro-Ballestero,
Johnny
103, 178, 180, 185, 212, 234,
631, 649
Montero, Johan
524, 605
Montiel, Mauricio
621
Moorcroft, Paul R
557
Mora, Claudia I
475
Mora-Alfaro, Jorge
591, 623
Morais, H.C
334
Morales, Juan E
253
Moreira, A.G (ed.)
177
Moreno, Tania
513
Moreno-Díaz, Mary Luz
322, 422
Moreno-Scott, Luisa Isabel
603
Morris, R.A
283
Moya-Bonilla, José Manuel
540
Muir, Derek C.G
374
Mulholland, P.J (ed.)
164
Müller, L.E
001, 002
Mulligan, Mark
451
Mumby, Peter J
572
Muñoz, A
174
Mura, José Claudio
458
Murdiyarso, D
504
Moreira, A.G
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Junio 2012
Murdiyarso, D (ed.)
054
Murgueitio, Enrique
323, 350, 482
Murillo-Aguilar, Katiana
586
Myneni, Ranga B
551
Nadkarni, Nalini M
071, 092, 210, 282, 294, 336,
385
Nahlik, Amanda M
463, 511, 536, 544
Nair, P.K. Ramachandran
267
Nair, Udaysankar S
171, 224, 281, 436, 451, 478,
512, 561
Naranjo, Juan
479, 481, 482
Naranjo-Barrantes, María
Angélica
592
Navarro, Guillermo A
534
Neeff, T
507
Neff, J.C
023, 202
Newbold, J. Denis
579
Newell, S.E
376, 562
Nieuwenhuyse, Andreas
113, 133
Niles, J.O
308
Niyogi, Dev
512
Nobre, A.D
034, 179
Norris, D. Ryan
528
North, N
504
Núñez, M
078
Okumura, Yuko
465
Olivas-Rojas, Paulo C
424
Oliver, Robert
397, 446
Olson, N
134
Ordaz-Díaz, Juan Luis
591, 623
Orians, Gordon H (ed.)
036
Orlich, D
112
Ortiz, Rosalba
115, 270
O'Brien, Joseph J
080, 169, 207, 242, 430
Ortiz-Guerrero, Angela
Milena
611
O'Donnell, Sean
011, 473, 476
Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar
606
Obando-Acuña, Vilma
496
Ortiz-Valverde, R
117
Obando-Vargas, German
567, 568
Orvis, K.H
347
Oberbauer, Steven F
080, 151, 169, 209, 229, 284,
319, 424, 430, 492
Osland, Michael J
573
Oelbermann, Maren
244, 296, 297, 360, 366, 550
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Otárola-Guerrero, Marco
193
Otoya-Chavarría, Marco
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633
Pagiola, Stefano
323, 350
Palo, M (ed.)
231
Park, S
409, 411
Parkin, T.B
301
Parra-Olea, Gabriela
306
Parsons, W.F.J
013, 018
Pattanayak, Subhrendu K
246
Patterson, W.P
280, 299, 381
Pauchard, A
355
Pedroni, Lucio
125, 602, 612
Perakis, S.S
556
Perdomo, M (ed.)
054
Pérez, C.I
107
Pérez, C.J
421, 434
Pérez, Joel B
472
Pérez, M.E
364
Pérez, T
154
Pérez-Molina, Eduardo
655
Perkins, E.J
582
171, 478, 512
Pilgrim, J.D
321
Piotto, Daniel
521
Piper, S.C
235
Piperno, D
280
Perkins, S
330, 352
Plant, R.A.J
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098, 113, 142
Perron, B
196, 261
Polyak, V
381
Perry, Denielle M
553
Polyak, V.J
299
Peters, R, [ed.]
031
Polzot, C.L
318, 343
Pfaff, Alexander S.P
145, 254, 340, 341, 356, 358,
375
Pomareda-Benel, Carlos
(ed.)
182
Pfister, Leonhard
411
Ponce, Guillermo
479, 481
Phillips, K
095
Popp, P.J
409
Picco, Angela M
413
Porras, Ina T
271, 322, 422
Piedra-Jiménez, C
386
Porras, Louis W
542
Pielke, Roger A
Porras-Salazar, Carlos
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Junio 2012
076
655
005, 006, 391, 400, 527
Possingham, H.P
276
Pulido-Herrera, Luz Astrid
520
Ralph, C. John
497
Potosnak, M
300
Purcell, George H
541
Ramankutty, N
157
Pounds, J. Alan
081, 099, 329, 337, 346, 357,
451, 554, 561
Puschendorf, Robert
329, 357, 516
Ramberg, Lars
536
Pyrcz, Tomasz
546
Ramírez, Diana
591, 623
Quesada, F
370
Ramírez, E
323, 350
Pregitzer, K.S
247
Quesada-Avendaño,
Mauricio
440
Ramírez, Octavio A
082, 118, 126, 127, 132, 227,
270
Pressey, R.L
321
Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A
025
Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago
547
Pretty, J
308
Quesada-Monge, Ruperto
Francisco (ed.)
187, 188
Ramírez-Obando, Patricia
067, 077
Powers, Jennifer S
163, 216, 218, 263
Pratt, L
285, 286, 287, 291
Price, N
005
Prince, S.D
198
Pringle, Catherine M
164, 167
Pringle, Robert M
450
Pröhl, Heike
529
Pujol-Mesalles, Rosendo
(coord., ed.)
Quinn, T.M
203
Rabenold, Kerry N
232, 468, 525
Radulovich-Ramírez, Ricardo
045
Raes, A
405
Raghubanshi, A.S
575
Raich, James W
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Randolph, J.C
247
Ray, Deepak K
335, 436, 451, 478, 512, 561
Ray, E.A
349, 409
Read, J.M
256, 263
Reaser, J.K
174
Redondo-Brenes, Alvaro
307, 354, 410
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Reed, Sasha C
530
Regmi, Avantika
561
Reich, Peter B
027
Reifsnyder, D.A
110
Reiners, William A
018, 019, 026, 074, 131, 236,
239, 387
Renderos, Reina Vanessa
446
Repetto, R
383
Retana-Barrantes, José A
083, 407, 408, 626, 627, 628,
630, 635, 640, 646, 653, 656
Retana-Barrantes, José A
(ed.)
657
Rey-Benayas, José María
570
Reyes, C
159
Rhodes, A.L
376, 562
Riascos-Chalapud, Lorena
Dayana
611
Richard, E.C
349, 409
Rodríguez-Chacón, Johnny
181
Richards, M
225
Rodríguez-Chacón, Jorge
Eduardo (comp.)
097
Richardson, Curtis J
573
Ricklefs, R.E
334
Rincón, D
344
Rivard, Benoit
419, 440, 523, 563
Rivera, M.M
153
Rizzardi, Mark A
317
Robalino, Juan Andrés
622
Robledo, C
504
Robles-Ramírez, Andrés
540
Rodrigues, A.S.L
321
Rodríguez, A.G
104, 137
Rodríguez, A.G (ed.)
112
Rodríguez, Kathia
607
Rodríguez-Hernández,
Higinia
189
Rodríguez-Quirós, Jorge
Eduardo
285, 289
Rodríguez-Rubí, Jorge
Antonio
091
Rodríguez-Rubí, L.E
371
Rodríguez-Sánchez, L
126
Rodríguez-Zúñiga, J.M
215, 266
Roed, M
538
Roed, Melanie
583
Rojas, Ana Victoria
289
Rojas, M
363
Rojas, Manrique
279
Rojas-Araya, Manrique
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249
Rojas-Piedra, Susana Raquel
192
Roland-Hurst, D
053
Roman, G
324
Román-Solano, Bryan
540
Romero, Indira
621
Romero-Vargas, Jenny
Catalina
508
Romo, D
174
Rompaey, R.A.V (ed.)
048
Ron, Santiago R
174, 329, 529
Ronchi, P
317
Rondon, M
504
Rosales, M
323, 350
Rosenlof, K.H
349
Rosner, H
338, 404
506
Rovira, José
510
Rueda-Almonacid, J.V
357
Ruiz, J.P
323, 350
Ruiz-Campos, Eleazar
128, 173
Sanabria-Valverde, Nury
653
Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo
Arturo
025, 046, 145, 228, 329, 340,
341, 356, 358, 375, 419, 440,
469, 523,
563
Rusin, R.J
165
Sánchez-Hernández,
Leonardo
655
Russell, Ann E
301, 391, 400, 527, 571
Sánchez-López, Sonia
559
Russo-Andrade, Ricardo O
390, 420, 432, 433
Sancho-Villalobos, F
287
Ryan, Michael G
424
Sanhueza, E
059
Ryan, Michael J
257, 529
Sansoulet, J
548
Saatchi, Sassan S
557, 571
Sasa-Marín, Jihad
649
Saborío-Trejos, V.F
047
Sasa-Marín, Mahmood
542
Sáenz-Faerron, Alexandra
215, 455
Sassa, K (ed.)
082
Sáenz-Méndez, Joel Cris
486
Sathaye, J.A
228
Salas, A.W
174
Saunders, E.F
581
Salinas, Zenia M
Savage, Jay M
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081
Savage, K
247
Sayres, D.S
402
Scatena, Frederick N
037
Schaaf, Crystal B
551
Schaefer, D
071
Schatan, Claudia
621
Schimel, Davis S
131, 145, 239, 387
Schipper, Jan
321
Schipper, R.A
133
Schlesinger, W.H
216, 218
Schlönvoigt, Andrea M
111, 114, 186, 297, 360, 366
Schmidt, S.K
240
Schneider, S.H
106
Scholz, Roland W
526, 636
Schonberg, L.A
294
Sell, Joachim
534
Schrag, Dan P
453
Seltzer, G.O
280, 299, 331
Schuler, J.L
246
Sempris, Emilio
472, 474
Schull, Mitchell A
551
Sepúlveda, Claudia J
502
Schulte, R
357
Serna-Hidalgo, Braulio
591, 623
Schulze, G
405
Sesnie, Steven E
486
Schwartzman, S
177
Seufert, F
405
Schwendenmann, Luitgard C
238, 241, 242, 312, 351, 483,
492
Sever, Tom L
451
Scott, Marilyn E
510
Sears, M.W
429
Sechrest, W
321
Segura-Bonilla, Olman
136, 205
Segura-Madrigal, M.A
138, 372
Segura-Madrigal, Milena
Andrea
101
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Shen, L
374
Shepherd, D
079, 116, 243
Shoo, Luke P
546
Shortle, J.S
104, 137
Shulte-Bisping, H
241
Siccama, Thomas G
253
Sierra, C.A
556
Página 23 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
443
Sigel, Bryan J
414
Sigman, Daniel M
579
Siles, P
548
Sills, Erin O
246
Silver, Whendee L
036, 153, 315, 369
Simpson, D
161
Singer, M.S
334
Singh, J.S
575
Skiba, Ute
397, 446, 452, 615
Smeets, E.M.W
139
Smith, Carolyn Elizabeth
471
Smith, Kevin G
493
Snider, A.G
246
Söderqvist, T
161
Solano, R
210, 282, 385
Solano-Quintero, Johnny
653
Solano-Ramírez, Railly
655
Solera, Manuel
653
Solís, L
331
Somarriba-Chávez, Eduardo
370, 607
Soto-Castro, C
256
St-Onge, Véronik
495
Starrett, D
161
Stegen, James C
491
Steinfeld, H (ed.)
182
Stephenson, David B
572
Stevenson, R.D
283
Stibig, G
405
Sodhi, Navjot S
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Still, C.J
106, 329
Stireman, J.O. III
334
Stolton, S
348
Stoner, Kathryn E
559
Stork, N.E (ed.)
065
Strahler, Alan H
551
Stuart, S.N
321
Suárez, Avelino (ed.)
477
Subak, S
141
Subía-Loayza, Esteban
Cristóbal
432
Sucre, Leví
607
Sully, Shannon
659
Swartz, W.H
409
Swenson, Nathan G
491
Swisher, J.N
Página 24 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
021
Tito, Marcos Rugnitz
421
Triska, Frank J
164
Todd, J.A
144
Troy, Robert Francis
349, 447
Tompson, R.V
284
Trujillo, W
183
Trumbore, S.E
154
Teh, Y.A
369
Toral-C., E
357
Torres, A
200
Teixeira, C
374
Torres, Abelardo
607
Tejada-Ramírez, Julio César
463
Torres, Faustina
607
Tejero-Díez, Daniel
547
Torres-Carral, G
389
Thevathasan, Naresh V
360
Toruño-Gutiérrez, Henry
524, 605
Thomann, E
556
Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr
052, 145, 222
Thompson, Jill
491
Townsend, Alan R
240, 530, 569
Thompson, T.L
349, 409
Townsend, Patricia A
577
Tilman, D
161
Tremblay-Boyer, Laura
474
Timmermann, Axel
465
Treuhaft, Robert N
458, 541
Timmins, J
375
Trines, E.P
119
Tallis, Heather
484
Tattenbach-Capra, Franz
125, 134, 567, 602
Taylor, Zachary P
475
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Tuck, A.F
349
Tully, Katherine L
492
Twohy, C.H
411
Tyler, S.C
154
Ugalde-Gómez, Jesús
486, 496
Umaña-Quesada, Alvaro
062
Underhill, L.G
321
Useche, D. Carolina
546
Uusivuori, J (ed.)
231
Vaast, Philippe
539, 548
Vaillancourt, J.G
261
Página 25 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Valencia, Renato
491
Varela Villalobos, Ana
Patricia
590
Valentini, Simiane Grégoire
442
Vargas-Del Valle, Manuel
496
Valerín, N
396
Vásquez-Sánchez, Laura C
188, 191
Valerio-Segura, Freddy
189
Vázquez-Selem, L
310
Villalobos-Zamora, Juan
Miguel
587
Valerio-Zamora, Ana Lucía
560, 564
Vega, A (ed.)
107
Villanueva-Najarro, Cristóbal
248
Vallejo-Rendón, Alvaro
421, 480
Vega-Araya, E.E
286
Villegas-Guevara, C
003
Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J
400, 527
Vega-García, Heidy
361
Vindas-Chaves, Danilo V
189
van de Wiel, H (comp.)
378
Veldkamp, A
048
Veldkamp, Edzo
016, 019, 023, 060, 063, 078,
080, 086, 093, 155, 156, 168,
202, 209,
241, 242, 312, 351, 490
Vindas-Hernández, Roberto
599
van der Mensbrugghe, D
053
van Huting, J
426
van Oijen, Marcel
539
van Vuuren, D.P
139
van Vuuren, M.M.I
140
Vandecar, Karen Lynn
492, 538, 574
Venegas-Gamboa, Isabel
193, 309
Verchot, L.V
156
Vézima, Anne
503
Vignola, Raffaele
434, 526, 537, 636
Villalobos, Marilyn
370, 606, 607
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Villalobos-Flores, Roberto
083, 407, 408, 626, 627, 628,
630, 635, 640
Villalobos-Flores, Roberto
(coord.)
646
Vinson, S. Bradleigh
317
Víquez-Ramírez, Carlos
Alberto
585
Vitolo, Renato
572
Vitousek, Peter M
008, 010, 029, 251
Vöhringer, Frank
304
Volkmann, Carol
008, 251
Página 26 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
Voroney, R. Paul
296, 297, 360, 366, 550
019, 023, 093, 152, 153, 155,
168, 175, 194, 202
Wake, David B
398
Welch, Ronald M
024, 171, 281, 436, 451, 478,
561
Wright, S. Joseph
490, 535
West, S
273
Wullaert, Hans
490
Wheelwright, Nathaniel T
453
Wunder, Sven
505
Wick, G
368
Wünscher, Tobias
505
Wieder, William Russell
530, 558, 569
Wurster, C
280
Wilkinson, J.W
165
Xiao, H
374
Williams, N
393
Xie, Shang Ping
465
Williamson, P
015
Xie, Y
321
Wofsy, Susan C
373, 409, 411
Yanoviak, Stephen P
294, 385
Wolf, Jan H.D
546
Yao, Tian
551
Yokoyama, Y
344
Weinstock, E.M
409
Wolfe, Jared D
497
Wolski, Piotr
536
Weishampel, J.F
130, 198, 392
Wong-Reyes, Grace
486
Weitz, A.M
Wood, Tana E
313, 362, 382, 492
Walker, B
161
Walker, J
300
Waller, R.W
321
Wang, Zhuosen
551
Wania, Frank
374
Watson, Robert T (ed.)
477
Watson-Céspedes, Vicente
052, 145, 222, 639
Watt, Allan D (ed.)
065
Watts, M.E.J
321
Waylen, Peter R
070
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Worbes, Martin
250
Yoon, C.K
268
Yost, R.S
199
Young, Bruce E
Página 27 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
102, 174, 329, 357
589
368
Young, C.E.F
231
Zárate-Hernández, Eladio
643
Zumbado-Morales, Félix
655
Zak, D.R
014, 247
Zeng, Jian
436
Zúñiga-Garita, Igor
386
Zamora, Sheila
480
Zepp, R.G (ed.)
129
Zwerver, S (ed.)
048
Zamora-González, Luis
655
Zhang, Li
536
Øystein, Aas
531
Zamora-Pereira, Juan Carlos
Zuidema, P
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 28 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
ÍNDICE DE DESCRIPTORES
ABANDONED PASTURES
527
ADULT MORTALITY
095, 398
ABDOMINAL
ANGIOSTRONGYLIASIS
646
ADULTS
264, 328
ABIOTIC FACTORS
473
AEROSOLS AND PARTICLES
284
AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
039
AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION
359
AGRICULTURAL LANDS
155, 175, 499
AEROSOLS FROM BIOMASS
BURNING
284
AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE
482
AESTHETIC VALUE
120
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
133
AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES
317
AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
059
AGALYCHNIS
174
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
623
AGE CALIBRATION
303, 475
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
594
AGE DATING
203
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
176
ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED
JOINTLY
127, 141, 270, 304
AGE TREES
250
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
591, 623
ACTIVITY PATTERNS
559
AGELAIA
476
AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE
520
ADAPTATION
388, 471, 477, 502, 504, 537,
588, 612, 648
AGENDA 21
495
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
442
AGRARIAN CHANGE
555
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
444
ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS
076, 079, 198, 307, 392, 395,
406, 410, 431, 433, 535, 605,
606
ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE
299, 331
ABUNDANCE
259, 385
ACCUMULATION
210, 282
ACETYLENE
013, 018, 397, 439, 452
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
148, 273, 630
AGRICULTURE
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 29 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
003, 060, 159, 166, 226, 317,
333, 348, 407, 591, 595, 619,
623, 630, 631, 655, 658
AGRICULTURE ACTIVITY
077, 649
AGRICULTURE AND CATTLE
GRAZING
622
AGRICULTURE
VULNERABILITY
170
AGROCHEMICALS
226
AGROECOSYSTEMS
462
AGROFORESTRY
014, 043, 055, 056, 091, 100,
182, 185, 186, 244, 296, 297,
302, 309, 339, 360, 366, 370,
397, 439, 452, 471, 479, 481,
498, 606, 607, 611
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
416, 442, 446
425, 437, 508, 552, 585, 602,
613, 643, 644, 649, 652
ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS
195, 232, 468, 477, 525
AIR TEMPERATURE
091, 151, 207, 229, 245, 295,
373, 412, 453
AMBIGUITY AVERSION
592
AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS
411
AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS
349, 447
ALAS PROJECT
206, 294, 476
ALBIZIA
079
ALCHORNEA
007, 204
ALGAE
303
ALLELE FREQUENCIES
529
ALLEY CROPPING
186, 244, 296, 360, 366, 539,
550
AGROSILVOPASTORAL
SYSTEMS
043, 055, 056
ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS
578
AIR
018, 374
ALNUS
248
AIR CONDITIONING
647
ALPHA DIVERSITY
232
AIR POLLUTION
009, 023, 077, 084, 093, 104,
113, 125, 137, 202, 284, 386,
ALTITUDE
426, 473
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
AMMONIA
009, 013, 025, 155, 175, 176,
552
AMMONIA OXIDIZING
BACTERIA
274, 288, 327
AMMONIUM
178, 180, 212, 288, 327, 425
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
009, 552
AMPHIBIAN CHYTRID
493
AMPHIBIAN DECLINE
066, 081, 094, 095, 099, 165,
174, 213, 265, 272, 306, 314,
326, 329, 346, 357, 393, 398,
403, 413, 429, 448, 493, 496,
500, 516, 554
AMPHIBIAN POPULATION
DECLINE
066, 265, 542
AMPHIBIANS
066, 081, 094, 095, 099, 165,
174, 213, 257, 264, 265, 272,
306, 314, 321, 326, 328, 329,
346, 357, 393, 398, 403, 413,
429, 443, 448, 472, 474, 493,
500, 516, 517, 529, 542, 554
ANACARDIACEAE
138, 253, 372
Página 30 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
ANACARDIUM
253
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
425
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
425
ANALYSIS
022, 332
ANDIRA
317
ANEMOMETERS
002
ANGIOPOLYBIA
476
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
065
ANIMAL ECOLOGY
065
ANIMAL FEEDING
186
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
479, 481, 482, 502, 631
ANIMAL POPULATION
042
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
623
ANIMALS
011, 012, 022, 041, 042, 065,
066, 081, 094, 095, 099, 102,
105, 144, 165, 173, 174, 195,
203, 213, 232, 257, 259, 262,
264, 265, 272, 294, 306, 314,
317, 321, 326, 328, 329, 332,
334, 344, 346, 351, 357, 364,
377, 385, 393, 396, 398, 403,
413, 414, 422, 429, 435, 443,
448, 456, 459, 466, 467, 468,
472, 473, 474, 476, 477, 493,
497, 498, 500, 510, 516, 517,
520, 525, 528, 529, 542, 549,
554, 559, 560, 564, 565, 603
ANIONS
013, 064
ANNONACEAE
250
ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
590
ANNUAL RECRUITMENT
223, 233
ANNUAL RINGS
412, 453
ANNUAL STREAMFLOW
070
ANNUAL TREE GROWTH
278
ANOPHELES
459, 510
ANTARCTIC OZONE HOLE
349
ANTARCTICA
349, 477
ANTHOPHORIDAE
317
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
ANTHOZOA
230, 364, 467
ANTHROPOGENIC
DISTURBANCE
556, 629, 632, 634, 635, 640,
650, 651, 654, 657
ANURANS
081, 094, 095, 099, 165, 174,
213, 257, 264, 265, 272, 306,
314, 321, 326, 328, 329, 346,
398, 403, 413, 429, 443, 448,
493, 500, 516, 517, 529, 554
APHIDIDAE
065
APHIDOIDEA
065
APIDAE
317
APIS
317
APOICA
476
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
651
AQUIFERS
167
ARACEAE
175
ARACHIS
297, 366
ARCHAEA
Página 31 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
580
ARCHAEOLOGY
204
ARECACEAE
090, 199, 220, 301, 432, 589,
606
066, 174, 265, 329, 357, 429,
500
ATLANTIC CLIMATE CHANGE
465
ARMY ANTS
011, 473, 476
ATLANTIC LOWLANDS
018, 171, 200, 201, 224, 268,
275, 281, 311, 335, 352, 436,
451, 478,
496
ARREMON
525
ATLANTIC OCEAN
299
ARTHROPOD ASSEMBLAGES
294, 385
ATMOSPHERE
008, 019, 023, 029, 032, 050,
059, 060, 063, 064, 074, 078,
093, 152, 194, 202, 226, 231,
236, 251
ARTHROPODS
011, 041, 042, 065, 105, 203,
294, 317, 334, 351, 385, 422,
456, 459, 466, 473, 476, 498,
510, 520, 565
284
ATMOSPHERIC
COMPOSITION AND
STRUCTURE
284, 300
ATMOSPHERIC
COMPOSITION
RELATIONSHIPS
284
ATMOSPHERIC
DISTRIBUTION
374
ATMOSPHERIC
DISTURBANCES
068, 070, 590, 598, 625, 629,
632, 634, 635, 637, 638, 640,
641
ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE
FEEDBACKS
491
ATMOSPHERIC METHANE
369
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
072, 100, 110, 178, 180, 181,
183, 184, 185, 186, 212
ATMOSPHERIC NITROUS
OXIDE
154, 155
ASSESSMENT
119, 324, 374
ATMOSPHERIC CARBON
DIOXIDE
163, 216, 218, 260
ATMOSPHERIC
PARTICULATES
284
ASTHMA
646
ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES
535
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
638
ASTREOPORA
364
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
019, 023, 026, 032, 033, 034,
050, 057, 063, 064, 071, 077,
078, 092, 093, 131, 152, 153,
154, 155, 156, 179, 194, 202,
239, 336, 387, 649
ATMOSPHERIC WATERBALANCE
376, 562
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
ATTA DATABASE
ARTIC
477
ASCOMYCOTA
009, 552
ATELES
429, 559
ATTA
105
ATELOPUS
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 32 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
566
ATTITUDES
196, 261, 526
AULACOSEIRA
303
AUTUMN MIGRATION
497
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
303
BACTERIA
274, 580, 581
BACTRIS
199, 606
BALIZIA
162, 250, 267, 354
BANANA PLANTATIONS
063, 086
BASALTS
600
BASELINE
228, 254, 304, 309, 341, 358,
508
BAT HABITAT
259
BAT POPULATIONS AND
DISTRIBUTION
262
BATRACHOCHYTRIUM
306, 329, 357, 398, 413, 429,
493, 516, 554
BEACHES
614
BEEF CATTLE
185
BEHAVIOUR
042, 497
BELOWGROUND BIOMASS
238, 241, 431, 406, 605
BELOWGROUND CARBON
ALLOCATION
406
BENEFITS
122
BETA DIVERSITY
232, 468, 493
BETULACEAE
248
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
020
BID
488
BIGNONIACEAE
116, 243, 267, 438, 460, 521
BIMMS
566
BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTES
050
BIOAVAILABLE NITROGEN
579
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND
050, 425
BIOCLIMATIC UNITS
542
BIOCLIMATOLOGY
031
BIODEGRADABILITY
312
BIODEGRADATION
218
BIODIVERSITY
011, 031, 036, 039, 055, 056,
062, 065, 097, 105, 107, 108,
112, 117, 120, 134, 135, 140,
143, 144, 159, 161, 162, 181,
186, 189, 193, 203, 205, 208,
211, 214, 215, 221, 226, 232,
233, 246, 258, 259, 266, 274,
276, 277, 279, 288, 294, 301,
305, 314, 317, 321, 324, 327,
345, 353, 355, 363, 377, 378,
385, 386, 400, 416, 423, 434,
437, 438, 454, 455, 456, 468,
472, 474, 476, 477, 484, 485,
486, 487, 488, 493, 496, 501,
513, 519, 520, 542, 546, 589,
593, 655, 658
BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
097, 125, 146, 323, 350, 498,
525, 534, 561
BIODIVERSITY DECLINE
324
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS
276, 547
Página 33 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
065, 396
BIODIVERSITY INFORMATICS
566
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
283, 448, 450
BIODIVERSITY PROSPECTING
225
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN
SOIL
013, 064
BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
149
BIOLOGICAL COMPETITION
042
BIODIVERSITY VIRTUAL
COMMUNITIES LEARNING
566
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
259
BIOENERGY
506
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDORS
107, 186, 324, 486, 501
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS
058, 059
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
171, 268, 269, 275, 281, 311,
335, 352, 408, 436, 451, 478,
496, 512, 561
BIOGENIC VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
220
BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CONTROLS
369
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
032, 036, 074, 218, 236, 313,
382
BIOGEOGRAPHY
036, 277, 281, 316, 436, 451,
478, 512
BIOGRAPHIES
237
BIOINDICATORS
009, 513, 552
BIOLOGIC CHANGES
040
BIOLOGY AND STATUS
443
BIOMASS
025, 049, 050, 059, 071, 076,
079, 092, 100, 101, 119, 138,
145, 160, 197, 199, 210, 223,
233, 240, 244, 253, 282, 284,
285, 295, 302, 327, 336, 445,
446, 458, 479, 481, 521, 524,
527, 551, 557, 570, 571, 578,
605, 606, 611
BIOMASS AND NUTRIENT
BUDGETS
199
BIOMASS BURNING
059, 071, 092, 284, 336
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
651
BIOMASS COMPOSITION
223, 233
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
128, 230, 377
BIOMASS ESTIMATION
138, 372, 538
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
218
BIOMASS EXPANSION
FACTOR
138, 578
BIOLOGICAL RESERVES
167
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
355, 386
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
425
BIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
283
BIOMASS MODEL
570, 578, 606
BIOMASS PRODUCTION
090, 116, 243
BIOMONITORING TESTER
009, 552
BIOPROSPECTING
226, 279, 363
BIOLOGY
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 34 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
BIOSPHERE
345
BIOSPHERE/ATMOSPHERE
INTERACTIONS
284, 300
BIRDS
042, 081, 102, 195, 213, 232,
326, 346, 414, 468, 472, 474,
477, 497, 525, 528, 549, 603
BODY CONDITION
497
BOLITOGLOSSA
066, 174, 265
BOMBACACEAE
072, 118, 152, 192
BOMBACOPSIS
072, 118, 192, 498
BOMBYCILLIDAE
195
BORAGINACEAE
100, 109, 111, 114, 301, 302,
421, 442, 539, 606, 611
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION
188, 191, 518, 519
BRACHIARIA
339, 471
BREEDING SYSTEMS
258
BREEDING TIMED
102
BRIBRI AMERINDIANS
416
370, 398
BROADLEAVES
017, 252
BROMELIACEAE
264, 328, 580
BRYOPHYTA
092, 316, 336
BUFFER ZONES
107, 445
BUFO
081, 095, 099, 174, 213, 272,
314, 321, 326, 329, 346, 348,
413, 443, 448, 500, 517
BUFONIDAE
081, 095, 099, 165, 174, 213,
272, 314, 321, 326, 329, 346,
348, 357, 429, 443, 448, 500,
517
BURNING
023, 025, 202
CAFTA
553
CALCINATION
050
CALCIUM
313, 382
CALIPPUS
560, 564
CALOPHYLLUM
079, 243, 267, 307, 354, 390,
410
CAMBIUM
121
CANOPY
126, 210, 220, 229, 245, 256,
282, 284, 294, 319, 373, 385
CANTHIDIUM
466
BURNING NITRIC OXIDE
EMISSION
023, 202
CANTHON
466, 520
BURSERACEAE
250
CARAPA
138, 372
BUTTRESSES
197, 295, 494
CARBON
005, 016, 074, 119, 120, 136,
198, 199, 205, 229, 235, 236,
240, 245, 285, 289, 290, 291,
292, 319, 325, 330, 342, 356,
373, 375, 392, 427, 431, 440,
444, 492, 507, 508, 558, 571,
576, 581, 589, 606, 607, 611
BYRSONIMA
317
CABECAR AMERINDIANS
416
CACAO PLANTATIONS
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
CARBON BALANCE
006, 338, 401, 404
CARBON DIOXIDE FLUXES
163, 216, 218, 263
CARBON BUDGET
006
CARBON DIOXIDE
PRESSURES
004
CARBON CREDITS
255, 287, 304, 322, 422, 568
CARBON CYCLE
001, 002, 006, 016, 021, 025,
050, 080, 119, 146, 151, 184,
197, 207, 209, 211, 227, 229,
235, 237, 238, 241, 245, 247,
295, 308, 314, 318, 319, 327,
330, 338, 373, 391, 401, 404,
457, 491, 522, 530, 538, 581
CARBON DIOXIDE
001, 002, 005, 009, 025, 050,
055, 056, 065, 077, 113, 114,
123, 124, 126, 152, 154, 166,
177, 178, 180, 183, 185, 190,
192, 194, 212, 220, 234, 242,
244, 247, 255, 285, 287, 295,
296, 309, 314, 322, 360, 371,
373, 379, 380, 394, 411, 422,
427, 428, 440, 444, 452, 470,
479, 481, 483, 552, 568, 600,
613, 631, 643, 644, 649
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION
016, 139, 166, 255, 286, 287,
322, 343, 351, 383, 405, 422,
440, 480, 568
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION
TRADING
225, 255, 287, 322, 422, 568
CARBON DIOXIDE
ENRICHMENT
016, 479, 481
CARBON DYNAMICS
001, 002, 151, 197, 209, 235,
238, 241, 295, 373
CARBON EMISSIONS
135, 221, 420
CARBON EXCHANGE
001, 002, 151, 197, 207, 229,
238, 241, 245, 295, 319, 373
CARBON FLUXES
001, 002, 006, 151, 163, 197,
207, 216, 218, 228, 229, 238,
241, 245, 263, 295, 319, 338,
340, 341, 358, 373, 401, 404
CARBON FOOTPRINT
568
CARBON FRACTION
578
CARBON MARKET
255, 267, 287, 322, 422, 568
CARBON MONOXIDE
009, 050, 077, 166, 271, 552,
649
CARBON NET LOSS
006, 338, 401, 404
CARBON OFFSETS
141, 555, 584
143, 508, 570, 578
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
020, 021, 044, 049, 050, 055,
069, 072, 076, 077, 079, 080,
082, 090, 096, 100, 101, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115,
116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122,
126, 127, 132, 135, 138, 141,
143, 145, 146, 160, 161, 166,
178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,
191, 192, 193, 197, 199, 205,
209, 211, 212, 214, 215, 221,
222, 227, 231, 235, 237, 240,
243, 244, 246, 248, 253, 255,
266, 267, 270, 285, 286, 287,
292, 295, 296, 297, 301, 302,
305, 307, 308, 315, 318, 322,
323, 330, 339, 342, 343, 345,
350, 354, 355, 356, 360, 366,
369, 370, 372, 375, 386, 390,
394, 400, 406, 410, 416, 419,
420, 422, 426, 428, 431, 432,
433, 438, 442, 445, 454, 455,
457, 460, 463, 464, 469, 480,
484, 498, 499, 504, 505, 511,
521, 524, 527, 532, 534, 536,
539, 550, 555, 568, 576, 579,
582, 602, 605, 606, 611, 615,
617, 649
CARBON STORAGE
254, 340, 611
CARBON-SINK SERVICES
221, 386
CARBONO PROJECT
130, 143, 151, 162, 197, 198,
206, 209, 229, 235, 237, 238,
241, 242, 245, 250, 256, 284,
295, 312, 319, 330, 338, 351,
CARBON POOLS
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Página 36 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
362, 373, 392, 395, 401, 404,
461, 483, 522, 538, 571
CARETTA
396
CARICA
155, 175
CARICACEAE
155, 175
CASE STUDIES
053, 113, 135, 136, 205, 221,
227, 420, 479, 481, 626, 627,
628
CATHARUS
497, 525
CATIE
244, 296, 297, 323, 350, 360,
366, 444, 502, 518, 519, 520,
550, 612
CATTLE RANCHING
103, 305, 359
CAUDATA
066, 094, 174, 265, 272
CENTRAL AMERICAN
DROUGHT CORRIDOR
361
CENTRAL AMERICAN
ISTHMUS
040, 041
CENTRAL AMERICAN
MONSOON
299, 331
CENTRAL AMERICAN
MOUNTAINS
465
CENTRIS
317
CENTROLENELLA
081, 413
CENTROLENIDAE
081, 094, 165, 174, 413
CERTIFICATION
119, 136, 205, 215, 266, 455,
531
466
CHELONIA
396
CHELONIIDAE
396
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
174
CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND
425
CHEMICAL PROSPECTING
345
CHIROPTERA
259, 262
CHLORANTHACEAE
204
CHLORIDE
009, 552
CHLOROFLOUROCARBONS
050, 077, 649
CERTIFIED TRADABLE
OFFSETS
125, 215, 225, 266, 455, 602
CHLOROSPINGUS
525
CHAMAEPETES
525
CHRONOLOGY
144, 310
CECROPIACEAE
162, 204, 430, 494
CHANGES IN SPECIES
COMPOSITION
258
CHYTRID FUNGUS
493, 516
CEDRELA
301, 318, 343
CHARCOAL
022, 204, 332, 475
CHYTRIDIALES
306, 329, 357, 398, 403, 413,
429, 493, 500, 516, 554
CHECKLISTS
CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS
CEBIDAE
559
CECROPIA
162, 204, 430, 494
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Página 37 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
081, 306, 329, 357, 398, 403,
413, 429, 493, 500, 516, 554
CHYTRIDIOMYCOTINA
306, 329, 357, 398, 403, 413,
429, 493, 500, 516, 554
CIBERCOLMENAS
566
CICAFE
548, 615
CIFOR
225
CIMAR
377, 467
CIRRUS CLOUDS
411, 447
CLASSIFICATION
469
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM
082, 127, 132, 141, 225, 270,
304, 309, 320, 343, 389, 487,
489, 506,
507, 509, 532, 567, 608
CLIMATE
003, 017, 022, 032, 047, 068,
083, 121, 169, 171, 184, 200,
201, 207, 224, 226, 231, 249,
252, 268, 275, 281, 311, 332,
335, 352, 361, 368, 381, 399,
402, 436, 449, 451, 459, 465,
467, 478, 496, 509, 512, 514,
539, 561, 580, 619, 625, 637,
641, 650
CLIMATE ANALYSIS
643
CLIMATE AND WEATHER
140, 337, 407, 408, 435, 472,
474
CLIMATE AND WETLANDS
464
CLIMATE CHANGE
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012,
013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018,
019, 020, 021, 022, 023, 024,
025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030,
031, 032, 033, 034, 035, 036,
037, 038, 039, 040, 041, 042,
043, 044, 045, 046, 047, 048,
049, 050, 051, 052, 053, 054,
055, 056, 057, 058, 059, 060,
061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 066,
067, 068, 069, 070, 071, 072,
073, 074, 075, 076, 077, 078,
079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090,
091, 092, 093, 094, 095, 096,
097, 098, 099, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414,
415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432,
433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456,
457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
Página 38 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474,
475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,
481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486,
487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,
493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510,
511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570,
571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576,
577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582,
583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588,
589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594,
595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600,
601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,
613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618,
619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624,
625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630,
631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636,
637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642,
643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,
649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654,
655, 656, 657, 658, 659
588
518
CLIMATE INTEGRATE
FACTOR
417
CLIMATOLOGY
028, 033, 070, 233, 255, 264,
322, 328, 422, 465
CLIMATE MODIFICATION
277
CLOSING OF CENTRAL
AMERICAN ISTHMUS EFFECT
041
CLIMATE PREDICTION
449, 625, 637, 643
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
238, 388, 514, 517, 572, 596,
613, 626, 627, 628, 653, 654,
656, 657
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND
CHANGE
148, 630
CLIMATE VARIATION
500, 638
CLIMATE-ENVELOPE MODEL
525
CLIMATE-LINKED EPIDEMIC
HYPOTHESIS
500
CLIMATIC FACTORS
070, 133, 317, 426
CLIMATE CHANGE
SCENARIOS
449, 625, 637
CLIMATIC GRADIENT
499
CLIMATE DATA
643
CLIMATIC IMPACT
335
CLIMATE HISTORY
147, 332, 659
CLIMATIC INFLUENCES
435
CLIMATE IMPACT
CLIMATIC ZONES
CLOUD COVER PATTERNS
283
CLOUD FOREST
CONSERVATION
561, 562
CLOUD FOREST ECOLOGY
561, 562
CLOUD FORESTS
071, 092, 099, 210, 213, 282,
294, 314, 326, 336, 378, 385,
441, 448, 561, 562
CLOUD FORMATION
106, 269, 281, 436, 448, 451,
478, 512
CLOUD FORMATION
CHANGES
269
CLOUD FORMATION CYCLES
106, 448
CLOUD INTERCEPTION
418
CLOUD WATER CHEMISTRY
071, 092, 336
CLOUDS
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Página 39 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
171, 200, 201, 224, 268, 269,
275, 311, 335, 352, 368, 496,
561
CLUE-CR
048
CLUSIACEAE
243, 267, 307, 354, 390, 410
CLUSTER ANALYSIS
320
CNIDARIA
012, 173, 364, 377, 467
COALESCENT THEORY
510
COARSE WOODY DEBRIS
080, 209
COASTAL MANAGEMENT
618
COASTAL RESOURCES
170, 618
COASTAL ZONES
477
COASTAL-MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
226
COCCOLITHOPHORIDS
344
COCHRANELLA
174
CODEFORSA
246, 322, 422
COELENTERATES
230, 435
COFFEA ARABICA
014, 043, 055, 056, 091, 178,
180, 212, 302, 309, 318, 339,
397, 408, 439, 446, 452, 539,
548, 598, 615, 616, 626
COFFEE
014, 043, 055, 056, 091, 178,
180, 212, 302, 309, 318, 339,
397, 408, 439, 446, 452, 539,
548, 598, 615, 616, 626
COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEMS
057
COFFEE AGROFORESTRY
446
COFFEE LAND
046
COFFEE PLANTATIONS
397, 439, 446, 452
COGNITIVE VARIABLES
526
COLEOPTERA
065, 466, 520
COLOSTETHUS
174
COLPOPHYLLIA
364
COMBRETACEAE
267, 307, 318, 343, 354, 410,
521, 539
507
COMMODIFICATION
584
COMMODITIES
205
COMMON BEAN
244, 296, 360, 408, 415, 623,
627
COMMUNITIES
205, 208, 213, 214, 294, 326,
385
COMMUNITY COMPOSITION
274, 288, 327
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
545
COMMUNITY FORESTRY
136, 205
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
136, 205, 506
COMMUNITY POLICIES
283
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
230, 274, 288, 327, 337, 472,
474, 476
COMPACTION
016
COMPENSATION POINT
229
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
083
COMMERCIALIZATION
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
COMPUTER MODELS AND
SIMULATIONS
048
CONSERVATION TRUST
FUNDS
450
COMPUTER SIMULATION
030
CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS
359
CONDITION INDEX
497
CONSUMPTION
369
CONDUCTIVITY
425
CONTAMINATION
526
CONFERENCES
061
CONTINGENT VALUATION
534
CONSERVATION
042, 065, 107, 217, 223, 233,
249, 255, 259, 273, 276, 321,
322, 333, 355, 393, 398, 405,
422, 460, 468, 484, 501, 513,
542, 577
CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
255, 287, 322, 422, 568
CONSERVATION
ADAPTATION
477
CONSERVATION CORRIDORS
107
CONSERVATION
IMPLICATIONS
106
CONSERVATION MEASURES
396, 472, 474
CONSERVATION STATUS
542
CONTOPUS
497
CONTROL
125, 205, 211
CONVECTION
368, 411
COPROPHANAEUS
466
CORAL BLEACHING
173
CORAL ECOLOGY
173
CORAL EXTINCTION
203
CORAL MORTALITY
012
CORAL REEF DEGRADATION
377
CORAL REEF ECOLOGY
172, 173, 377
CORAL REEFS
012, 128, 172, 173, 203, 226,
230, 364, 377, 435, 450, 467,
477
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
050, 648
CORALS
203
CONVERGENCE
619
CORAPIPO
528
CONVERSION
016
CORDIA
100, 109, 111, 114, 301, 302,
421, 442, 539, 606, 611
COOPERATION
182
COOPERATIVE BANKS
205
COPRIS
466, 520
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
192, 193, 371, 394
COSTA RICA
001, 002, 003, 004, 005, 006,
007, 008, 009, 010, 011, 012,
013, 014, 015, 016, 017, 018,
019, 020, 021, 022, 023, 024,
Página 41 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030,
031, 032, 033, 034, 035, 036,
037, 038, 039, 040, 041, 042,
043, 044, 045, 046, 047, 048,
049, 050, 051, 052, 053, 054,
055, 056, 057, 058, 059, 060,
061, 062, 063, 064, 065, 066,
067, 068, 069, 070, 071, 072,
073, 074, 075, 076, 077, 078,
079, 080, 081, 082, 083, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 090,
091, 092, 093, 094, 095, 096,
097, 098, 099, 100, 101, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144,
145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156,
157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,
169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,
211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,
223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228,
229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234,
235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252,
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,
265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270,
271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276,
277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282,
283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288,
289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300,
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306,
307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318,
319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,
325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336,
337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342,
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366,
367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372,
373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378,
379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396,
397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402,
403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414,
415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420,
421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426,
427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432,
433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,
439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450,
451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456,
457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468,
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474,
475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480,
481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486,
487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,
493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498,
499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504,
505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510,
511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516,
517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522,
523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540,
541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546,
547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564,
565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570,
571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576,
577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582,
583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588,
589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594,
595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600,
601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612,
613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618,
619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624,
625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630,
631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636,
637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642,
643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648,
649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654,
655, 656, 657, 658, 659
COSTA RICA DOME
344, 465
COSTA RICA-AVE MISSION
402, 411, 447
COSTA RICAN NATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY
597
COSTS
096, 107, 126, 187, 287, 507
COUNTRYSIDE
BIOGEOGRAPHY
450
COVER
551
COVER ASSESSMENT
046
COVER LAND
650, 651
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
COVER MODEL
048
CURRE FORMATION
560, 564
CRANIOLEUCA
525
CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS
459
CREDIT
120, 507
CUTANEOUS MYCOSIS
329, 398, 493, 500, 516, 554
CRITERIA
531
CWD TURNOVER
080, 209
CRITICAL CONSERVATION
AREA IDENTIFICATION
472, 474
CYATHEALES
547
CROP MANAGEMENT
598
CROP PRODUCTION
014, 043
CROPPING SYSTEMS
055, 056, 244, 296, 360, 611,
655
CROWN POSITION
353
CRUSTACEANS
041, 203
CRUZ ROJA COSTARRICENSE
595
CRYPTIC SPECIES
542
CULICIDAE
459, 510
CULTIVATION
588
CYBERTAXONOMY
566
CYCLING
005, 199
CYCLONES
359, 367, 641
CYPERALES
155, 175, 244, 248, 251, 296,
360
CYPHASTREA
364
DAIRY FARMS
248
DAMS
167
DATA ACCESS
379
DATA PROCESSING
159
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
DATABASES
024, 566
DATASETS
237
DAYLIGHT
159
DDD
374
DDE
374
DDT
374
DEBT FOR NATURE SWAPS
225, 383
DECIDUOUS FORESTS
027, 156
DECISION ANALYSIS
636
DECISION MAKING
039, 133, 526
DECLINE
357, 497
DECOMPOSITION
016, 163, 216, 218, 240, 327,
360, 391, 558
DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT
007, 041
DEEP SEA SEDIMENTS
325
DEFENCE MECHANISMS
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
214
DELTA 18O
298, 299, 412, 453
DESMODUS
259
DELTA-C-13 VALUES
163, 216, 218
DETRITAL INPUTS
301, 400
DELTOCHILUM
466
DEUTERIUM
381
DENDROBATES
264, 328
DEVELOPMENT
264, 328, 356, 375, 555
DENDROBATIDAE
094, 257, 264, 328
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
135, 221
DENDROCHRONOLOGY
412, 453
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
645
DENGUE
646
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
501, 645
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
136, 205, 215, 266, 455, 506,
602, 652
DEGRADATION
113
DENITRIFICATION
014, 018, 023, 034, 043, 074,
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 093, 098, 142, 152, 153,
154, 155, 156, 175, 176, 179,
194, 202, 236, 397, 439, 446,
452
DEGRADED LANDS
521
DEPOSITION
071, 092, 336, 490
DEGRADED VOLCANIC SOIL
539
DERMOCHELYIDAE
396
DEHYDRATION
349
DERMOCHELYS
396
DEIONIZED WATER
574
DESERTIFICATION
515
DEL ORO CITRUS COMPANY
279, 363
DESMODONTIDAE
259
DEFORESTATION
016, 018, 019, 024, 025, 026,
034, 035, 044, 046, 050, 057,
059, 062, 064, 068, 076, 077,
104, 113, 119, 122, 129, 131,
135, 137, 145, 157, 163, 171,
200, 201, 211, 214, 216, 217,
218, 221, 224, 228, 239, 240,
241, 246, 258, 268, 275, 281,
285, 287, 306, 311, 314, 315,
333, 335, 340, 341, 342, 348,
352, 356, 358, 359, 365, 369,
375, 385, 387, 405, 420, 423,
425, 427, 436, 437, 440, 443,
451, 457, 459, 478, 487, 496,
505, 512, 513, 535, 547, 561,
563, 567, 622, 641, 649
DEFORESTATION RATES
228, 340, 341, 358, 622
DEFORMITIES
066, 094, 265
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
563
DIAMETER
017, 252
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
646
DIATOMS
303
DICHOTOMIUS
466, 520
DIELDRIN
374
DIET
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 44 de 456
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
195
DINOHIPPUS
560, 564
DIPLORIA
364
DIPTERA
459, 510
DIPTERYX
079, 116, 162, 207, 243, 250,
253, 267, 307, 354, 410, 430,
438, 460
DIRECT IMPACTS
277
DIRECT USE VALUES
225
DISASTER MITIGATION
595
DISCOUNT RATE
225
DISCOUNTING
225
DISEASES
655
DISPERSAL
438, 460
DISPERSED TREES
186
DISPLACEMENT
588
DISSOLVED INORGANIC
NITROGEN
312
DROUGHT
003, 208, 226, 314, 361, 388,
545, 594, 619, 633, 639, 655
DISSOLVED ORGANIC
CARBON
312
DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS
619
DISSOLVED ORGANIC
MATTER
558
DROUGHT EFFECTS
003, 361, 619
DROUGHT INCREASED
278
DISSOLVED ORGANIC
NITROGEN
312
DROUGHT RESISTANCE
655
DISTRIBUTION
195, 208, 214, 217, 283, 314,
333, 377, 542, 565
DRY SEASON
071, 092, 171, 200, 201, 224,
268, 335, 336, 573
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
547
DRY WEIGHT
253
DISTRIBUTION RANGES
316
DUELLMANOHYLA
413
DISTURBANCE
294, 385
DUNG BEETLES
466, 520
DISTURBED HABITAT
294
DYNAMICS
016, 025, 145, 153, 154, 155,
157, 175, 240, 301, 400, 514
DIVERSITY
316, 438, 460, 521
DIVING
377
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
046
DRINKING WATER
045, 434, 655
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
DYNAMICS FLUX
093, 152, 194
E-SCIENCE
566
EARLY MIOCENE
364
EARLY PLEISTOCENE
144, 364
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
459
EARTH
390, 425, 432, 433, 462, 463,
511, 524, 536, 544, 605
EARTH SURFACE
165
EASTERN EQUATORIAL
PACIFIC
344, 412, 453
EASTERN PACIFIC
007, 230, 344, 364, 368, 435
ECITONINAE
011, 473
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
055, 056
ECOLOGICAL CHANGE
659
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
MODELING
520
ECONOMIC GROWTH
359
ECOLOGICAL SCALE
395
ECONOMIC IMPACT
205
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES
279, 363
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
125, 602
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
188, 191
ECONOMIC INDICATORS
658
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
462
ECONOMIC MODELS
145
ECOLOGY
036, 065, 081, 169, 195, 207,
214, 223, 229, 230, 232, 233,
235, 237, 245, 252, 273, 277,
319, 329, 330, 337, 338, 346,
353, 373, 396, 401, 404, 462,
467, 468, 498, 499, 522, 549,
577
ECONOMIC POLICIES
039, 107
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
072, 101, 118, 126, 133, 658
ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
INFLUENCE
254, 356, 375
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
658
ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION
195
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
488
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
139
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
039, 139, 621
ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
314
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
107
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
486
ECONOMIC EVALUATION
072, 082, 118, 127, 132, 185,
187, 189, 227, 270, 307, 442,
454
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
ECONOMIC SITUATION
108, 371
ECONOMIC VALUE
069, 096, 187, 254, 340, 341,
356, 358, 375
ECONOMICS
055, 056, 076, 133, 255, 287,
322, 422
ECOPHYSIOLOGY
214, 379
ECOSYSTEM DEMOGRAPHY
557, 571
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS
313, 382
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
037, 274, 288, 327
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING
575
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND
SERVICES
576
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
501
ECOSYSTEM MODELING
557, 571
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
450, 480, 484, 534, 537, 636
ECOSYSTEMS
022, 029, 055, 056, 156, 161,
162, 176, 177, 184, 189, 208,
213, 222, 226, 231, 240, 247,
249, 251, 254, 267, 277, 295,
314, 321, 324, 326, 332, 340,
341, 356, 358, 370, 375, 457,
467, 486, 496, 499, 518, 523,
604, 618, 650, 655, 658
140, 171, 200, 201, 207, 224,
268, 275, 281, 311, 314, 335,
337, 352, 407,
408, 436, 451, 478, 496, 561,
621, 626, 627, 628
497
EFFICIENCY
039, 133, 158
EMISSION SCENARIOS
588, 647
EL NIÑO EFFECT
128, 230, 278, 377, 415
EMISSION SOURCES
508
EL NIÑO SOUTHERN
OSCILLATION
045, 046, 068, 070, 095, 128,
172, 173, 208, 229, 230, 235,
237, 245, 278, 284, 313, 314,
330, 361, 373, 377, 382, 412,
415, 453, 459, 497, 517, 545,
625, 637, 638, 641, 648
EMISSIONS
057, 077, 125, 131, 239, 387,
508, 568, 602, 649
ELAEIS
090, 432
EMERGING INFECTIOUS
DISEASES
429, 493
EMPIDONAX
497
EMPIRICAL AGE SPECTRA
411
EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS
PUBLICOS DE HEREDIA
189
ECOTOURISM
039, 069, 112, 182, 205, 273,
378, 484, 498, 501, 531
ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATION
425, 489
ECOTYPES
119
ELECTRICITY
425, 647, 489
EDAPHIC EFFECTS
143, 362
ELEUTHERODACTYLUS
066, 081, 174, 265, 398, 413
ENDANGERED SPECIES
095, 117, 174, 226, 321, 357,
393, 396, 398, 467, 500, 513,
603
EDDY COVARIANCE
151, 229, 245, 295, 319, 373
ELEVATION
163, 216
ENDANGERED STATUS
443, 542
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
337
ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT
429, 476, 499, 542
ENDOSULFAN
374
EFFECT ON COMMUNITIES
337
ELEVATIONAL RANGE
546
ENERGY
097, 166, 509, 553, 608
EFFECTS
EMBERIZIDAE
ENERGY BUDGET
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
ENCYONEMA
303
Página 47 de 456
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171, 224, 268, 496, 561
ENERGY CONSERVATION
170
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
158, 644
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
158
ENERGY INDUSTRY
077, 649
ENTERIC FERMENTATION
050, 077, 649
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
159, 425, 610
ENVIRONMENT
002, 015, 097, 226, 289, 290,
305, 374, 462, 479, 481, 501,
593, 616,
624
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMICS
189
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
196, 261
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
039, 217, 226, 259, 370, 462,
586, 642
ENVIRONMENTAL
ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL
593
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
213, 242, 326, 519
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
531, 585, 587
ENVIRONMENTAL GOODS
108
ENERGY RESOURCES
620, 652, 658
ENVIRONMENTAL
ATTORNEY
593
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
468
ENERGY SOURCES
425
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
475, 575
ENGYSTOMOPS
529
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES
271
ENERGY INTEGRATION
553
ENERGY POLICY
039, 158
ENHANCE VEGETATION
INDEX
523
ENSO
045, 046, 068, 070, 095, 128,
172, 173, 208, 229, 230, 235,
237, 245, 278, 284, 313, 314,
330, 361, 373, 377, 382, 412,
415, 453, 459, 497, 517, 545,
625, 637, 638, 641, 648
ENSO EFFECTS
172, 173, 415
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
542
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
190, 585, 587
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
593
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINAL
JURISDICTION
593
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
128, 377, 506, 518, 588, 592,
608, 622, 624
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
033, 052, 104, 120, 137, 139,
177, 200, 201, 226, 230, 259,
386
ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATORS
272, 658
ENVIRONMENTAL
JOURNALISM
586
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
125, 587, 593, 602
Página 48 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
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Junio 2012
ENVIRONMENTAL
LEGISLATION
289, 290
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
595
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
189, 273, 425
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
222, 246, 289, 290, 302, 343,
499, 606, 607, 636, 655
046, 285, 437
ENVIRONMENTAL
MIGRATION
361
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
VALUATION
339
ENVIRONMENTAL
PERCEPTIONS
495
ENVIRONMENTAL
TRANSPORT
023, 032, 202
ENVIRONMENTAL
PLANNING
107
ENZYME ACTIVITY
327
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
107, 149, 158, 170, 181, 205,
211, 217, 226, 231, 279, 323,
350, 363, 501, 620, 622, 633,
639, 653, 654, 656, 657, 658
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
488, 586
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
189
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
021, 039, 051, 110, 119, 122,
136, 146, 164, 170, 182, 190,
205, 215, 266, 279, 305, 308,
309, 314, 363, 425, 444, 455,
501, 609, 610
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
189
EOL
566
ERYTHRINA
014, 043, 055, 056, 091, 244,
296, 297, 318, 339, 343, 360,
366, 539
ESTIMATION
019, 050, 063, 064, 078, 093,
101, 181, 189, 648
ETHNOBOTANY
096, 187
EUCALYPTUS
302, 318, 339, 343, 446, 539
EUNOTIA
303
EPICHARIS
317
EUPHORBIACEAE
116, 204, 243, 267, 301, 307,
354, 390, 391, 400, 410, 421,
521, 524, 527, 578, 605
EPIDEMICS
174, 357
EURYSTERNUS
466, 520
EPIPHYTES
037, 210, 214, 269, 282, 385
EUTERPE
301
EPIPONA
476
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
106, 159, 319
EQUATIONS
521
EVOLUTION
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098
EQUIDAE
560, 564
ERETMOCHELYS
396
EROSION
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
EXOTIC SPECIES
542
EXPANSION OF
AGRICULTURE
348
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EXPERIMENTAL DROUGHT
530, 569
FARMING SYSTEMS
003, 063, 078, 093, 133, 361,
619
EXTERNAL PRESSURES
217
FARMLAND
018, 058
EXTERNALITY
225
FARMS
185, 186, 305
EXTINCT SPECIES
226, 443, 517
FAUNAL LIST
560, 564
EXTREME
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
EVENTS
283, 590, 629, 632, 634, 635,
640
FAVIA
364
FABACEAE
004, 055, 091, 116, 138, 162,
207, 253, 259, 297, 318, 339,
366, 372, 415, 439, 452, 539,
623, 627
FEED GRASSES
183
FABACEAE/MIM.
056, 220, 250, 267, 318, 343,
354, 382, 390, 391, 548, 580,
581, 615
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR
473
FABACEAE/PAP.
056, 243, 244, 250, 267, 296,
307, 317, 343, 354, 360, 408,
410, 430, 438, 460
FAGACEAE
007, 101, 193, 316, 384, 533
FALLOW
442, 606, 607
FARMERS
526
FAVIIDAE
364
FEED LEGUMES
183
065
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
058, 059, 060, 078, 093
FIELD STATIONS
237, 338, 401, 404
FINANCE
120, 122
FINANCING
507, 655
FIRE
022, 284, 332
FIRE ECOLOGY
536
FIRE EFFECTS
005
FIRE HISTORY
204, 332, 347
FEEDING HABITS
042
FIRST NATIONAL
COMMUNICATION ON
CLIMATE CHANGE
170
FERNS
022, 332, 589
FISHERIES
104, 108, 137, 477
FERTILITY
360
FISHERIES RESOURCES
658
FERTILIZATION
155, 168, 175, 179, 490
FIXATION
055, 056, 579
FERTILIZERS
014, 043, 063, 078, 113, 168
FLACOURTIACEAE
138, 372, 382
FICUS
FLOODING
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Junio 2012
226, 359, 365, 367, 573, 595,
633, 639, 650, 653, 654, 656,
657
FLOODING MAPS
655
FLOODING RISK
651
FLOW REGULATION
167
FLOWERING
030, 258, 283, 317
FLUCTUATIONS
038, 310
FLUID-ROCK INTERACTIONS
325
FOG DRIP
376, 562
FONAFIFO
125, 181, 215, 225, 228, 246,
266, 279, 322, 341, 358, 363,
378, 394, 420, 422, 423, 454,
455, 532, 568
FOOD AVAILABILITY
102
FOOD FOR MAN
396
FOOD PRODUCTION
591, 623
FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
471
042, 473, 528
FORAGING BEHAVIOUR
042
FORAMINIFERANS
012, 344
FORECASTING
083, 309, 626, 627, 628, 645
FOREST BIOLOGY
214
FOREST CLEARING
473
FOREST COMPOSITION
557, 571
FOREST CONSERVATION
161, 304, 314, 498, 505
FOREST COVER
135, 188, 191, 221, 228, 340,
341, 358, 440
FOREST DEGRADATION
487, 567
FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
434
FOREST EVOLUTION
214
FOREST FELLING
006
FOREST FIRES
022, 226, 332
FOREST FLOOR
391
FOREST FRAGMENTATION
046, 258, 324, 414, 473, 485,
491, 519, 577
FOREST HABITAT
074, 236
FOREST HEIGHT
541
FOREST INDUSTRY
226
FOREST DISTURBANCE
303, 475
FOREST INFLUENCES
013, 018, 064, 082, 120, 126,
127, 132, 227, 270, 307, 354,
410
FOREST DYNAMICS
223, 233, 461, 491
FOREST LITTER
005, 313, 382
FOREST ECOLOGY
247, 256, 258, 259, 269, 277,
295, 379
FOREST MANAGEMENT
025, 076, 096, 122, 126, 136,
146, 187, 189, 205, 211, 215,
223, 225, 233, 266, 285, 375,
386, 455, 460
FOREST ECONOMICS
082, 120, 127, 132, 205, 211,
215, 227, 266, 270, 307, 455
FORAGING
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
FOREST MENSURATION
143
Página 51 de 456
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FOREST PESTS
065
FOREST PLANTATIONS
082, 096, 116, 120, 127, 132,
146, 186, 187, 192, 227, 243,
270, 307, 309, 354, 386, 394,
410, 421, 454, 524, 605
FOREST VULNERABILITY
170
FORESTATION
115, 215, 266, 455, 489
FORESTRY
016, 017, 025, 069, 223, 233,
252, 386, 431, 658
FOREST PRODUCTIVE
CAPACITY
052
FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT
021, 146, 215, 266, 308, 454,
455
FOREST PRODUCTS
356, 375
FORESTRY INCENTIVES
114, 115, 117, 146, 215, 266,
455
FOREST PROFILE
458
FOREST PROTECTION
025, 141, 498, 532, 555
FOREST RESOURCES
097, 189, 515, 622
FOREST RESTORATION
161
FOREST SOILS
008, 010, 013, 016, 018, 019,
026, 033, 034, 050, 060, 064,
093, 131, 179, 239, 242, 247,
295, 309, 313, 382, 387, 483
FOREST STRUCTURE
188, 191, 198, 392, 551, 557,
571
FOREST TREES
017, 055, 056, 065, 130, 143,
235, 237, 252, 330, 338, 353,
370, 392, 401, 404, 522
FORESTRY LAW
125, 602
FORESTRY PLANTATIONS
605
FORESTRY POLICIES
072, 118, 120, 122, 146, 205,
211, 246, 515
FORESTRY PRODUCTION
052, 507
FORESTRY SECTOR
228, 341, 358, 515
FORESTRY SYSTEMS
044
FORESTS
022, 026, 030, 057, 059, 117,
141, 145, 181, 184, 211, 214,
226, 231, 263, 289, 290, 332,
426, 477, 485, 506, 507, 519,
589, 595
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
FORESTS AND CLIMATE
171, 268, 275, 281, 311, 335,
352, 436, 451, 478, 496, 512,
561
FORMICIDAE
011, 105, 294, 385, 473, 565
FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES
041, 560, 564
FOSSIL CORALS
012
FOSSIL POLLEN
147, 384
FOSSILS
040
FRACTIONATION
163, 216, 218
FRAGILE ECOSYSTEMS
650, 651
FRAGILITY
333
FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE
519, 520
FRAMEWORK CLIMATE
CHANGE CONVENTION
225
FRANKIA
580, 581
FRANKIACEAE
580, 581
FRESHWATER
167, 226, 386, 579
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
FRESHWATER
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
164
FRESHWATER HABITAT
378
FRESHWATER HARVESTERS
378
FROGS
081, 099, 174, 213, 326, 329,
357, 403, 429, 448, 554
FRUGIVORY
042, 214
FRUIT TREES
055, 056, 606
FRUITING TIMES
283
FUNDECOR
181, 246, 322, 422, 454, 567,
568
FUNDING
120, 122
FUNGI
009, 306, 329, 398, 413, 429,
493, 500, 516, 538, 552, 554
FUTURE PROSPECTS
654, 657
GAP ANALYSIS
321
GARDINEROSERIS
364
GAS EMISSION BALANCE
234, 647
FUEL CELLS
158
GAS EMISSIONS
057, 077, 125, 131, 239, 387,
568, 602, 649
FUEL WOOD
535
GAS EXCHANGE
026, 032, 033, 034, 179
FUELS
117, 158
GASES
019, 029, 032, 033, 050, 054,
063, 064, 078, 093, 103, 176,
251, 293
FUELWOOD
285
FUNCTIONAL TRAITS
491, 575
FUNDACION TIERRAS
UNIDAS VECINALES POR EL
AMBIENTE
445
GENEBANKS
503
GENETIC DIVERSITY
140, 258, 496
GENETIC RESOURCES
226, 503
GENETICS
195
GENIPA
079, 267
GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
300
GEOCHEMISTRY
325
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
025, 074, 075, 084, 085, 086,
087, 088, 089, 098, 112, 113,
133, 142, 208, 236, 314, 629,
632
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION
195
GEOGRAPHY
532, 542, 553, 555
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE
646
GEOLOGICAL AGES
041, 144, 203, 298, 299, 310,
331, 347, 364
GATT
104, 622
GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
214
GBIF
566
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
195, 214
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 53 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
GEOLOGICAL TIME PERIODS
560, 564
GEOLOGY
012, 041, 298, 331, 560, 564,
650, 651
GEOMORPHOLOGY
331, 650, 651
GEOPHYSICAL EVENTS
041
GEOPHYSICS
325
GEOSTATIONARY
OPERATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE
IMAGERY
171, 224, 268, 281, 436, 451,
478, 512
GEOTRYGON
525
GIS
025, 074, 075, 084, 085, 086,
087, 088, 089, 098, 112, 113,
133, 142, 208, 236, 314, 629,
632
GLACIAL DEPOSITS
022, 332
GLACIAL GEOLOGY
298, 331
244, 296, 297, 360, 366, 498
012
GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC
CHANGES
037
GLOSSOPHAGA
259
GLOBAL CARBON BUDGET
197, 295, 424
GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
049, 160
GLOBAL CHANGE
036, 315, 379, 457, 461, 543
GLOSSOPHAGINAE
259
GLUCOSE
018
GLYCINE
244, 296, 360
GLOBAL CLIMATE MODELS
402
GMELINA
072, 118, 192, 286, 386, 394,
421
GLOBAL DECLINE
272, 493
GOES SATELLITE IMAGERY
281, 436, 451, 478, 512, 561
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
FUND
383
GOLDEN TOAD
081, 099, 213, 314, 326, 329,
346, 448
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MARKET
286
GOMPHONEMA
303
GLOBAL WARMING
020, 083, 334, 427, 432, 450,
546, 586, 587, 595, 596, 597,
600, 615, 617, 619, 631, 633,
639, 642, 643, 644, 645, 647,
653, 654, 655, 656, 657
GLOBAL WARMING
POTENTIAL
615
GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL
CYCLES
203
GLOBALIZATION
196, 261, 532
GLIRICIDIA
GLOBIGERINA
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
GOMPHONEMACEAE
303
GONIASTREA
364
GOOD AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
502
GOVERNMENT BONDS
124
GOVERNMENT POLICY
072, 118, 149, 158
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Junio 2012
GRACILICUTES
274
GRADIENT IMPACTS
456
GRADIENTS
476
GRASSES
060, 113, 114, 347, 471
GRASSLAND
BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098
GRASSLAND SOILS
008, 013, 016, 018, 026, 064,
078, 093, 131, 239, 387, 508
211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 218,
221, 227, 234, 237, 254, 262,
264, 270, 283, 286, 287, 293,
295, 307, 308, 313, 314, 321,
326, 328, 333, 338, 340, 341,
343, 348, 349, 354, 356, 358,
359, 365, 370, 375, 378, 382,
401, 404, 405, 410, 420, 431,
454, 482, 585, 587, 593, 602,
607, 617, 619, 631, 648, 649
GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS
170, 585, 647
GREENHOUSE GAS
MITIGATION
279, 363
GREEN GROUPS' LEADERS
196, 261
GREENHOUSE GASES
020, 025, 034, 049, 050, 052,
058, 074, 077, 104, 123, 125,
129, 133, 137, 160, 166, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 211, 212,
231, 236, 239, 286, 318, 322,
343, 383, 405, 422, 423, 425,
427, 428, 444, 482, 487, 506,
508, 550, 567, 568, 588, 589,
595, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610,
613, 617, 619, 631, 643, 644,
645, 647, 648, 649, 652, 658
GREEN MARKETS
255, 287, 322, 422, 568
GRIAS
004
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
016, 019, 020, 021, 025, 031,
034, 035, 044, 045, 049, 050,
051, 054, 061, 063, 064, 073,
077, 078, 082, 083, 093, 108,
109, 111, 113, 114, 123, 125,
127, 132, 135, 139, 145, 146,
150, 153, 154, 155, 160, 164,
166, 170, 177, 178, 179, 181,
GROUNDWATER
164, 167, 226, 376, 562, 632,
651
GRASSLANDS
018, 034, 046, 060, 078, 093,
113, 152, 155, 175, 179, 182,
183, 188, 191, 194
GRAZING
348
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
226
030, 126, 197, 207, 235, 295,
330, 412, 453, 456, 494, 521
GROWTH MODELS
611
GROWTH OF JUVENILE
TREES
162
GROWTH PERIODICITY
030
GROWTH RINGS
412, 453
GROWTH VARIATION
353
GUATTERIA
250
GYMNOPHIONA
094
GYMNOSPERMS
065, 391, 400, 527
HABITAT
337, 385, 473, 485
HABITAT ALTERATIONS
259, 443
HABITAT DEGRADATION
258, 542
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
317, 450
HABITAT FRAGMENTATION
046, 167, 174, 477, 559
GROWTH
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
HABITAT ISOLATION
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
414
HABITAT LOSS
314, 414
HABITAT MODIFICATION
174, 357
HABITAT USE
195
HABITATS
603
HAEMOSPORORIDA
459
HANDICRAFTS
108
HARLEQUIN FROGS
329, 500
HCB
374
HEALTH
658
HEALTH EFFECT
646
HEAT STRESS
540
HEATING
052
HEAVY METALS
009, 552
HEDGES
186, 502
HEDYOSMUM
204
HEIGHT
130, 392
435
HISTORY
147, 462, 510
HELICONIA
301
HOLDRIDGE'S LIFE ZONE
SYSTEM
445, 542
HELICONIACEAE
301
HOLOCENE
022, 147, 299, 331, 332, 347
HEMIEPIPHYTES
214
HOLOCENE CLIMATE SHIFTS
204
HEMIPTERA
065
HOMINIDAE
022, 042, 332, 459
HENICORHINA
525
HOMO
022, 042, 332, 459
HEPATICAE
316
HOMOPTERA
065
HEPTACHLOR
374
HONEYBEES
317
HERBICIDES
113
HUERTOS PROJECT
206
HERBIVORES
042, 334
HUMAN ACTIVITY
164, 165, 174, 204, 332
HERBIVORY
027, 214, 219
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
653, 654, 656, 657
HIGH-ELEVATION SITES
099, 213, 326, 448, 500
HUMAN DISEASES
459
HISTORICAL DATA
254, 356, 375
HUMAN ECOLOGY
048, 273
HISTORICAL POPULATION
CHANGES
HUMAN HEALTH
595, 655
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 56 de 456
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Junio 2012
HUMAN INFLUENCE
167, 204, 303, 333
HUMAN LAND USE SYSTEM
DYNAMICS
254, 356, 375
HUMAN POPULATION
314
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
655
HUMID TROPICS
142, 168, 243, 462, 579
HUMIDITY
106, 402
HUNTING
535
HURRICANE MITCH
591
HURRICANES
595, 619, 621, 641
HUSBANDRY
182, 185, 333
HYALINOBATRACHIUM
081, 174
HYDNOPHORA
364
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
434
HYDROGEN
369
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
009, 552
HYDROLOGIC CONNECTIVITY
167
HYDROLOGICAL
MODIFICATIONS
164
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES
418
HYDROLOGICAL SERVICES
498
HYDROLOGY
386, 418
HYDROMETEOROLOGY
643
HYDROPOWER
553
HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL
046
HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM
164
HYDROZOA
364
HYERONIMA
017, 079, 116, 162, 243, 252,
267, 301, 307, 354, 390, 391,
400, 410, 421, 521, 524, 527,
578, 605
HYLA
066, 081, 094, 165, 174, 265,
403, 413, 554
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
HYLIDAE
066, 081, 094, 165, 174, 265,
403, 413, 554
HYMENOLOBIUM
017, 162, 250, 252
HYMENOPTERA
011, 065, 105, 294, 317, 385,
473, 476, 565
HYPOPONERA
565
IABIN
566
ICE
447
ICHNEUMONIDAE
065
ICT
566
IDEOLOGIES
196, 261
IICA
001, 002
IKONOS
256, 561
IMMUNITY
403
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
028, 165, 174, 269, 332, 376,
467, 562
IMPACT CRATER
600
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Junio 2012
IMPACT IN TROPICAL
FORESTS
037
IMPACT OF FUTURE
GROWTH
273
IMPACT ON HATCHLING
PRODUCTION
396
IMPACTS ON HUMAN
POPULATION
629, 632, 634, 635, 640
IMPLEMENTED JOINTLY
PROJECT [RFCAIJP]
255, 568
IMPORT OF USED CARS
271
IMPROVEMENT FELLINGS
126
IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS
411
INBIO
108, 140, 159, 189, 206, 226,
279, 316, 331, 332, 333, 345,
355, 363, 466, 476, 485, 486,
487, 488, 496, 510, 513, 519,
520, 545, 566
INBREEDING
258
INCENTIVE PROGRAMS
181
072, 118, 122, 181, 189, 193,
215, 225, 266, 454, 455, 502,
609, 655
INCREMENT
017, 126, 252
INDIGENOUS RESERVES
442, 501, 606, 607
INDIRECT IMPACTS
277
INDICATOR ORGANISMS
486
INGA
004, 055, 056, 138, 318, 343,
372, 439, 452, 548, 615
INDICATORS
441
INNOVATION ADOPTION
305, 592
INDICATORS FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
139
INNOVATIVE FINANCIAL
INCENTIVE MECHANISM
225
INDICES OF VEGETATION
PRODUCTIVITY
163, 216
INDIGENOUS AGRICULTURE
416, 442
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES
370
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
416, 518
INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS
076, 079, 106, 117, 232, 277,
307, 346, 354, 390, 391, 410,
462, 466, 468, 521, 542, 546,
547
INDIGENOUS
ORGANIZATIONS
607
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
389, 501
INCENTIVES
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
INORGANIC NITROGEN
336
INPUTS
360
INSAR
458, 541
INSECTIVORY
414
INSECTS
011, 042, 065, 105, 294, 317,
334, 351, 385, 422, 456, 459,
466, 473, 476, 498, 510, 520,
565
INSOLATION
207, 283, 295
INTERACTIONS
214, 368
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY
208, 235, 237, 299, 330, 314,
331, 351
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
INTERFEROMETRIC SAR
458, 541
INTERGOVERNMENTAL
PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
148, 149, 150, 225
INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS
170, 183, 184, 602, 622
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
205, 211, 231
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
444, 622
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
139, 145, 620
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
501
INTERTROPICAL
CONVERGENCE ZONE
280, 298, 299, 331, 344, 368,
381, 465, 536
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION
317
INTRODUCED SPECIES
174, 542
INVASIVE SPECIES
477, 542
INVENTORY
618
INVERSE PHENOLOGY
219
INVERTEBRATES
011, 012, 041, 042, 065, 105,
144, 173, 203, 294, 317, 334,
344, 351, 364, 377, 385, 422,
435, 456, 459, 466, 467, 473,
476, 498, 510, 520, 565
INVESTMENT
215, 266, 455, 602
IPCC
148, 149, 150
IRRIGATION
008, 655
IRRIGATION DRAINWATER
167
ISCHAEMUM
339, 390
ISOPODS
203
ISOPRENE
220
ISOPTERA
065
ISOTOPE RATIOS
325
ITCZ
280, 298, 299, 331, 344, 368,
381, 465, 536
IUCN RED LIST OF
THREATENED SPECIES
467
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
JACARANDA
079, 116, 243, 267, 438, 460,
521
JACQUINIA
219
JANZEN-CONNELL MODEL
237
JIANGSU
176
KINETOPLASTIDA
459
KYOTO PROTOCOL
110, 141, 183, 267, 289, 290,
309, 318, 320, 342, 343, 440,
442, 469, 489, 532, 567, 585,
593, 607
LA NIÑA EVENT
361
LA PACIFICA ECOLOGICAL
CENTRE
030, 222
LA SELVA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
004, 006, 010, 013, 017, 018,
019, 023, 024, 026, 027, 029,
031, 032, 033, 034, 057, 059,
064, 070, 074, 076, 079, 080,
084, 085, 086, 087, 088, 089,
094, 098, 105, 123, 130, 131,
143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155,
156, 162, 163, 164, 167, 169,
175, 179, 194, 197, 198, 202,
206, 207, 209, 216, 217, 218,
220, 229, 235, 236, 237, 238,
241, 242, 243, 245, 247, 250,
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252, 253, 256, 259, 260, 263,
267, 274, 278, 284, 288, 295,
300, 301, 307, 312, 313, 319,
327, 330, 334, 338, 341, 351,
353, 354, 355, 358, 362, 373,
379, 380, 382, 387, 391, 392,
393, 395, 398, 400, 401, 404,
410, 414, 424, 430, 431, 437,
438, 445, 456, 457, 458, 460,
461, 476, 483, 490, 492, 493,
494, 496, 521, 522, 527, 528,
536, 538, 541, 543, 544, 551,
556, 557, 565, 571, 574
LA SUERTE BIOLOGICAL
STATION
264, 328
LAETIA
138, 372, 382
LAGUNA DEL LAGARTO
LODGE
581, 582
LAGUNA ZONCHO
303, 475
LAI
523
LAKE
038
LAKE SEDIMENT
022, 204, 303, 332, 347
LAND CAPABILITY
650, 651
LAND CLEARING
093
112, 140, 157, 163, 216, 239,
457, 469, 629, 632, 634, 635,
640
LAND COVER CHANGE
263, 457, 469
LAND USE FORECASTS
254, 356, 375
LAND USE PLANNING
048, 112
LAND ECONOMICS
591, 623
LANDFILL COVER SOIL
369
LAND MANAGEMENT
105, 390, 406, 580
LANDSAT IMAGERY
046, 171, 224, 268, 275, 281,
311, 352, 419, 436, 451, 478,
496, 512, 561
LAND PRICES
623
LAND SUITABILITY
588
LAND USE
003, 016, 019, 025, 035, 046,
050, 052, 063, 064, 097, 112,
113, 119, 139, 140, 145, 157,
159, 164, 171, 186, 200, 201,
211, 224, 228, 263, 267, 268,
274, 275, 281, 285, 288, 305,
309, 311, 327, 335, 340, 341,
352, 356, 358, 375, 405, 406,
431, 436, 451, 462, 469, 478,
479, 481, 485, 496, 502, 504,
512, 561, 604, 605, 619, 629,
632, 634, 635, 640, 650, 651
LAND USE CHANGE
048, 075, 077, 084, 085, 086,
087, 088, 089, 098, 145, 155,
159, 163, 166, 175, 176, 216,
218, 239, 240, 241, 335, 348,
376, 480, 488, 535, 562, 644,
649
LAND USE CHOICES
254, 340
LAND COVER
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
LANDSCAPE
167, 477, 515, 519, 520
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
143, 424
LANDSCAPE SAMPLING
379
LANDSCAPE SCALE
074, 236
LANDSCAPING
181, 189, 193
LANDSLIDE HAZARD
651
LANDSLIDES
365, 595
LARVAE
264, 328, 334
LAS CRUCES BIOLOGICAL
STATION
217, 303, 413, 493
LASER ALTIMETER
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
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198, 392
LASER PROFILING SYSTEM
130, 392
LASER RETURNS
130, 392
LASER VEGETATION
IMAGING SENSOR
130, 392
LAST DEGLACIATION
299, 331, 344
LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
147, 310, 659
LATE HOLOCENE
303
LATE MIDDLE MIOCENE
144
LATE NEOGENE
040, 041
LATE OLIGOCENE
364
LATE PLEISTOCENE
203, 310
LATE QUATERNARY
007
LAURACEAE
412, 453
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
618
004, 014, 043, 113, 133, 313,
382, 558
198, 392, 458, 541, 551, 557,
563, 571
LEAF LITTER
264, 328, 362
LIFE CYCLE
264, 328, 430
LECYTHIDACEAE
004, 162, 207, 430, 494
LIFE ZONES
445, 650
LECYTHIS
017, 162, 207, 252, 430, 494
LIGHT
017, 214, 219, 252, 461
LEGISLATION
170, 333, 396, 585, 587, 602,
618, 655
LILIOPSIDA
007, 008, 022, 086, 090, 100,
109, 111, 114, 155, 175, 199,
204, 220, 244, 248, 251, 264,
296, 301, 318, 328, 332, 339,
343, 351, 360, 385, 390, 400,
415, 422, 432, 471, 498, 503,
540, 580, 606, 607
LEIPOMELES
476
LEISHMANIA
459
LEISHMANIASIS
459
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM
GASES
050, 077, 649
LEPIDOCHELYS
396
LIQUID WASTES
444
LEPIDOPTERA
042, 065, 334
LISSAMPHIBIA
257, 265, 272, 321, 329, 398,
443, 493, 516, 517, 529, 554
LEPIDOSAURIA
398
LEPTODACTYLIDAE
081, 094, 165, 174, 398, 529
LEPTOSERIS
173, 377
LICHENIZED FUNGI
009, 552
LEACHING
LITTER
004, 312, 313, 327, 382, 558
LITTERFALL
301, 391, 400
LIVE FENCES
498
LIVESTOCK
103, 113, 182, 185
LIDAR REMOTE SENSING
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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LOGGING
005, 096, 126, 187, 226, 359
LUEHEA
494
LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT
374
LUTZOMYIA
459
LONG-TERM ECOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
197, 237, 295, 338, 401, 404,
522
LYMANTRIIDAE
065
LONG-TERM FOREST
DYNAMICS
545
LONG-TERM GROWTH
430
LONG-TERM STUDIES
393, 398
LONGEVITY
027
LOS CUSINGOS
NEOTROPICAL BIRD
SANCTUARY
318, 343
LOSSES
014, 016, 043, 579
LOWER STRATOSPHERE
349, 402, 411, 447
LOWLAND DEFORESTATION
376, 562
LOWLAND RAIN FORESTS
347
LOWLANDS
027, 121, 347, 376, 521, 562
MAGNESIUM
313, 382
MAGNOLIOPHYTA
004, 007, 008, 014, 017, 022,
037, 043, 055, 056, 065, 072,
079, 083, 086, 090, 091, 100,
101, 109, 111, 114, 116, 118,
138, 152, 155, 162, 178, 180,
192, 193, 199, 204, 207, 212,
219, 220, 243, 244, 248, 250,
251, 252, 253, 259, 264, 267,
286, 296, 297, 301, 302, 307,
317, 318, 328, 332, 339, 343,
351, 354, 360, 366, 370, 372,
382, 384, 385, 386, 390, 391,
394, 397, 400, 408, 410, 412,
415, 421, 422, 430, 432, 438,
439, 442, 446, 452, 453, 460,
471, 494, 498, 503, 521, 524,
527, 533, 539, 540, 548, 578,
580, 581, 598, 605, 606, 607,
611, 615, 616, 626, 627, 628
MAGNOLIOPSIDA
004, 007, 014, 017, 037, 043,
055, 056, 065, 072, 079, 083,
091, 100, 101, 109, 111, 114,
116, 118, 138, 152, 155, 162,
175, 178, 180, 192, 193, 204,
207, 212, 219, 220, 243, 244,
248, 250, 252, 253, 259, 267,
286, 296, 297, 301, 302, 307,
317, 318, 339, 343, 351, 354,
360, 366, 370, 372, 382, 384,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
385, 386, 390, 391, 394, 397,
400, 408, 410, 412, 415, 421,
422, 430, 438, 439, 442, 446,
452, 453, 460, 494, 498, 521,
524, 527, 533, 539, 548, 578,
580, 581, 598, 605, 606, 607,
611, 615, 616, 626, 627, 628
MAIZE
008, 155, 175, 244, 251, 296,
360, 623
MALACOSTRACA
203
MALARIA
459, 510, 646
MALPIGHIACEAE
317
MALVACEAE
494
MAMMALIAN EXTINCTIONS
276
MAMMALS
022, 042, 259, 262, 276, 332,
459, 472, 474, 559, 560, 564
MANAGEMENT
152, 155, 164, 175, 194, 230,
348, 405, 539, 594
MANAGEMENT EFFECTS
301, 400
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
508
MANGROVES
108, 226, 477, 604, 618
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
MARGARORNIS
525
MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
108
METEOROLOGY HISTORY
399
MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
477
MEETING ABSTRACTS
251, 252, 264, 278, 280, 281,
283
METEORS
600
MARINE RESOURCES
097, 112
MARITIME LAW
618
MARITZA BIOLOGICAL
STATION
579
MARKET ACTORS
534
MARKET CONSTRUCTION
255
MARKET FAILURES
359
MARKET INSTRUMENTS
134, 135, 161, 221, 420
MARKETING
096, 187, 205, 356, 375, 507
MARKETS
096, 158, 187, 507
MASS MORTALITY
165
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
074, 075, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098, 113, 142, 176
MEASUREMENT
119, 138, 307, 372, 402, 410
MELIACEAE
138, 301, 318, 343, 372
MEN
022, 332, 459
MERCK & CO / INBIO
AGREEMENT
345
MESOAMERICAN
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
335
MESOZOIC
041
METABOLISM
528
METADATA STANDARDS
283
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
590
METEOROLOGICAL MODELS
449, 625, 637
METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS
399, 590
METEOROLOGY
002, 091, 159, 543, 626, 627,
628
METHANE
026, 050, 064, 065, 074, 077,
103, 129, 142, 153, 155, 166,
168, 175, 176, 178, 180, 185,
212, 234, 236, 349, 425, 452,
463, 511, 536, 544, 631, 649
METHANE FLUX
074, 142, 168, 236, 536, 544
METHANE PRODUCTION
425
MICROBES
274, 288, 327
MICROBIAL ACTIVITY
241
MICROBIAL BIOMASS
581, 583
MICROBIAL COMMUNITY
327, 538, 580, 581, 583
MICROCLIMATE
611
MICROHABITAT
385
MICROHYLIDAE
094
MICROPARASITES
398, 500
MICROSCOPIC CHARCOAL
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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347
MIGRANT BIRDS
497
MIGRATION
022, 259, 332, 361
MIGRATION EVENTS
283
MIGRATORY AGRICULTURE
442
MIGRATORY SPECIES
477, 497
527
MITIGATION
025, 125, 134, 135, 161, 221,
254, 356, 370, 375, 477, 496,
518, 586, 588, 599, 602, 642,
644, 645, 647, 648
MITIGATION POLICIES
025, 496
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
510, 529
MIXED CROPPING
116, 243
MIGRATORY STOPOVER
497
MIXED FOREST
PLANTATIONS
079
MINERALIZATION
387, 452
MIXTURES
243
MINERALOGY
163, 216
MODEL SIMULATIONS
106
MINING
359
MODELING
213, 387, 494, 548
MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE
Y ENERGIA
050
MODELS
015, 083, 084, 133, 220, 309,
426, 480
MINQUARTIA
017, 162, 250, 252, 494
MODERN POLLEN
DEPOSITION
147
MIOCENE
560, 564
MISCHOCYTTARUS
476
MISSING SPECIES
326
MODIS
424, 523, 551
MOIN FORMATION
203
MOIST TROPICAL FOREST
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
MOISTURE
175, 368
MOISTURE CONTENT
253
MOISTURE RELATIONS
159
MOISTURE STRESS
575
MOISTURE TRANSPORT
465
MOLLUSCS
144, 344
MONITORING
119, 379, 469, 486, 543, 549,
643
MONITORING STUDY
009, 552
MONOCULTURE
079, 116, 243
MONOPOLIES
158
MONSOONAL WETLANDS
536
MONTANE AREAS
546
MONTANE FORESTS
306, 441, 477, 547, 583
MONTANE RAIN FOREST
316
Página 64 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
066, 094, 143, 172, 173, 233,
256, 265
MULTIVARIATE ENSO INDEX
459
MORTALITY PATTERNS
162
MUSA
086, 318, 343, 503, 606, 607
MORTALITY RATE
223, 233
MUSACEAE
086, 318, 343, 503, 606, 607
MOSSES
316
MUSCICAPIDAE
497
MOTASTRAEA
364
MYADESTES
525
MOUNDS
105
MYCORRHIZAE
005
MOUNTAIN ECOLOGY
561, 562
MYIOBORUS
525
MOUNTAIN PASSES
476
MYOBATRACHIDAE
272
MTDNA
510
MYRICA
204
MONTEVERDE
CONSERVATION LEAGUE
279, 363, 468
MUCUNA
259
MYRICACEAE
204
MONTIPORA
364
MULCHING
366
MYRISTICACEAE
079, 267, 307, 354, 391, 400,
410, 521, 527
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
383
MULTILATERAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS
622
MONTE ALTO FOREST
RESERVE
188, 191
MONTE CARLO MODELS
048
MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES
142
MONTEVERDE CLOUD
FOREST RESERVE
011, 021, 037, 071, 081, 092,
095, 099, 106, 165, 171, 174,
200, 201, 210, 213, 224, 232,
262, 268, 269, 275, 279, 282,
283, 294, 306, 311, 314, 321,
326, 329, 335, 336, 337, 346,
348, 352, 355, 357, 363, 376,
378, 385, 398, 403, 412, 413,
418, 429, 437, 443, 445, 448,
453, 468, 473, 493, 496, 512,
517, 525, 549, 561, 562, 577,
580, 583, 603
MORACEAE
065
MORPHOLOGICAL
DIVERGENCE
195
MULTILOCUS GENOTYPE
DATA
529
MULTIPURPOSE TREES
244, 296, 360, 366, 502
MORTALITY
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
MYRSINACEAE
204
MYRSINE
204
MYRTACEAE
318, 339, 343
NAFTA
Página 65 de 456
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Junio 2012
104, 365
NASA'S DESDYNI MISSION
557
NATIONAL ACCOUNTING
108
NATIONAL INVENTORY
648
NATIONAL OBJECTIVES
501
NATIONAL PARKS
024, 039, 119, 167, 228, 321,
341, 355, 358, 450
NATIONAL PLANNING
597
NATIONAL STRATEGIES
617
NATIVE BEES
450
NATIVE PLANTATIONS
498
NATIVE TREE PLANTATIONS
390, 578
NATURAL ABUNDANCE
154
NATURAL DISASTERS
003, 112, 361, 365, 367, 619,
621, 629, 632, 633, 634, 635,
639, 640, 653, 654, 656, 657
NATURAL DISASTERS RISK
629, 632, 634, 635, 640
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
214
NATURAL ENEMIES
065
NATURAL FIRES
359
NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS
165
NATURAL HARZARDS
655
NATURAL REGENERATION
100, 109, 111, 114, 188, 191,
570, 605, 607
NATURAL RESOURCE
ECONOMICS
205
NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
501
NATURAL RESOURCES
097, 104, 107, 189, 226, 289,
290, 355, 501, 593
NATURAL RESOURCES
CONSERVATION
324, 437, 454
NATURE CONSERVATION
108, 125, 189, 258, 375, 396,
427, 428, 501
NATURE RESERVES
164, 611
NDVI
523
NEGOTIATION ANALYSIS
636
NEOGENE
144
NEOLIBERALISM
555
NEOTROPICAL
FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS
042
NEST PREDATION
102
NESTING
396
NET CARBON UPTAKE
278
NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE
229, 235, 245, 319, 330, 373
NATURAL RESOURCES
EXPLOITATION
365
NET PRECIPITATION
418
NATURAL RISKS
650, 651
NET PRESENT VALUE
225
NATURAL SCENIC BEAUTY
279, 363
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION
235, 330, 527, 557, 571
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Página 66 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
NITRATE LEACHING
446
NITROGEN CYCLE
008, 014, 019, 033, 034, 043,
050, 063, 064, 078, 084, 085,
086, 092, 093, 153, 154, 155,
175, 176, 179, 183, 194, 274,
288, 327, 336, 569, 581
NITRATE LEVEL
579
NITROGEN DEPOSITION
491
NITRATES
013, 014, 043, 064, 178, 180,
212, 288, 327, 579
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
178, 212
NITRATE ADSORPTION
446
NITRATES REACTIONS
023, 093, 202
NITRIC OXIDE
013, 023, 026, 057, 059, 060,
063, 064, 071, 074, 078, 092,
093, 131, 142, 152, 153, 154,
156, 168, 179, 194, 202, 236,
239, 336, 387, 490
NITRIFICATION
010, 013, 023, 064, 093, 155,
156, 175, 202, 274, 288, 327,
397, 439, 446, 452, 490
NITROGEN DYNAMICS
360, 499
NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
014, 043, 059, 060, 078, 178,
180, 212
NITROGEN FIXATION
092, 178, 192, 193, 212
NITROGEN FIXING LEGUME
439, 452
NITROGEN FLUXES
092, 336, 391
NITRITES
013, 023, 064, 093, 202
NITROGEN MINERALIZATION
010
NITROGEN
005, 013, 014, 018, 043, 058,
064, 133, 240, 313, 325, 382,
387, 395, 425, 490, 538, 574,
581, 582
NITROGEN OXIDES
014, 043, 050, 057, 077, 113,
166, 176, 194, 271, 649
NITROGEN AVAILABILITY
175
NITROGEN CONTENT
248
NITROGEN RETENTION
071, 092, 336
010
NITROSOMONAS
288, 327
NITROSOSPIRA
288, 327
NITROUS OXIDE
008, 010, 018, 025, 026, 029,
033, 050, 057, 058, 059, 060,
063, 074, 075, 077, 078, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 093,
098, 113, 129, 152, 153, 154,
155, 156, 166, 175, 176, 178,
179, 180, 185, 194, 212, 234,
236, 274, 288, 327, 397, 428,
439, 446, 452, 490, 558, 569,
631, 649
NITROUS OXIDE FLUX
019, 034, 050, 063, 064, 074,
131, 142, 168, 236, 239, 251,
387, 446
NO-TAG
467
NON-MARKET BENEFITS
082, 127, 132, 227, 270
NON-METHANE VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS
077, 649
NON-PERMANENCE
304
NITROGEN STATUS
312
NON-GOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATIONS
177
NITROGEN
TRANSFORMATIONS
NON-PIONEER SPECIES
162
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
240
NON-WOOD FOREST
PRODUCTS
069, 096, 187, 285
NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE
VEGETATION INDEX
523
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
GLACIATION
041
NOTHOCERCUS
525
NOX EMISSIONS
060, 093
NPP
557, 571
NULL MODEL
081, 346
NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY
313, 382, 574
NUTRIENT CYCLING
558, 579, 582
NUTRIENT DYNAMICS
071, 092, 336
NUTRIENT INPUTS
037
NUTRIENT LEACHING
446
NUTRIENT LIMITATION
240, 558, 579
NUTRIENT POOLS
NUTRIENT RATIOS
395
NUTRIENT TRANSFER
004
NUTRIENTS
029, 128, 199, 214, 230, 313,
362, 377, 382
OAK FORESTS
384
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
540
OCEAN
172, 173
OCEAN CIRCULATION
038
OCEAN DRILLING PROJECT
325
OCEANIC CRUST
325
OCEANOGRAPHIC CHANGES
041
OCEANOLOGY
614
OCHROMA
152
OCOTEA
412, 453
OET
217
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
OIL BEES
317
OIL FLOWERS
317
OIL PALMS
432
OLACACEAE
162, 250, 494
OLD CANOPY
250
OLD-GROWTH FOREST
197, 242, 295, 313, 382, 427,
483
OLIVE RIDLEY SEA TURTLES
396
ONTHERUS
466
ONTHOPHAGUS
466, 520
ONTOGENETIC SWITCHING
162
OPPORTUNITY COSTS
225
OPTIMIZATION
276
OPTIONS
076
ORBITAL CHANGE
600
Página 68 de 456
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Junio 2012
ORDINATION ANALYSIS
390
ORGANIC AMENDMENTS
425
ORGANIC CARBON
016, 263, 284, 390
ORGANIC FARMING
428
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
425
ORGANIC LAYER
490
ORGANIC MATTER
145, 163, 216, 218, 240, 325,
360, 538
ORGANIC MATTER
DECOMPOSITION
556
ORGANOCHLORINE
PESTICIDES
374
ORGANOMINERAL
COMPLEXES
016
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
108
ORNAMENTAL REEF FISH
EXTRACTION
377
OROGRAPHIC CLOUDS
561
OROGRAPHIC
PRECIPITATION
562
OZONE
029, 129, 226, 349, 409
OROGRAPHY
465
OZONE DEPLETION
018, 165, 383
ORTHOPHOSPHATES
425
OZONE LAYER
020, 061
ORYZA
083, 415, 623
OZONE LOSS EFFECT
402
OSTRACODS
041, 344
OZONE PRECURSORS
058
OTS
001, 002, 014, 017, 018, 019,
020, 023, 024, 026, 027, 029,
031, 032, 033, 034, 043, 057,
059, 064, 070, 076, 079, 080,
151, 163, 175, 179, 194, 197,
198, 202, 206, 207, 209, 216,
217, 218, 219, 220, 237, 238,
241, 242, 246, 263, 284, 338,
401, 404, 476, 530, 569
OZONE PROTECTION
061
OULOPHYLLIA
364
OUTBREAK
334
OXIDATION
168, 369
PACIFIC LEATHERBACK
TURTLE
396
PALAECOLOGY
384
PALAEOBIOLOGY
144, 203
PALAEOBOTANY
007, 022, 204, 332
PALAEOCEANOGRAPHY
040
OXYGEN
280, 298, 331
PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY
147, 299, 331, 384, 412, 453,
659
OXYGEN ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS
012
PALAEOECOLOGY
147, 204, 384, 560, 564, 659
OXYGEN-18
381
PALAEOENVIRONMENT
038, 144, 203, 560, 564
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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022, 332
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
147, 384
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
041, 344
PALAEOCLIMATE CHANGE
203
PALAEOCLIMATE RECORDS
280, 298, 310, 331, 381
PALAEOLIMNOLOGY
303
PALAEONTOLOGY
560, 564
PALAEOVEGETATION
269
PALAEOZOOLOGY
144, 203
PALYNOLOGY
007, 147, 204, 384
PANICUM
100, 109, 111, 114
PAPILIONOIDEAE
055
PARACHARTERGUS
476
PARAMO
022, 331, 332, 333
PARAMO ECOLOGY
022, 331, 332
PARAMO VEGETATION
022, 332
PARASITES
459
PARASITISM RATES
334
PARASITOIDS
065, 334
PARMELIA
009, 552
PARMELIACEAE
009, 552
PARQUE INTERNACIONAL LA
AMISTAD
119, 228, 304, 321, 519, 520
PARQUE NACIONAL
BARBILLA
119, 228, 304
PARQUE NACIONAL BARRA
HONDA
119, 228, 304
PARQUE NACIONAL
BRAULIO CARRILLO
024, 163, 164, 167, 216, 218,
228, 263, 341, 456, 476, 528
PARQUE NACIONAL
CAHUITA
228
PARQUE NACIONAL CARARA
222, 228, 304, 565
PARAMO FIRES
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
PARQUE NACIONAL
CHIRRIPO
022, 037, 147, 228, 298, 310,
331, 332, 431
PARQUE NACIONAL
CORCOVADO
021, 228, 240
PARQUE NACIONAL
GUANACASTE
021, 119, 228, 304, 334, 565,
579
PARQUE NACIONAL JUAN
CASTRO BLANCO
228
PARQUE NACIONAL
MANUEL ANTONIO
228
PARQUE NACIONAL
MARINO LAS BAULAS
396
PARQUE NACIONAL PALO
VERDE
008, 119, 217, 228, 304, 437,
536, 544, 573
PARQUE NACIONAL PIEDRAS
BLANCAS
119, 228, 519, 520
PARQUE NACIONAL RINCON
DE LA VIEJA
021, 228, 304, 565
PARQUE NACIONAL SANTA
ROSA
119, 219, 222, 223, 228, 233,
440, 445, 491, 533, 545, 559,
563
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Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
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Junio 2012
PARQUE NACIONAL
TAPANTI-MACIZO CERRO DE
LA MUERTE
228
PARQUE NACIONAL
TORTUGUERO
228, 396, 497
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
ARENAL
228
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
IRAZU
228, 431, 565
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
POAS
037, 228
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
TENORIO
228
PARQUE NACIONAL VOLCAN
TURRIALBA
228
PARTIAL MIGRATION
528
PARTICIPATION
039
PARTICLE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION
218
PARTICULATE ORGANIC
MATTER
301, 400
PARULIDAE
497
PASSIVE AIR SAMPLING
374
PASTURE HABITAT
074, 236
PASTURE IMPROVEMENT
502
PASTURES
008, 013, 018, 019, 026, 034,
050, 057, 059, 060, 064, 075,
078, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098, 113, 131, 142, 154,
168, 179, 239, 241, 387, 426,
508, 561
PATTERNS
143, 157, 430, 497
PAVONA
364
PAVONA
377
PAYMENT FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
082, 108, 115, 117, 122, 125,
126, 127, 132, 135, 141, 146,
181, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192,
193, 215, 221, 226, 227, 246,
266, 267, 270, 279, 305, 307,
318, 322, 323, 345, 350, 354,
363, 370, 378, 389, 394, 410,
416, 420, 422, 423, 428, 434,
440, 454, 455, 471, 484, 487,
498, 505, 526, 532, 534, 555,
568, 584, 602, 606, 607, 611
361
PENINSULA DE NICOYA
007, 021, 604
PENINSULA DE OSA
240, 445, 529, 569
PENNISETUM
248
PENTACLETHRA
004,138, 220, 250, 372, 382,
391, 400, 527, 580, 581
PERACARIDA
203
PERCEPTION
642
PERIODICITY
121, 430
PERISODACTYLS
560, 564
PERMANENT FOREST
STANDS
135, 221
PERMITS
231
PERSISTENT ORGANIC
POLLUTANTS
374, 501
PEST INSECTS
065, 259
PESTICIDE USE
437
PEASANT MIGRATION
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Junio 2012
PESTICIDES
104, 113, 133, 137, 374
PESTS
359, 655
PETROLEUM
291
PH
425
PHAINOPTILA
195, 525
PHANAEUS
466
614
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
024
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
055, 056, 220, 260, 278, 314
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFECT
278
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY
539
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
158
PHYLLOBATES
257
PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS
069
PHYLLOMEDUSA
174
PHAROMACHRUS
525
PHYLLOSTOMIDAE
259
PHASEOLUS
244, 296, 360, 408, 415, 623,
627
PHYSALAEMUS
529
PHENOLOGICAL DATA
283
PHENOLOGY
027, 073, 121, 317, 598
PHEUCTICUS
525
PHOSPHORUS
005, 133, 240, 313, 362, 382,
395, 538, 558, 574, 579
PHOTOELECTRIC CELLS
158
PHYSICAL DAMAGE
162, 353
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
542
PHYSICAL FACTORS
473
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
655
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
128, 230, 377
PHYSIOLOGY
055
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
301, 400
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
147
PICEA
065
PINACEAE
007, 065, 391, 400, 527
PINNULARIA
303
PINUS
007, 065, 391, 400, 527
PIONEER SPECIES
162, 353
PIPE MODEL
411
PIPER
007, 204
PIPERACEAE
007, 204
PIPRIDAE
528
PITHECELLOBIUM
017, 079, 252
PLANT COMMUNITIES
183, 188, 191
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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PLANT COVER
188, 191, 518
PLANT DISEASES
159
PLANT DISPERSAL
314
PLANT GEOGRAPHY
277
PLANT GROWTH
123
PLANT LIFE FORMS
573
PLANT PHENOLOGY
317
072, 079, 083, 086, 090, 091,
092, 100, 101, 109, 111, 114,
116, 118, 138, 152, 155, 162,
175, 178, 180, 192, 193, 199,
204, 207, 212, 219, 220, 243,
244, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253,
259, 264, 267, 286, 296, 297,
301, 302, 303, 307, 316, 317,
318, 328, 332, 336, 339, 343,
351, 354, 360, 366, 370, 372,
382, 384, 385, 386, 390, 391,
394, 397, 400, 408, 410, 412,
415, 421, 422, 430, 432, 438,
439, 442, 446, 452, 453, 456,
460, 471, 494, 498, 503, 521,
524, 527, 533, 539, 540, 547,
548, 578, 580, 581, 598, 605,
606, 607, 611, 615, 616, 626,
627, 628
296, 332, 339, 360, 390, 415,
471, 540, 623
POCILLOPORA
012, 173, 377
POCILLOPORIDAE
012, 173, 377
PODOCARPACEAE
007
PODOCARPUS
007
POISON-DART FROGS
094, 257, 264, 328
PLASMODIIDAE
459
POLICIES
025, 107, 125, 133, 254, 267,
333, 496, 502, 504, 596, 599,
602, 648
PLASMODIUM
459
POLISTES
476
PLATYGYRA
364
POLITICAL ECONOMY
553
PLEISTOCENE
364
POLITICS
427
PLETHODONTIDAE
066, 174, 265
POLLEN
022, 038, 204, 332
PLANTATION FORESTRY
082, 127, 132, 270, 307, 354,
410, 527
PLFA
327
POLLEN ANALYSIS
007, 022, 332
PLANTATIONS
527
PLIOCENE
041
POLLEN DISPERSAL
259
PLANTS
004, 007, 008, 014, 017, 022,
030, 037, 043, 055, 056, 065,
POACEAE
008, 022, 083, 100, 109, 111,
114, 175, 204, 244, 248, 251,
POLLINATION
214, 258
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
207, 628
PLANT SPECIES
COMPOSITION
400
PLANT SUCCESSION
026
PLANTATION CROPS
175, 253
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
POLLINATOR DECLINE
317
POPULATION CHANGES
435
POLLINATORS
258, 317
POPULATION DECLINE
081, 165, 174, 264, 265, 272,
328, 329, 346, 357, 403, 493,
516, 554
POLLUTANTS
026, 033, 103, 170, 181, 190,
255, 287, 322, 422, 508, 568,
607, 611, 631
POLLUTION
009, 053, 054, 066, 094, 103,
113, 140, 181, 190, 265, 284,
374, 444, 506, 552, 602, 604,
608
POLLUTION CONTROL
119, 136, 145, 181, 205, 279,
284, 363, 405, 425, 444, 506,
508, 602, 608, 609, 631
POLLUTION CONTROL
INDUSTRY
279, 363
POLLUTION DISPERSION
284
POLYBIA
476
POLYBROMINATED
DIPHENYL ETHERS
374
POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYLS
374
POPULATION
042, 102, 314, 357, 393, 398,
413
POPULATION DENSITY
273, 359
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
520
POPULATION DYNAMICS
065, 081, 128, 195, 214, 230,
272, 329, 346, 377, 403, 554
POPULATION ECOLOGY
095, 273, 321
POPULATION EXTINCTION
450
POPULATION GROWTH
273, 314, 359, 488
POPULATION SIZE
042
POPULATION STRUCTURE
529
POPULUS
244, 296, 360
PORITES
364
PORITIDAE
364
POTASSIUM
133, 313, 382
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
POUTERIA
412, 453
POVERTY
356, 375, 501, 624
POWER
584
PRE-COLUMBIAN
303
PRECESSION
600
PRECIPITATION
047, 070, 208, 280, 283, 298,
314, 331, 368, 376, 381, 386,
399, 408, 449, 496, 500, 558,
562, 590, 613, 625, 626, 627,
628, 629, 632, 634, 635, 637,
640
PRECIPITATION
MANIPULATION
558, 569
PRECIPITATION TRENDS
015, 495
PREDATION
476
PREDATORS
065
PREHISTORIC AGRICULTURE
204
PREHISTORIC HUMAN
ACTIVITY
022, 204, 332
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PREMONTANE RAIN
FORESTS
445
PRESENT VEGETATION
384
PRICES
069
PRIMARY FORESTS
092, 285, 336, 499
PRIMARY PRODUCTION
314
PRIMATES
022, 042, 332, 459, 559
179
PROFITABILITY
394, 521
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
508
PROJECT DESIGN
507
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
231
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
507
PROJECT SCENARIO
508
PRIVATE BIOLOGICAL
RESERVES
355
PROJECTS
119, 177, 504, 508, 534
PRIVATE FORESTRY PROJECT
141
PROKARYOTES
274
PROCESS MODELLING
142, 379
PRORIOS
279, 363
PRODUCTION
211, 592
PROTECTED AREAS
107, 108, 167, 228, 276, 314,
321, 333, 341, 348, 355, 358,
378, 437, 470, 484, 486, 535,
650
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
185, 186
PRODUCTIVITY
104, 137, 229, 235, 245, 319,
330, 354, 373, 410, 502, 521,
540, 543
PRODUCTS
285
PROFILE DYNAMICS
PROTECTED NATURAL
AREAS
321
PROTECTION OF FORESTS
119, 215, 266, 454, 455
PROTEINS
186
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
PROTIUM
250
PROTOHIPPUS
560, 564
PROTONOTARIA
497
PROTOPOLYBIA
476
PROTOZOANS
012
PRUNINGS
550
PSAMMOCORA
377
PSELLIOPHORUS
525
PSYCHODIDAE
459
PTERIDOPHYTA
022, 332, 547
PTILOGONATIDAE
195
PUBLIC HEALTH
425, 619
PUBLIC SERVICES
189
PULSING HYDROLOGY
536
PUPAE
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334
PYRROPHYTA
012, 173, 377, 467
RAIN EVENTS
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098, 142, 613
QUALITY
301, 400
RAIN FORESTS
013, 018, 023, 064, 202
QUANTIFICATION
133
RAINWATER
625, 637
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
133
RAINY SEASON
573
QUANTITY
301, 400
RANA
066, 174, 265
QUATERNARY
298, 310, 331, 344
RANCHING
622
QUATERNARY GLACIATION
310
RANIDAE
094, 165, 174
QUERCUS
007, 101, 193, 316, 384, 533
RECENT CLIMATE CHANGE
456
RABIES
259
RECREATIONAL DIVING
230
RADAR
368, 458, 557, 571
RECRUITMENT
233
RADIOCARBON DATING
204, 250, 412, 453, 475
RED TIDE
646
RAIN
047, 070, 071, 073, 075, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 092,
098, 121, 142, 159, 207, 223,
233, 278, 336, 381, 386, 387,
399, 418, 559, 613
REDD
567, 568
RAIN DECREASE
223, 233
REEF POPULATION CHANGE
RELATIONSHIPS
435
REFORESTATION
021, 072, 115, 118, 120, 141,
205, 215, 226, 231, 255, 266,
285, 286, 308, 322, 333, 394,
422, 440, 455, 489, 498, 521,
532, 535, 555, 568, 577, 582,
605, 607
REFORESTATION COSTS
285
REGENERATION
173
REGIONAL DIVERSITY
232, 468
REGIONAL ECONOMIES
624
REGIONAL MODELLING
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098, 176, 613
REGIONAL SCALE
263
REGRESSION MODELS
589
REGULATIONS
602
REEF BUILDING CORAL
173
REHABILITATED BAUXITE
MINES
105
REEF HABITAT
435
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
159, 269
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
SURFACES
106
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
206
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
039, 167, 215, 226, 266, 454,
455, 594
RESEARCH METHODS
123
RESOURCE UTILIZATION
039, 205
RESEARCH NETWORKS
503
RESOURCES
042
RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
237, 338, 401, 404
RESPIRATION
004, 005, 242, 260, 483
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS
217
RESPIRATION EFFECT
278
RESEARCH PROJECTS
206
RESPONSES
456
RESERVE DESIGN
276, 321, 468
RESTORATION
438, 460, 521
RESERVE STANDS
188, 191
RETRANSLOCATION
313, 382
RESIDUES
366, 604
RETURN PERIODS
590
RESILIENCE
653, 654, 656, 657
RHEOBATRACHUS
272
REPRODUCTIVE
DEVELOPMENT
030
RESISTANCE
248
RHIZOBIACEAE
580, 581
REPTILES
393, 396, 398, 542
RESOLUTION
157, 469
RHIZOBIUM
580, 581
REPTILES POPULATION
DECLINE
542
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
039, 062, 146, 181, 396, 485,
486, 501, 515
RISK
513, 592, 594
RESEARCH
217, 237, 338, 401, 404, 549,
655
RESOURCE CONSUMPTION
273
RELAXED EDDY
ACCUMULATION
220
REMOTE SENSING
024, 025, 130, 165, 256, 392,
461, 469, 561, 563
REMOTE SENSORS
024, 046
RENEWABLE ENERGY
425
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
170, 425
REPRODUCTION
102, 172, 173, 195
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
195, 396
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
258
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
RISK ASSESSMENT
629, 632, 634, 635, 640
RISK AVERSION
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592
RISK PERCEPTION
526
RIVERS
046, 167, 199, 322, 357, 365,
367, 422, 434, 454, 526, 553,
588, 590, 636
ROADS
359
RUBIACEAE
014, 043, 055, 056, 091, 178,
180, 212, 267, 302, 309, 318,
339, 397,
408, 439, 446, 452, 539, 548,
598, 615, 616, 626
RUNOFF
548
RURAL AREAS
182
RURAL COMMUNITIES
136, 205, 389
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
039
RURAL POPULATION
356, 375
RURAL TOURISM
501
SACCHARUM
540
SALICACEAE
244, 296, 360
SALIENTIA
264, 328
SALINITY
128, 230, 377
SAPOTACAE
412, 453
SARCODINA
012
SATELLITE DATA
165
SATELLITE IMAGERY
025, 256, 561
SATELLITE TELEMETRY
457
SATURNIIDAE
065
SAURIA
398
SCARABAEIDAE
466, 520
SCATIMUS
466, 520
SCENARIOS
113, 133, 508, 613, 644, 645,
654, 657
SCENIC BEAUTY
117, 434, 534
SCIENTISTS
237, 338, 401, 404
SCLERACTINIA
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
230, 364
SCLERACTINIAN CORALS
364
SCYTALOPUS
525
SEA
172, 173
SEA LEVEL RAISE
655
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
038, 417
SEASONAL CHANGES
313, 344, 382
SEASONAL DROUGHT
027, 030, 573
SEASONAL DRY FORESTS
258
SEASONAL HYDROLOGY
573
SEASONAL STREAMFLOW
070
SEASONAL VARIATION
219, 284, 317, 562
SEASONALITY
008, 073, 095, 121, 169, 242,
251, 313, 382, 559
SECONDARY FORESTS
092, 093, 096, 136, 187, 188,
191, 205, 285, 307, 309, 336,
354, 410, 433, 524, 535, 563,
581, 605
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Junio 2012
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
214
SEQUENCE
310
SECONDARY TROPICAL RAIN
FORESTS
023, 202
SEQUESTRATION
254, 270, 340, 341, 358
SEDIMENT
007, 012, 128, 204, 230, 303,
377
SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS
012
SEDIMENTOLOGY
560, 564
SEED BANK
573
SEED DISPERSAL
259
SEEDS
005
SEISMIC RISK
651
SEIURUS
497
SELECTION
321
SEMNORNIS
525
SENESCING LEAVES
313, 382
SENSOR
469
SIDERASTREIDAE
364, 377
SILTATION
377
SERPENTES
351
SILVICULTURAL
MANAGEMENT
410
SERVICES
120, 596
SILVICULTURE
069, 126, 166, 314
SEX RATIO
042
SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS
100, 109, 111, 114, 178, 180,
182, 185, 186, 212, 248, 267,
305, 479, 481, 502
SEXUAL SELECTION
529
SHADE
014, 043, 091, 370, 598
SHADE COFFEE
302, 318, 343
SHADE PLANTS
014, 043, 055, 056, 057, 318,
353, 370, 539, 606
SHADE TREES
539
SHADE-TOLERANT TREES
353
SHADING
318
SHORELINE AREA
593
SIDERASTREA
364, 377
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
SIMAROUBA AMARA
162, 250, 430, 494
SIMAROUBACEAE
162, 250, 430, 494
SIMILARITY
493
SIMULATION MODELS
048, 075, 084, 085, 086, 087,
088, 089, 098, 104, 131, 137,
236, 239, 387, 518, 588, 589,
611, 630
SINAC
355
SINKS
267, 287
SITE FACTORS
193
SLOPE
426
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Junio 2012
SMALL ENTERPRISES
388
SMALLHOLDERS
555
SMILISCA
413
SOCIAL CONDITIONS
488
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
459
SOCIAL GROUPS
361
SOCIAL IMPACT
205
SOCIAL MEANING
255
SOCIAL PARTICIPATION
255
SOCIAL SCIENCES
553
SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND
DEVELOPMENT
196, 261
SOCIAL SYSTEMS
462
SOCIAL WASPS
476
SOCIETAL COSTS
254
SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS
498
163, 216, 218, 247, 263, 267,
295, 445, 499, 556
SOCIOECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
629, 632, 634, 635, 640
SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS
301, 400, 499
SOCIOECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENT
305
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
149
SOCIOECONOMICS
136, 205
SOCIOLOGY
196, 261
SOIL
005, 006, 010, 013, 014, 016,
018, 019, 023, 026, 029, 034,
043, 050, 057, 063, 064, 074,
078, 100, 113, 114, 143, 145,
180, 194, 199, 202, 236, 251,
274, 288, 327, 331, 431, 539,
578, 629, 632, 634, 635, 640,
650, 651
SOIL AMENDMENTS
018
SOIL ATMOSPHERE
013, 060, 064, 380
SOIL BIOLOGY
004, 005
SOIL CALCIUM
313, 382
SOIL CARBON
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
SOIL CARBON
STABILIZATION
244, 296, 360
SOIL CARBON STORAGE
006
SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
218, 426
SOIL CHEMISTRY
004, 005, 016, 018, 034, 179,
499
SOIL CLEARING
023, 202
SOIL CO2 CONCENTRATION
351
SOIL CO2 EFFLUX
492
SOIL CO2 STORAGE
242, 483
SOIL COMPACTION
026, 248
SOIL CONSERVATION
046, 636
SOIL DEGRADATION
025, 186, 226, 651
SOIL DENSITY
248
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Junio 2012
SOIL DEPTH
016
SOIL MANAGEMENT
305
SOIL DRIVEN
075, 084, 085, 086, 087, 088,
089, 098
SOIL MECHANICS
431
SOIL PLOWING
059
SOIL POTASSIUM
313, 382
SOIL ECOSYSTEMS
580
SOIL MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES
582
SOIL RESPIRATION
351, 530, 558
SOIL EFFECTS
386
SOIL MICROORGANISMS
240
SOIL SOLUTION
312
SOIL EMISSIONS
033, 059, 060, 071, 078, 092,
093, 131, 152, 194, 239, 336,
387
SOIL MINERALOGY
218
SOIL TEMPERATURE
242, 351, 556
SOIL MODIFICATION
105
SOIL TEXTURE
163, 216, 218
SOIL MOISTURE
223, 233, 351, 395, 583
SOIL TYPES
004, 008, 010, 013, 016, 018,
064, 199, 218, 242, 406, 426,
431, 446
SOIL EROSION
651
SOIL FAUNA
183
SOIL FERTILITY
029, 129, 133, 178, 208, 212,
313, 362, 382, 395, 651
SOIL NITRIFIERS
274, 288, 327
SOIL NITROGEN
010, 313, 382
SOIL FERTILITY GRADIENTS
395
SOIL NUTRIENTS
076, 395, 574
SOIL FORMATION
312
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
016, 241, 360, 550, 605
SOIL FUNCTION
105
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER
016, 242, 244, 296, 301, 360,
400, 431, 483, 533, 550, 615
SOIL HYDRAULIC
PROPERTIES
194
SOIL MAGNESIUM
313, 382
SOIL PHOSPHORUS
AVAILABILITY
313, 382
SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
426
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
SOIL WATER
026, 238, 242, 386
SOLANACEAE
259, 408, 588, 628
SOLANUM
259, 408, 588, 628
SOLAR RADIATION
017, 151, 159, 229, 245, 252,
319, 373
SOLID WASTES
050, 077, 166, 444, 647, 649,
652
SOLIDARITY
196, 261
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Junio 2012
SOURCE-SINK RELATIONS
229, 245, 373
SPACE-BORNE SENSORS
419
SPACING
611
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
042, 374
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
232
SPATIAL PATTERNS
459
SPATIAL SCALE
223, 233
SPATIAL VARIABILITY
074, 236, 242, 562
SPECIES COMPOSITION
195, 400, 558
SPECIES DECLINE
081, 329, 346, 403, 493, 516,
554
SPECIES DISAPPEARANCE
066, 094, 174, 265, 272
SPECIES EFFECTS
301, 400
SPECIES EXTINCTION
213, 357, 456, 467, 493, 546
SPECIES GROUP
529
SPECIES RANGES
456
SPELEOTHEMS
280, 298, 331, 381
SPERMATOPHYTES
004, 007, 008, 014, 017, 022,
037, 043, 055, 056, 065, 072,
079, 083, 086, 090, 091, 100,
101, 138, 152, 155, 162, 175,
178, 180, 192, 193, 199, 204,
207, 212, 219, 220, 243, 244,
248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 259,
264, 267, 286, 296, 297, 301,
302, 307, 317, 318, 328, 332,
339, 343, 351, 354, 360, 366,
370, 372, 382, 384, 385, 386,
390, 391, 394, 397, 400, 408,
410, 412, 415, 421, 422, 430,
432, 438, 439, 442, 446, 452,
453, 460, 471, 494, 498, 503,
521, 524, 527, 533, 539, 540,
548, 578, 580, 581, 598, 605,
606, 607, 611, 615, 616, 626,
627, 628
SPHINGIDAE
065
SPRING MIGRATION
497
SQUAMATA
398
STALAGMITES
280, 298, 299, 331, 381
STAPHYLINIDAE
065
STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING
514
STATISTICAL TESTS
510
STAUROSIRA
303
STEM DENSITY
223, 233
STEM INCREMENTS
076, 079
STERCULIACEAE
370, 398, 442, 606, 607, 611
STERNORRHYNCHA
065
STOCK ESTIMATE
253
STOCKHOLM DECLARATION
593
STABILITY
016, 218, 461
STORAGE
076, 079, 119, 120, 136, 146,
199, 205, 218, 267, 270, 589
STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES
163, 216
STORED CARBON
050, 125, 602
STABLE ISOTOPES
280, 298, 331, 376, 381, 412,
453, 517, 562
STORMS
641
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
STRATEGIES
388
STRATIFICATION
385
STRATIGRAPHY
022, 040, 144, 203, 298, 310,
331, 332, 560, 564
STRATOSPHERE
409, 625, 637, 638
STRATOSPHERIC
DESTRUCTION
033
STRATOSPHERIC
TRANSPORT
411
STREAM WATER
558
STREAMFLOW
562
STREAMS
579
STREAMS PROJECT
206
STRUCTURAL BIOMASS
ESTIMATION
541
STRUCTURAL CONNECTIVITY
485, 519
STRYPHNODENDRON
138, 372, 390
259
SUBALPINE FORESTS
147
SUBSIDIES
215, 266, 323, 350, 454, 455
SUCCESSION AGE
570
SUCCESSIONAL STAGE
563
SUGARCANE
046, 540
SUITABILITY
588
296, 322, 360, 422, 425, 454,
455, 501, 531, 587
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
273
SUSTAINABLE
AGROECOSYSTEM DESIGN
301, 400
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
097, 107, 112, 141, 217, 273,
304, 314, 437, 495, 506, 513,
532, 555, 587, 645
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
273
SUITABILITY AREAS
588
SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT
487, 515, 567
SULCOPHANAEUS
466
SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY
021, 146, 308
SULFIDES
009, 552
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
226, 531
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
009, 166, 552
SYLVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS
480
SURFACE WATER
164, 226, 632, 651
SYNDACTYLA
525
SURFACE WATER
POLLUTION
226
SYNOECA
476
SUSTAINABILITY
039, 053, 108, 113, 126, 133,
136, 139, 164, 170, 182, 185,
205, 211, 215, 244, 255, 266,
TADPOLES
264, 328
TAPIRIRA
138, 372
STURNIRA
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
TARIFFS
655
TAX DIFFERENTIATION
271
TAX PAYMENT ALLOCATION
117
TAXES
053, 271
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES
645
TECHNOLOGY
104, 137, 305, 592, 648
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
170, 182
TECTONA
072, 118, 192, 421
TELEMETRY
214
TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS
142, 152
TEMPERATE LATITUDES
456
TEMPERATE WETLANDS
464
TEMPERATURE
081, 099, 128, 147, 159, 172,
173, 213, 230, 235, 237, 238,
260, 264, 278, 283, 314, 326,
328, 329, 330, 337, 349, 377,
399, 408, 448, 449, 473, 496,
500, 543, 559, 625, 626, 627,
628, 637
TEMPERATURE DECREASE
147, 384
TERRITORIAL
ORGANIZATION
655
TEMPERATURE EFFECT
595, 630
THEOBROMA
370, 398, 442, 606, 607, 611
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
456
THEOPHRASTACEAE
219
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY
556
THERMAL STRATIFICATION
002
TEMPERATURE/RESPIRATIO
N RELATIONSHIP
556
THERMAL TOLERANCE
546
TEMPORAL PATTERNS
459
THERMOHALINE
CIRCULATION
299, 331
TEMPORAL SCALE
223, 233
THREATS
333, 348
TEMPORAL VARIATION
242
THRIPADECTES
525
TERMINALIA
079, 267, 302, 307, 318, 343,
354, 410, 521, 539
THROUGHFALL
312, 376, 558, 562
TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE
MODEL
157
TIDES
614
TIMBER
069, 108, 410, 535, 576
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
REGENERATION
498
TIMBER TREES
186
TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
189, 197, 295, 579, 651
TIMING OF BREEDING
102
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
473
TOADS
081, 095, 099, 174, 213, 314,
321, 326, 346, 448
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS
143
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
104, 137
TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF
163, 216
TRADE POLICY
104
TOPOGRAPHY
223, 233, 362, 426, 465
TRADE WINDS
412, 453, 561, 638
TORNADOS
641
TRADE-OFFS
225
TOTAL ABOVEGROUND
BIOMASS
445
TRANSPIRATION
314, 418, 548
TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE
225
TOTAL ECOSYSTEM CARBON
445
TOTAL WATER USE
418
TOURISM
182, 279, 363, 416, 513, 604,
619, 621
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
039
TOURISM IMPACT
226
TOWER OBSERVATIONS
284
TRACE GAS EMISSIONS
058, 060, 490
TRADE
174, 357
TREATMENT WETLANDS
463, 511
TREE BIODIVERSITY
460
TREE CANOPY
210, 282
TREE COVER
343
TREE DEMOGRAPHY
237, 338, 353, 401, 404
TREE MORTALITY RATES
256
TREE PLANTATIONS
076, 079, 267, 570, 578
TREE REGENERATION
162
TREE RING ANALYSIS
250, 412, 453
TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION
223, 233
TREE SPECIES EFFECTS
527
TREE TURNOVER
535
TREES
014, 027, 123, 124, 208, 589
TREES IN PASTURES
498
TREES PROJECT
017, 206, 250, 256, 353
TREE DENSITY
606
TRENDS
081, 099, 213, 216, 218, 314,
326, 329, 346, 441, 448
TREE FERNS
547
TRIALS PROJECT
206
TREE GROWTH
162, 169, 197, 207, 237, 295,
338, 401, 404, 522, 543
TROCHILIDAE
549
TREE GROWTH PERIODICITY
169, 207, 237, 338, 401, 404
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
TROGLODYTES
102, 525
TROGLODYTIDAE
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Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
102, 525
405, 422, 426, 427, 437, 469,
470, 491, 534, 568, 576, 612
TROPICAL BIOTIC
EVOLUTION
041
TROPICAL GLACIERS
310
TROPICAL BIRDS
468, 525
TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS
445
TROPICAL CLOUD FORESTS
011, 081, 106, 171, 214, 262,
269, 275, 281, 311, 329, 335,
346, 348, 352, 376, 378, 385,
403, 412, 418, 436, 451, 453,
468, 478, 496, 512, 517, 547,
549, 554, 561, 562, 577, 603
TROPICAL MONTANE CLOUD
FORESTS
106
TROPICAL DRY FORESTS
073, 121, 156, 208, 219, 222,
223, 233, 259, 314, 440, 445,
498, 523, 533, 544, 545, 563,
573, 575
TROPICAL MOUNTAIN
165
TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC
172, 173, 465
TROPICAL ECOLOGY
217, 460
TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM
400, 546
TROPICAL FOREST
PRESERVATION
135, 221, 420
TROPICAL FORESTS
008, 010, 018, 027, 036, 044,
049, 062, 069, 082, 112, 120,
127, 129, 132, 160, 189, 227,
254, 255, 270, 285, 287, 291,
295, 315, 322, 340, 341, 342,
356, 358, 369, 370, 375, 386,
TROPICAL MONTANE
FORESTS
210, 282
TROPICAL PREMONTANE
WET FORESTS
445
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
001, 002, 004, 006, 010, 013,
017, 018, 029, 034, 058, 060,
064, 073, 075, 078, 080, 084,
085, 086, 087, 088, 089, 093,
098, 105, 116, 130, 138, 143,
145, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156,
162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 174,
175, 179, 194, 197, 198, 199,
206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214,
216, 218, 220, 229, 235, 237,
238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245,
250, 252, 256, 260, 263, 264,
274, 278, 284, 288, 295, 301,
307, 312, 313, 314, 319, 327,
328, 330, 338, 347, 351, 353,
354, 362, 371, 372, 373, 379,
380, 382, 391, 392, 395, 398,
400, 401, 404, 410, 424, 427,
430, 438, 456, 458, 460, 476,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
483, 490, 492, 494, 496, 521,
522, 524, 528, 530, 541, 544,
551, 556, 558, 569, 571, 574,
580, 581, 582, 605
TROPICAL REFORESTATION
521
TROPICAL SAVANNA
058, 059
TROPICAL SCIENCE CENTER
343, 499
TROPICAL SEASONS
544
TROPICAL SECONDARY
FORESTS
419, 445
TROPICAL SOILS
013, 016, 018, 064, 129, 179,
327
TROPICAL STORMS
595
TROPICAL STREAMS
167
TROPICAL SWAMPS
536
TROPICAL TREE PHENOLOGY
169, 207, 237, 338, 401, 404
TROPICAL TREE STEM
DIAMETER INCREMENT
430
TROPICAL TREES
121, 353, 494
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Junio 2012
104, 137, 276
TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE
LAYER
349, 409, 447
UNDERGROWTH
027
VALUATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
420
TROPICAL WET FORESTS
156, 214, 440, 445
UNDERSTORY
433
VALUE
555
TROPICAL WETLANDS
463, 464, 511, 544
UNDERSTORY
REGENERATION
438, 460
VANISHING SPECIES
081, 095, 174, 272, 321, 329,
346, 348, 357, 378, 393, 398,
403, 413, 493, 500, 516, 554
TROPICS
024, 026, 057, 183
TROPOPAUSE
349, 409, 447
TROPOSPHERE
029, 300, 349, 368, 447, 625,
637, 638
TRYPANOSOMATIDAE
459
TURBIDITY
425
TURBULENCE
002
TURDUS
525
TURNOVER
218, 527
TYRANNIDAE
497
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
EXPOSURE
165
UNCERTAINTY
UNDISTURBED SITES
313, 382
UNDISTURBED SOILS
238
UNITED NATIONS
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION
ON CLIMATE CHANGE
170
UPPER TROPOSPHERE
402, 411
UPWELLING SYSTEMS
012
UROXYS
466
UV RADIATION
165, 174
VALUATION
069, 082, 132, 139, 181, 189,
211, 221, 227, 270, 307, 354,
410
VALUATION OF CARBONSINK SERVICES
082, 127, 132, 135, 227, 270,
420
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
VAPOR PRESSURE
151, 229, 245, 295, 373
VARIABILITY
197, 237, 295, 381
VARIANTS
017, 252
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES
459, 646
VEGETATION
004, 013, 017, 018, 022, 052,
064, 147, 157, 163, 179, 204,
216, 218, 252, 332, 551, 589
VEGETATION DENSITY
458
VEGETATION DYNAMICS
048
VEGETATION HISTORY
347
VEGETATIONAL CHANGES
007
VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT
030
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Junio 2012
VEHICLE AGE
271
VIREO
525
VEHICLES USE
647
VIRGIN FORESTS
126, 135, 188, 191, 221
VELOCITY
091
VIROLA
079, 267, 307, 354, 391, 400,
410, 521, 527
VENILIORNIS
525
VERBENACEAE
072, 118, 192, 286, 386, 394,
421, 446, 539
VOCHYSIA
079, 116, 138, 243, 267, 307,
354, 372, 382, 390, 391, 400,
410, 421, 438, 460, 521, 524,
527, 578, 605
VERTEBRATES
022, 042, 066, 081, 094, 095,
099, 102, 165, 174, 195, 213,
232, 257, 259, 262, 264, 265,
272, 306, 314, 321, 326, 328,
329, 332, 346, 351, 357, 393,
396, 398, 403, 413, 414, 422,
429, 443, 448, 459, 468, 472,
474, 477, 493, 497, 498, 500,
516, 517, 525, 528, 529, 542,
549, 554, 559, 560, 564, 603
VOCHYSIACEAE
079, 116, 138, 243, 267, 307,
354, 372, 382, 390, 391, 400,
410, 421, 438, 460, 521, 524,
527, 578, 605
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
130, 392, 458
VULNERABILITY
276, 434, 496, 594, 595, 596,
618, 619, 629, 632, 633, 634,
635, 639, 640, 642, 646, 648,
653, 654, 656, 657
VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR
MYCORRHIZAE
105
VESPIDAE
476
VIANNIA
459
VIENNA CONVENTION
061
VOLCANIC RISK
651
VOLCANISM
204, 600
WARMING EVENT
178, 180, 212
WARM INDEX
106
WASTE LANDFILLS
652
WASTE MANAGEMENT
077, 444, 649, 652
WASTE TREATMENT
652
WASTES
104, 137, 652
WASTEWATER
166, 425, 647
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
425
WATER
013, 064, 069, 108, 214, 249,
402, 418, 484, 596
WATER BALANCE
052, 091, 650
WATER CONSERVATION
181, 186, 189, 215, 266, 388,
454, 455, 471
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
496, 629, 632, 634, 635, 640
WATER CONSUMPTION
045
VULNERABILITY OF PLANTS
277
WATER CONTAMINATION
446
WARM TEMPERATURE
095
WATER DEPLETION
594
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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WATER DRAINAGE
548
WATER EFFECT
630
WATER EROSION
386
WATER FLOW
214
WATER ISOTOPES
402
WATER LAW
596, 633, 639
WATER MANAGEMENT
045, 112, 120, 596, 633, 639,
653, 654, 655, 656, 657
WATER POLLUTION
045
WATER PROTECTION
117, 471
WATER QUALITY
045, 425, 651
WATER RESOURCES
045, 097, 112, 164, 170, 189,
193, 249, 593, 595, 596, 599,
601, 620, 639, 650, 651, 653,
654, 656, 657, 658
WATER STRESS
030
WATER TEMPERATURE
012, 425
WATER USE
548
WATER VAPOR
081, 329, 349, 368
WETLAND
HYDROGEOMORPHOLOGY
464
WATER-FILLED PORE SPACE
387, 397, 452
WETLAND HYDROLOGY
464
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
046, 454
WETLANDS
108, 226, 249, 463, 464, 511,
573
WATERSHED PROTECTION
161, 279, 363, 534
WATERSHEDS
046, 070, 161, 167, 279, 363,
386, 388, 454, 534, 588, 590,
613
WEATHER
200, 201, 207, 213, 326
WEATHER DATA
159
WEATHER PATTERN
095, 321
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
WARM POOL
412, 453
WET BULB GLOBE
TEMPERATURE
540
WET FORESTS
153, 154
WET SEASON
614
WETLAND EDUCATION
463, 511
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
WILDLIFE
097, 107, 501, 593, 595
WILDLIFE DISEASES
493
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
232, 468
WILDLIFE PROTECTED AREAS
226
WILDLIFE PROTECTION
377
WILDLIFE SPECIES
EXTRACTION
226
WILSONIA
497
WIND
002, 091, 151, 229, 245, 295,
319, 373, 465, 500
WIND SPEED
002
WINDBREAKS
186
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Junio 2012
WOOD
211, 285, 380
YOUNGER DRYAS
038, 147, 384
WOOD ANATOMY
412, 453
ZEA
008, 155, 175, 204, 244, 251,
296, 360, 623
WOOD INDUSTRY
200, 201
WOOD PRODUCTION
568
WOODLANDS
178, 180, 184, 212
WOODY DEBRIS
483
ZIMMERIUS
525
ZINC
009, 552
ZOOXANTHELLATE CORALS
467
ZYGIA
220
WOODY PLANTS
014, 186, 598
WORKERS
540
WORLD FORESTRY
STATISTICS
515
WORLD FORESTS
515
WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
622
XANTHOSOMA
175
XIX CENTURY
399
YIELDS
408, 626, 627, 628, 630
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Junio 2012
LISTA DE PUBLICACIONES
Publicación no.: 001 Carbon dioxide exchange of a tropical rain forest. Part II [Intercambio de dióxido
de carbono de un bosque lluvioso tropical. Parte II] / Lemon, E; Allen, L.H., Jr; Müller, L.E. (Cornell
University. Agronomy Department, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, US).
En: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 20, no. 19, p. 1054-1059. 1970. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S492.
Publicación no.: 002 Environment of a Costa Rican forest [Ambiente de un bosque costarricense] / Allen,
L.H., Jr; Lemon, E; Müller, L.E. (USDA/ARS. Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Beltsville, MD
20705, US).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 53, no. 1, p. 102-111. 1972.
Wind speed and turbulence were measured at five heights simultaneously in a Costa Rican forest with
non-stalling, heated-thermocouple anemometers. A persistent daytime stable thermal stratification of
the air beneath the top canopy decreased small-scale turbulence, which may increase boundary-layer
resistance of leaf-to-air transport of water vapor and CO2. Three CO2 source layers (ground level, trunk
space, and above the top canopy) and two CO2 sink layers (top canopy and bottom canopy) were found
in this forest. Low nocturnal wind speed allowed CO2 from respiration to accumulate at night.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1658.
Publicación no.: 003 Sequías y uso agropecuario del suelo en el sector medio de la cuenca del río
Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 1950-1985 / Castro-Chacón, Víctor; Villegas-Guevara, C. San José:
Universidad de Costa Rica, 1987. 139 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Geografía, Universidad de Costa Rica,
Escuela de Historia y Geografía, San José (Costa Rica).
La investigación a nivel teórico brindó un mejor conocimiento de la severidad y variabilidad de las
condiciones climáticas del área. En términos prácticos, se ha mostrado y explicado los cambios en el uso
del suelo y sus probables tendencias. A nivel metodológico, se determinó la validez de un método
simple de determinación de las sequías. Habría sido ideal mapear el riesgo de las sequías, empero
implicaba trabajar en una área mucho mayor a la escogida, además representa prácticamente una
nueva investigación, que podrá desarrollarse próximamente. La percepción del fenómeno se ha hecho
evidente mediante las citas que sobre las sequías mencionan los diarios nacionales, las revistas
especializadas y los estudios técnicos consultados, aparte de que en toda la investigación de una u otra
manera queda implícita la percepción. Además las entrevistas realizadas en la propia área, reflejaron
que el 100% de los agricultores consultados, tenían clara conciencia del riesgo de la sequía. Por último,
aunque no es específico, se deduce de los documentos consultados, que en las políticas agrarias
gubernamentales se marginan los intereses de los pequeños agricultores, los cuales son los que tienen
menos posibilidades de adaptarse a una agricultura muy dinámica, por las pequeñas parcelas y
limitaciones crediticias, entre otros factores.
Localización: Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: Tesis 10187.
Publicación no.: 004 Processes of nutrient transfer in a tropical rain forest [Procesos de transferencia
de nutrimentos en un bosque lluvioso tropical] / Johnson, Dale W; Cole, D.W; Gessel, S.P. (Oak Ridge
National Laboratory. Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, US).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 7, no. 3, p. 208-215. 1975.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
Página 91 de 456
Bibliografías Especializadas OET #16
Calentamiento Global y Cambio Climático en Costa Rica
Junio 2012
The process of cation leaching in a tropical soil was investigated at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.
It was concluded that carbonic acid is the agent responsible for most cation leaching in this soil, just as it
is in a temperate Douglas-fir forest soil in western Washington. Calculated carbon dioxide pressures in
the tropical soil are approximately an order of magnitude greater than those in the temperate soil; thus
it is presumed that the greater soil carbon dioxide production in the tropical soil has played a major role
in depleting the reserve of exchangeable cations therein. Carbon dioxide evolution studies conducted at
the site indicate that probably less than half the total soil carbon dioxide evolved comes from initial
litter decomposition. Consequently, high decomposition rates cannot necessarily be directly related to
high soil-leaching potential. Other aspects of mineral transfer in solution are discussed with special
reference to storm duration, storm intensity, and uptake by vegetation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S298. NBINA-3455.
Publicación no.: 005 Slash and burn impacts on a Costa Rican wet forest site [Impactos de la corta y
quema sobre un sitio de bosque húmedo costarricense] / Ewel, John J; Berish, C.W; Brown, Becky Jean;
Price, N; Raich, James W. (USDA Forest Service, Honolulu, HI 96813, US <E-mail: jackewel@gte.net> <Email: jraich@iastate.edu>).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 62, no. 3, p. 816-829. 1981.
Three 33X33 m plots in 8- to 9-yr-old tropical evergreen forest at Turrialba, Costa Rica, interspersed with
70-yr-old patches were felled in Jan. 1979 and firewood removed from the site. Remaining vegetation
was left through the dry season (mulching) then burned in March 1979. Nutrient budgets, rates of CO2
evolution from the soil, soil seed storage and plant growth were evaluated at each stage. Harvest of
large trees removed more than 10% of all elements (C, S, P, K, Ca, Mg) except N. During the 11-wk
mulching and drying period, 33% of K and 13% P disappeared, but losses of other elements were less
than 6%. The burn volatilized 31% of the initial amount of C, 22% of N, and 49% of S. Post-burn wind and
water erosion of ash and leaching removed 16% of N, 33% of K, 51% of P, 45% of Ca, 40% of Mg, and
insignificant amounts of C and S. Soil CO2 evolution was greater from beneath 11-wk-old slash (3.6 g/m²
daily of C) than from beneath the forest (2.5 g/m²), probably because slash conserved soil moisture
better than actively transpiring forest. After burning, both field and forest soil evolved CO2 at about 4.5
g/m² daily of C. Soil seed storage fell from about 8000 seeds/m² (67 species) in the forest, to 6000
seeds/m² (51 species) after mulching and drying, to 3000 seeds/m² (37 species) after burning.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2181. NBINA-5673.
Publicación no.: 006 Carbon budget of a tropical soil under mature wet forest and young vegetation
[Presupuesto de carbono de un suelo tropical bajo bosque húmedo maduro y vegetación joven] / Raich,
James W. (Iowa State University. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Ames, IA
50011, US <E-mail: jraich@iastate.edu>). Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 1980. 107 p. Thesis, M.Sc,
University of Florida, Department of Botany, Gainesville, FL (USA).
The effects of tropical forest removal on the carbon budget of a soil were studied by measuring major
storages (litter, roots, and organic matter) and flows (precipitation, litterfall, and CO2 evolution) of soil
carbon in two types of vegetation: mature wet forest and one-year-old succession in La Selva Biological
Station, a Costa Rican lowland. The mature-forest soil (litter plus roots and soil to a depth of 50 cm)
contained2.5 kg/m² more carbon than did the soil beneath the young successional vegetation. The
greatest reduction occurred in large dead wood; the forest contained1.8 kg/m² more carbon in logs than
did the regrowth. There was 6-7% less carbon in soil organic matter, and about 45% less non-woody
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litter and non-woody litterfall in the regrowth than in the forest. The greatest similarities between the
two sites were in fine roots (about 114 g C/m² in both sites) and soil organic matter, which may indicate
that the functioning of the soil community was not seriously impaired by forest removal. Litterfall, which
averaged 2.8 g/m², day in the forest and 1.6 g/m², day in the regrowth, was the major source of soil
carbon measured in this study, but carbon budgets indicate that root inputs to the soil were more than
twice the carbon inputs in litterfall. The proportions of rainfall reaching the soil surface in throughfall
and stem flow, respectively, were: 52% and 9% in the forest, and 68% and 4% in the regrowth. Average
carbon concentrations in throughfall and stem flow were 12 and 13 mg/l, respectively, in the forest, and
14 and 10 mg/l in the regrowth. Rain water averaged 5 mg C/l. Precipitation inputs and leaching losses
of soil carbon were 40 g/m².yr in both sites. The rate of soil CO2 evolution was higher in the young
regrowth than in mature forest (7.1 and 5.3 g C/m².day). The regrowth was undergoing a net loss of
stored soil carbon to the atmosphere.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 4.
Publicación no.: 007 Preliminary pollen analysis of Quaternary sediments from Deep Sea Drilling
Project Site 565, western Costa Rica [Análisis preliminar del polen de sedimentos del Cuaternario del
Sitio 565 del Proyecto de Perforamiento Profundo del Mar, Costa Rica occidental] / Horn, Sally P. (The
University of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN
37996-09251420, US <E-mail: shorn@utk.edu>).
En: Initial Reports of the Sea Drilling Project, v. 84, p. 533-547. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1985.
Preliminary analyses of 32 samples from the upper 24 m of sediment recovered at Site 565 show
changes in pollen frequencies that appear to reflect vegetational and climatic changes in southern
Central America during the late Quaternary. Four pollen zones are recognized. In the lowest zone, Zone
4, the tropical pollen types Urticales, Piper, and Alchornea are common. Temperate forest taxa,
particularly Pinus, Quercus, and Podocarpus, dominate Zones 3 and 2. Pollen spectra in Zone 1 are
variable and show peaks in both temperate and tropical taxa. The record is estimated to cover most of
the last glacial cycle.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S313.
Publicación no.: 008 Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests [Flujo de óxido nitroso de bosques
secos tropicales] / Vitousek, Peter M; Matson, Pamela A; Volkmann, Carol; Maass, J. Manuel; García,
Georgina. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 3, no. 4, p. 375-382. 1989.
Fluxes of nitrous oxide were determined in several sites in drought-deciduous tropical forest, an
extensive but little-studied biome. N2O-N fluxes from eight sites within intact Mexican forest averaged
0.91 ng cm-2 h-1 during the wet season; they were virtually absent in the dry season. Two subsistence
maize fields yielded increased soil N2O-N fluxes, while five pastures were more variable. Watering during
the dry season caused a substantial but short-lived pulse of N2O. Similar fluxes were observed in lessintensive sampling of dry-forest sites in Hawaii and Costa Rica. Overall, N2O fluxes from soils of dry
tropical forests appear to be similar to those from moist tropical forests during the wet season and very
low during the dry season.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-10199.
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Publicación no.: 009 Los líquenes como indicadores de la contaminación atmosférica en el área
metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica [Lichens as atmospheric pollution indicators in the metropolitan
area of San José, Costa Rica] / Méndez-Arburola, Olga Isabel; Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto. (Universidad
de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 28, no. 1, p. 31-39. 1980.
Lichens were used as an pollution indicators In the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica. Trasplants
showed a positive correlation between the percentage of dead cells in the thallus and the ketone
soluble substances deposited on it. Those parts of the city where pollution is greatest (industrial areas
and heavy traffic) were also the ones where lichens suffered the most, and in some extreme cases the
thallus died after 8 months of exposure. Besides this transplant experiment, the coverage of Parmelia
lichens on the bark of several tree species was determined in some areas of the city. The results of these
observations suggest that the city of San José has three different kinds of air environment in relation to
lichen survival: normal, transitional and desertic, as reported for other cities of the world. The most
frequent air pollutants in San José are: CO, CO2, C2H5OH, Cl2, HCl, H2S, H3PO4, H2CrO4, NO, NH3, NH4Cl,
SO2 and Zn.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 010 Cross-system comparisons of soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux
in tropical forest ecosystems [Comparaciones de sistemas cruzados de transformaciones del nitrógeno
del suelo y flujo de óxido nitroso en ecosistemas de bosques tropicales] / Matson, Pamela A; Vitousek,
Peter M. (NASA-Ames Research Center. Ecosystem Scientific and Technical Branch, Moffett Field, CA
94035, US).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 1, no. 2, p. 163-170. 1987.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7218.pdf
Soil nitrogen transformations and nitrous oxide flux across the soil-air interface were measured in a
range of tropical forest sites in Costa Rica, Brazil, and Hawaii. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification
potentials were high in the relatively fertile Costa Rica sites and the Amazonian oxisol/ultisols (1.5 µg-1
d-1 of N mineralized), intermediate in Amazonian white sand soils (0.5-0.8 µg-1 d-1) and low in the
Hawaiian montane sites (0.5 µg g-1 d-1). Nitrous oxide fluxes ranged from 0 to 6.2 ng cm2 h-1 of N; mean
flux per site was highly correlated with mean nitrogen mineralization across 26 sites. These correlated
patterns of nitrogen cycling and trace gas production could be useful in the development of regionaland global-scale estimates of nitrous oxide fluxes from tropical forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2050. NBINA-7218.
Publicación no.: 011 Microclimatic factors associated with elevational changes in army ant density in
tropical montane forest [Factores microclimáticos asociados con los cambios altitudinales en la
densidad de hormigas ronchadoras en un bosque tropical montano] / O'Donnell, Sean; Kumar, Anjali.
(University of Washington. Department of Psychology, Animal Behavior Program, Box 351525, Seattle,
WA 98195, US <E-mail: sodonnel@u.washington.edu>).
En: Ecological Entomology (ISSN 0307-6946), v. 31, no. 5, p. 491-498. 2006.
1. The density (rate of encountering aging raids) and species richness of army ants (Formicidae:
Ecitoninae, and behaviourally convergent Ponerinae) was measured in montane tropical forest. Aboveground and subterranean army ant raids were sampled using standard protocols at four sites across an
elevational gradient (1200-1650 m above mean sea level) in and near cloud forest in the area of
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Monteverde, Costa Rica. 2. Mean ambient temperature differed among sites, and decreased with
elevation. For the above-ground foraging army ant species, raid rates also declined with elevation.
Surface army ant raid rates, however, were not affected by day to day weather variation within sites
(temperature, cloud cover, or precipitation). 3. For the underground foraging army ant species, raid
rates did not vary directionally with elevation, and subterranean raid rates were not affected by day to
day weather variation within sites. 4. Army ant species richness was not directionally related to
elevation, and species sharing among sites was generally high. 5. Army ant community structure changes
with elevation in Neotropical montane forest, and the results suggest that the strongest effects are of
temperature regimes on the density of raids. These findings provide a baseline against which to detect
changes in army ant communities that may accompany directional climate change in tropical cloud
forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4851.
Publicación no.: 012 Sedimentation and the history of upwelling and climate in high fertility areas of
the Northeastern Pacific Ocean [Sedimentación, la historia del afloramiento y el clima en áreas de
mucha fertilidad del Océano Pacífico nororiental] / Dunbar, R.B. San Diego, CA: University of California,
1981. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, CA (USA).
In this thesis, I address two problems: (1) how sedimentation occurs in highly productive coastal regions,
and (2) how sedimentary deposits and carbonate fossil remains accumulating in such areas can be used
to reconstruct the history of oceanic climate and fertility. During the deployment of a suitcase-type
sediment trap in the Santa Barbara Basin (California), fecal pellets comprised more than 60% of the total
flux of 660 g m² yr(-1). During a second deployment in the Panama Basin, recognizable fecal pellets
accounted for less than 2% of the total flux to the deep water column. A model is presented which
relates pellet flux (and organic carbon flux) to the degree of pellet "robustness" produced by clay
mineral incorporation. Detailed oxygen isotope profiles of branches of the rapidly-growing reef coral,
Pocillopora damicornis, indicate that seasonal changes in temperature and seawater isotopic
composition are precisely recorded. Oxygen isotopic analysis of fossil corals from the Gulf of
Papagayo(Pacific coast of Costa Rica) indicate that widespread coral mortality in this area was related to
exposure to cold water about 200 years ago. Water temperatures dropped due to an increase in tradewind driven coastal upwelling during the height of the Little Ice Age. This is the first evidence for a low
latitude expression of the Little Ice Age and the results imply that even minor climatic perturbations are
accompanied by significant changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation. ('18)O/('16)O ratios in the
planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides in box cores from the varved sediments of the Santa
Barbara Basin are positively correlated with the historical records of upwelling (sea level, water
temperature, and air temperature) from Port Hueneme Los Angeles, and San Diego. Isotope
stratigraphies suggest that upwelling rates were greater during the Little Ice Age (about 50 to 400 years
ago, with cold peaks at approximately 1900, 1870, 1810, and 1770) than today. An expanded record of
the "11K" deglacial event is contained in the upper three meters of a radio-carbon dated piston core
from San Clemente Basin (California). As recorded by ('18)O/('16)O and ('13)C/('12)C ratios in the
planktonic and benthic foraminifera, the duration of the event is3000 years. The first event associated
with deglaciation is a rapid increase in benthic (delta)('13)C (which may reflect the introduction of
relatively "young" deep water) which preceeds by 500 to 1,000 years the planktonic (delta)('18)O
change (recording rapid melting of the continental glaciers). Mixing of the isotopically depleted melt
water into the deep ocean proceeds for the next 2000 to 2500 years.
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Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 013 Controls on nitric oxide emissions from tropical pasture and rain forest soils
[Controles sobre las emisiones de óxido nítrico de potreros y suelos de bosques lluviosos tropicales] /
Parsons, W.F.J; Keller, Michael. (Rutgers University. Institute of Marine and Costal Sciences, Piscataway,
NJ 08855, US <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 20 no. 3, p. 151-156. 1995.
In field studies, forest soils in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica emitted greater amounts of nitric oxide
(NO) than soils from pastures that had been actively grazed for over 20 years following their conversion
from forest. NO production from intact soil cores, from these areas were measured. Laboratory tests
using ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), water, and acetylene (C2H2) additions
demonstrated a response consistent with field studies. Forest soils cores produced more NO than
pasture cores regardless of treatment. In forest soils the response to NH4+ solution was significantly
greater than response to water or an ambient moisture control. Addition of 10 kPa C2H2 caused a
marked decrease in NO production in forest soil cores. These responses suggest a nitrification-linked
control over NO production. Large and rapid responses to NO2- additions suggest that chemical
decomposition of this ion may contribute to NO production. Pasture soil cores did not show a significant
response to any of the treatments including NO2-. Low porosity in the pasture soils may restrict emission
of NO produced therein.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5246.
Publicación no.: 014 Nitrogen loss from coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica: leaching and
denitrification in the presence and absence of shade trees [Pérdida de nitrógeno de agroecosistemas de
café en Costa Rica: percolación y denitrificación en presencia y ausencia de árboles de sombra] / BabbarAmighetti, Liana I; Zak, D.R. (Organización para Estudios Tropicales. Directora General en Costa Rica,
Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: lbabbar@ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
drzak@umich.edu>).
En: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425), v. 24, no. 2, p. 227-233. 1995.
Nitrate leaching and the factors controlling denitrification in shaded and unshaded coffee (Coffea
arabica) plantations were investigated in the Central Valley of Costa Rica; both plantation types were
fertilized with 300 kg N/ha annually. Nitrate leaching was quantified using porous ceramic cup
lysimeters placed 60 cm below the soil surface. Losses were estimated by multiplying the soil water NO3concn by the monthly soil water excess, determined as the difference between precipitation and actual
evapotranspiration. In addition, a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of
NO3-, C, and O2 availability on N2O production and total denitrification (N2O-N + N2-N). Annual leaching
losses of NO3- were almost three times greater in unshaded plantations (24 kg NO3-/ha) than in shaded
plantations (9 kg/ha). In contrast, mean total daily denitrification rates in control soil samples from
shaded plantations were 60% higher (732 µg N2O-N/kg) than in unshaded plantations (455 µg N2ON/kg). Carbon additions produced the largest increase in daily denitrification, generating a threefold
increase (+C = 8396 µg N2O-N/kg; -C = 2985 µg N2O-N/kg) in both plantation types. Anaerobic conditions
also significantly increased denitrification (+O2 = 4331 µg N2O-N/kg per day; -O2 = 6656 µg N2O-N/kg per
day). In both plantation types, the potential for N loss via NO3- leaching was small compared with that
for gaseous N loss.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7255.
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Publicación no.: 015 Integrating earth systems science [Integrando los sistemas de ciencia de la tierra] /
Williamson, P. (University of East Anglia. School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich, GB).
En: Ambio (ISSN 0044-7447), v. 23, no. 1, 103 pp. 1994.
This special issue contains eighteen papers presented at the 3rd International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme (IGBP) Scientific Advisory Council meeting in Mexico in 1993. The papers address the
following subjects: the carbon cycle; global change models; interactions and collaboration in global
change across the social and natural sciences; science and policy making; palaeo-perspectives; the
response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide; global
atmospheric-biospheric chemistry; biogeochemical interactions in the equatorial Pacific; landscape to
regional-scale responses of terrestrial ecosystems to global change; the impact of rising carbon dioxide
concentrations on the terrestrial biosphere; a vegetation classification logic based on remote sensing for
use in global biogeochemical models; large-scale experimental and modelling studies of hydrological
processes; changes in general circulation and its influence on precipitation trends in Central America
(Costa Rica); global land-use/land cover change; perspectives on policy; development of the InterAmerican Institute for Global Change Research; and the role of the European Union in global change
research.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 016 Organic carbon turnover in three tropical soils under pasture after deforestation
[Funcionamiento del carbono orgánico en tres suelos tropicales bajo pastizales después de la
deforestación] / Veldkamp, Edzo. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion;
Busgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Soil Science Society of America Journal (ISSN 0361-5995), v. 58, no. 1, p. 175-180. 1994.
The changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage after deforestation in three soil types in the Atlantic
Zone of Costa Rica were studied using the δ13C method. Changes in bulk density, which normally
accompany land use changes, had a profound influence on the results of the calculations. Deforestation,
followed by 25 yr of pasture, caused a net loss of 21.8 t/ha in SOC for an Eutric Hapludand and 1.5 t/ha
for an Oxic Humitropept. The SOC changes over time were studied on a deforestation sequence on an
Andic Humitropept. In the first years after forest clearing, decomposition of tree roots caused an extra
input of SOC, which influenced the δ13C signal. Decomposition of forest C and increase of pasture C were
mathematically described for several depths. A marked influence of depth on decomposition rates was
found. The strong stabilization of organic C by Al-organic matter complexes probably caused the
relatively small net C loss from SOC since forest clearing.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 372. S7222.
Publicación no.: 017 Climate-induced annual variation in canopy tree growth in a Costa Rican tropical
rain forest [El clima induce la variación anual en el crecimiento del dosel en un bosque tropical lluvioso
costarricense] / Clark, Deborah A; Clark, David B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological
Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: The Journal of Ecology (ISSN 0022-0477), v. 82, no. 4, p. 865-872. 1994.
Data are presented and discussed on annual growth (diameter) over 8 yr (1984-92) for saplings and
adults of nonpioneer tree species in a lowland neotropical rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa
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Rica. The species included 5 emergents (Lecythis ampla, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Dipteryx
panamensis, Pithecellobium elegans, Hyeronima alchorneoides) and one canopy species (Minquartia
guianensis).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2609. NBINA-2083. LS.
Publicación no.: 018 Nitrate limitation of N2O production and denitrification from tropical pasture and
rain forest soils [Limitación de nitratos por la producción de óxido nitroso y denitrificación de suelos de
potreros tropicales y bosques lluviosos] / Parsons, W.F.J; Mitre, M.E; Keller, Michael; Reiners, William A.
(University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071-3165, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: reiners@uwyo.edu>).
En: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 22, no. 3, p. 179-193. 1993.
Nitrous oxide production was measured in intact cores taken from active pasture and old-growth forest
Inceptisols in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Aqueous KNO3 and/or glucose were added and the
cores were incubated in the laboratory to determine if N2O production rates were either nitrogen or
carbon limited. The differences in rates of denitrification among amended forest and pasture soils were
determined by the addition of 10% C2H2. The forest soils were relatively insensitive to all amendment
additions, including the acetylene block. Forest N2O production rates among the treatments did not
differ from the controls and were lower than those of the pasture soils. With the addition of glucose
plus nitrate to the forest soils, production of N2O was three times greater than the controls. This increase
was not statistically significant. Pasture soils were nitrogen-limited as N2O production rates were
increased by all nitrate-containing amendments. Denitrification was high in the pasture soils. The results
are discussed with respect to the effects of agricultural land use practices and the impacts of
disturbances on N2O release.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2113. NBINA-7044.
Publicación no.: 019 Effect of pasture age on soil trace-gas emissions from a deforested area of Costa
Rica [Efecto de la edad del pasto sobre las emisiones de gases traza del suelo de áreas deforestadas de
Costa Rica] / Keller, Michael; Veldkamp, Edzo; Weitz, A.M; Reiners, William A. (U.S. Department of
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de> <E-mail:
reiners@uwyo.edu>).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 365, no. 6443, p. 244-246. 1993.
Trace-gas fluxes were measured in pastures of varying ages since conversion from forest in Costa Rica.
Nitrogen oxide fluxes peaked during the first 10 yr after conversion, but declined thereafter to values
that were lower than the original forest fluxes. Previous estimates in the literature of increased nitrous
oxide input to the atmosphere from conversion of forest to pasture had assumed that elevated fluxes
were maintained.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2024. LS. NBINA-9464.
Publicación no.: 020 Bibliografía sobre calentamiento global y cambio climático en Costa Rica /
Fuentes-González, Gilbert (ed.); Azofeifa-Mora, Ana Beatriz (ed.); Aguilar-Zumbado, Susana (ed.).
(Organización para Estudios Tropicales, Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
gilbert.fuentes@ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: susana.aguilar@ots.ac.cr>). San José: Organización para Estudios
Tropicales, 2008. (Serie Bibliografía OET; no. 7).
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Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-9094.pdf
El calentamiento global se refiere al incremento observado en la temperatura promedio de la superficie
terrestre acaecido en décadas recientes. Esta temperatura ha aumentado en promedio 0.74° C (1.3° F)
en los últimos 100 años, tanto sobre la tierra como los océanos. Esta bibliografía recoge las
investigaciones realizadas en Costa Rica sobre cambio climático, gases de efecto invernadero, cambios
en los ecosistemas, cambios en la capa de ozono, efectos sobre algunas especies, balance global del
carbono, captura de carbono, etc. e invita al lector para que se una a los esfuerzos para entender los
cambios que están afectando nuestros ecosistemas y el mundo natural tal como lo conocemos. La
información para elaborar esta bibliografía procede de la base de datos BINABITROP (Bibliografía
Nacional en Biología Tropical)
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-9094.
Publicación no.: 021 Cost and performance of CO2 storage in forestry projects [Costo y comportamiento
del almacenamiento de CO2 en proyectos forestales] / Swisher, J.N. (Lund University. Environment and
Energy Systems Studies, Gerdagatan 13, 22362 Lund, SE).
En: Biomass and Bioenergy (ISSN 0961-9534), v. 1, no. 6, p. 317-328. 1992.
In order to include forestry projects in a possible CO2 emission reduction regime, and to compare the
costs of individual projects or national programmes, it is necessary to determine the rate of equivalency
between carbon in fossil fuel emissions and carbon stored in different types of forestry projects. A
comprehensive and consistent methodology is presented to account for costs and carbon flows of
different categories of forestry projects. Application of the methodology to a set of projects in Central
America is described. Several estimates have been made to date of the overall potential for carbon
storage through global reforestation and the costs of such efforts, based on global macroeconomic
estimates and extrapolations from current forest-sector experience. However, there has yet to be a
consistent analysis of the magnitude and cost of carbon savings by a 'bottom-up' approach to
sustainable forestry development. This methodology is applied to a set of projects proposed in Costa
Rica and other Central American countries under the Tropical Forest Action Plan, to estimate a sample
set of national CO2 reduction cost curves. Costs of carbon savings in forestry projects studied in Central
America mostly fall between $5 and $13/ton C, depending on type of project, climate, and opportunity
cost of land. These projects also promise socioeconomic benefits at the local level, provided they are
adequately endowed with funding, training and institutional support. The total amount of CO2 storage
potential is significant, about 100 million tons per country, but not enough to suggest that forestry can
offset more than a few percent of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5392. NBINA-8246.
Publicación no.: 022 Postglacial vegetation and fire history in the Chirripó paramo of Costa Rica
[Vegetación postglacial e historia de incendios en el páramo del Chirripó de Costa Rica] / Horn, Sally P.
(The University of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville,
TN 37996-09251420, US <E-mail: shorn@utk.edu>).
En: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894), v. 40, no. 1, p. 107-116. 1993.
Pollen and charcoal analysis of a 5.6-m sediment core from Lago de las Morrenas (9 degree 29'N, 83
degree 29'W; 3480 m) provides evidence of postglacial vegetation and fire history in the highlands of the
Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. The site is presently surrounded by treeless paramo vegetation and
apparently has been so since deglaciation about 10,000 yr B.P. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced
changes in vegetation since ice retreat. Fires set by people or lightning have burned the paramo
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repeatedly, with fire activity probably highest during the late Holocene, but these fires have not carved
paramo from forest. Pollen percentages for Gramineae and other paramo taxa decline upward, whereas
percentages for certain subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these
changes may reflect the impact of prehistoric human activity or slight upslope migrations of forest taxa
owing to climatic warming. There is no clear evidence of higher timberlines during the mid-Holocene.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4614.
Publicación no.: 023 Fluxes of nitric oxide from soils following the clearing and burning of a secondary
tropical rain forest [Flujos de óxico nítrico de suelos luego de la tala y quema de un bosque lluvioso
tropical secundario] / Neff, J.C; Keller, Michael; Holland, E.A; Weitz, A.M; Veldkamp, Edzo. (National
Center for Atmospheric Research. Atmospheric Chemical Division, Boulder, CO, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v.100(D12), no. 25, p. 913-25, 922.
1995.
At sites in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica, clearing and burning of a secondary tropical rain forest
caused a significant increase in soil nitric oxide emissions. Soil-atmospheric NO fluxes averaged 0.5 ng
N/cm²-h prior to clearing and increased to 4.1 ng N/cm²-h following clearing and to greater than 12.0 ng
N/cm²-h following burning. Soil NO emissions were elevated for a period of 3-4 mo following clearing,
and fluxes peaked for 1-3 days following burning. We conducted a series of experiments with intact soil
cores to determinate the probable mechanism responsible for elevated NO emissions from soils. In one
set of experiments we added substrates for microbial nitrification (ammonium), denitrification (nitrate),
and chemical denitrification (nitrite) to autoclaved (killed) and non-autoclaved (live) soil cores. Wateronly additions were used as controls. Compared to water or nitrate additions, ammonium caused a
significant increase in NO emissions from live cores. Water, ammonium, and nitrate additions had no
effect on emissions from autoclaved cores. Nitrite soln. additions resulted in highly significant increases
in NO emissions from both autoclaved and non-autoclaved soil cores. In a second set of experiments we
treated intact soil cores with acetylene (1 kPa C2H2) to selectively inhibit nitrification and oxygen to
inhibit denitrification. The oxygen treatment had no effect on NO production, while acetylene
significantly reduced NO emissions. The results, from major pathway for NO production in these soils. In
contrast, microbial nitrification appears to be a critical process responsible for NO emissions throughout
the clearing and burning period. Field experiments, with acetylene as an inhibitor, show that
immediately following burning, chemical denitrification of nitrite deposited in ash supports a large peak
in NO fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2562. LS.
Publicación no.: 024 Geocoding and stereo display of tropical forest multisensor datasets / Welch,
Ronald M; Jordan, T.R; Luvall, Jeffrey C. (The University of Georgia. Center for Remote Sensing and
Mapping Science, Athens, GA 30602, US).
En: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112), v. 56, no. 10, p. 1389-1392.
1990.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-9700.pdf
Methodologies are described for the development of a multisensor geocoded dataset with stereo
display to facilitate the building of databases that may be used to assess deforestation, thermal
response, evapotranspiration and other parameters linked to climate change. Geocoding and registering
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are discussed for multisensor data (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), Calibrated Airborne
Multispectral Scanner (CAMS), SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM))
obtained for the Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: P. LS. NBINA-9700. S11533.
Publicación no.: 025 Deforestation, carbon dynamics, and sustainable mitigation measures in Costa
Rica - The Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí case study [Deforestación, dinámica del carbono y medidas
sostenibles de mitigación en Costa Rica - Estudio de caso de Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí] / SánchezAzofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Quesada-Mateo, Carlos A. (University of Alberta. Department of Earth and
Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail: arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca> <E-mail:
cquesada@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Interciencia (ISSN 0378-1844), v. 20, no. 6, p. 396-400. 1995.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-8110.pdf
The definition of mitigation policies and implementation projects in developing countries must be based
on solid scientific knowledge foundations. This knowledge basis must not only provide information on
the response of physical systems, but must consider, besides, the social forces that induce the response
of natural systems. In the present article, the role played by science and technology in the definition of
abatement policies is analyzed by means of a case-study in the Puerto Viejo de Sarapiquí area, in Costa
Rica. Satellite information and geographical information systems are combined in order to understand
the forces generating a change in the use of land in this area, as well in the building of a data-base which
may permit the definition of long-term policies. It is concluded in this article that the success of any
policy or program will only be achieved if these are included within a referential framework which is
related to a strategy for a country's coherent and sustainable development.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: I. NBINA-8110.
Publicación no.: 026 Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under
secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica [Intercambio del suelo
a la atmósfera de óxido nitroso, óxido nítrico y metano bajo una sucesión secundaria de pastos a bosque
en las tierras bajas del Atlántico de Costa Rica] / Keller, Michael; Reiners, William A. (U.S. Department of
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: reiners@uwyo.edu>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 8, no. 4, p. 399-409. 1994.
We investigated changes in soil-atmosphere flux of CH4, N2O, and NO resulting from the succession of
pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. We studied a dozen sites intensively for over one
year in order to measure rates and to understand controlling mechanisms for gas exchange. CH4 flux was
controlled primarily by soil moisture content. Soil consumption of atmospheric CH4 was greatest when
soil were relatively dry. Forest soils consumed CH4 while pasture soils which had poor drainage generally
produced CH4. The seasonal pattern of N2O emissions correlated with soil exchangeable NO3concentrations. Soil-atmosphere NO flux was greatest when soils were relatively dry. We found the
largest NO emissions from abandoned pasture sites. Combining these data with those from another
study in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica that focused on deforestation, we present a 50-year
chronosequence of trace gas emissions that extends from natural conditions, through disturbance and
natural recovery. The soil-atmosphere fluxes of CH4 and N2O and of NO may be restored to
predisturbance rates during secondary succession. The changes in trace gas emissions following
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deforestation, through pasture use and secondary succesion, may be explained conceptually through
reference to two major controlling factors, nitrogen availability and soil-atmosphere diffusive exchange
of gases as it is influenced by soil moisture content and soil compaction.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2519. LS. NBINA-6918.
Publicación no.: 027 Phenology of tropical forests - patterns, causes, and consequences [Fenología de
los bosques tropicales, los patrones, causas y consecuencias] / Reich, Peter B. (University of Minnesota.
Department of Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108, US).
En: Canadian Journal of Botany (ISSN 0008-4026), v. 73, no. 2, p. 164-174. 1995.
Leaf phenology of tropical forests is distinct from other biomes. Unlike the marked temperature-related
periodicity of temperate forests development tends to be continuous, in a seasonal lowland tropical rain
forests, and becomes more episodic in response to increasing annual drought in tropical dry forests.
Hence, in tropical rain forests, foliar development (production, senescence, and longevity) is largely
under internal rather than environmental control. In contrast, tropical forests with marked annual dry
seasons display associated seasonality of leaf production and shedding. This developmental seasonality
can be explained by overlaying the influence of seasonality on trees' internally regulated development
and appears to be controlled by acclimative physiological processes and not by sensitivity to photo-,
thermo-periodic, or direct environmental cues. Consequences of tropical phenology stem from both the
variety of leaf and species ecophysiological types common to a given moisture regime and their relative
synchrony of development, and include the following: larger diversity of ecophysiological species types
in rain than dry forests; differential rates of herbivory in dry than wet seasons and for synchronous
versus asynchronous leaf flushes; ecosystems with greater canopy foliar mass per hectare in rain than
dry forests; and several leaf adaptations perhaps unique to tropical forests, such as delayed greening
and seasonal leaf phenotypes. Tropical forests may vary in sensitivity to predicted climate change.
Phenology of rain forests should change little unless water balance changes markedly, and
developmental events in rain forests may be relatively insensitive to moderate changes in CO2 or
temperature. Phenology of dry forests could be more sensitive, and in opposite directions, to elevated
CO2 and temperatures. Elevated CO2 might delay the onset of leaf shedding and stimulate longer life
span if stand level transpiration is reduced, whereas higher temperatures could lead to more rapid
water depletion, longer leafless periods, and more strongly synchronized phenology.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S2468. LS.
Publicación no.: 028 A climate alliance for Central America [A debate with Max Campos Ortiz and
Patricia Ramírez Obando of the National Meteorological Institute of Costa Rica] Una alianza para el
clima de Centroamérica [Un debate con Max Campos Ortiz y Patricia Ramírez Obando, del Instituto
Meteorológico Nacional de Costa Rica] / Kelly, M; Granich, F.
En: Tiempo, v. 3, p. 1-3. 1991. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: TIE.
Publicación no.: 029 Tropical forests and trace gases: potential interactions between tropical biology
and the atmospheric sciences [Bosques tropicales y gases traza: interacciones potenciales entre la
biología tropical y las ciencias atmosféricas] / Vitousek, Peter M; Matson, Pamela A. (Stanford
University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, US).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 24, no. 2B, p. 233-239. 1992.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Tropical forests are major contributors to the composition of the atmosphere, and anthropogenic
changes to tropical ecosystems have driven changes in the atmosphere. Tropical biologists can make
and have made significant contributions to understanding these effects, but we can also learn a great
deal from the atmospheric sciences. In this paper, we show how knowledge about the functioning of
tropical ecosystems can contribute to building a global source budget for a greenhouse gas (nitrous
oxide), and how accumulating information from atmospheric measurements suggests that increased
concentrations of a reactive gas (tropospheric ozone) represent a significant perturbation to tropical
ecosystems-even in remote areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1219. LS. NBINA-3539.
Publicación no.: 030 Computer simulation of tree growth periodicity and climatic hydroperiodicity in
tropical forests [Simulación mediante computadora de la periodicidad del crecimiento del árbol y la
hidroperiodicidad climática en bosques tropicales] / Borchert, Rolf. (The University of Kansas. Division of
Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail:
borchert@ku.edu>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 24, no. 3, p. 385-395. 1992.
In most tropical trees, vegetative and reproductive development is distinctly periodic, but often poorly
correlated with seasonal climatic change. Growth periodicity of individual trees is proposed here to
reflect primarily an endogenous rhythm of vegetative growth resulting from periodic leaf replacement.
This endogenous periodicity determines the species-specific timing of flowering and can be entrained
secondarily to seasonal changes in water stress. These assumptions have been incorporated into a
simple computer model which illustrates the effects of various degrees of seasonal drought on tree
growth periodicity. A range of periodic growth patterns observed in individual trees and tree
communities subject to increasing seasonal drought can be simulated by the model suggesting that
casual interactions similar to those operating in the model are sufficient to determine growth periodicity
in tropical trees and forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 031 Possible effects of global warming on the biological diversity in tropical forests
[Posibles efectos del calentamiento global en la diversidad biológica en bosques tropicales] / Hartshorn,
Gary Spencer; Peters, R, [ed.]; Lovejoy, T.E, [ed.]. (Duke University, Box 90630, Durham, NC 27708-0630,
US <E-mail: ghartsho@duke.edu> <E-mail: tlovejoy@worldbank.org>).
En: Global warming and biological diversity New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992. p. 137-146. ISBN: 0300-05930-2.
Introduction: Rampant deforestation, the inexorable advance of the agricultural frontier, species
extinction, and the conservation of biological diversity are some of the principal problems facing those
who would protect tropical forests. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may also affect the
composition and integrity of those few tropical forests that survive well into the next century. Tropical
forests not only are the most species-rich ecosystems known on this planet but also are exceedingly
complex ecologically. This chapter has three objectives: (1) to highlight briefly the ecological complexity
and biological diversity of tropical forests; (2) to review documented effects of historically recent
climatic fluctuations on tropical forest communities; and (3) to use these first two components for
cautiously exploring possible effects of global warming on the biological diversity in tropical forests. My
primary theater of experience is the humid forests of tropical America; hence, I will draw heavily on such
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well- known sites as the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute's Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in
Panama's Lake Gatún (Leigh et al. 1982, 1990) and the Organization for Tropical Studies' La Selva
Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (Clark 1990). 1 am focusing on mature or oldgrowth forests, with minimal or no direct human disturbance; thus young secondary forests,
deforestation, restoration of degraded forest lands, soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and so on are beyond
the purview of this chapter.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1214.
Publicación no.: 032 Modeling soil climate controls on the exchange of trace gases between the
terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere [Modelado de los controles del clima de los suelos en el
intercambio de gases traza entre la biosfera terrestre y la atmósfera] / Frolking, S.E. Durham, NH:
University of New Hampshire, 1993. 245 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH (USA).
Soil temperature and moisture profiles (soil climate) have a strong influence on the rate of trace gas
exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere through the controls exerted on
microbial processes and the physical exchange of gases. Principal controls of biological denitrification in
mineral soils are the availability of carbon and nitrogen substrates and the soil anaerobic status. A
process-oriented model of decomposition and denitrification in soils (DNDC) was modified to have a
more detailed portrayal of these controls. In particular, a diffusive soil gas phase was added, along with
a method for determining anaerobic and aerobic fractional volume within a soil profile. The model
generally overestimated N2O fluxes when compared to field data from a sandy soil in Costa Rica, but
captured the timing and shape of the brief flux episodes. Several modeling shortcomings are discussed,
including the nature of the carbon substrates and the nature and dynamics of soil anaerobic fractional
volume. Methane flux from wetland soils is generally correlated with soil temperature and depth to
water table. A model of peat soil climate was developed and applied to a small, poor fen in southern
New Hampshire. Temperature profiles and ice depth are in good agreement with field data, but depth to
water table is more problematic. Field-based flux correlations to soil temperature, depth to water table,
and weighted recent precipitation were developed. When used with the wetland soil climate model,
much of the seasonal and shorter period flux variability was captured. The model was then driven by
local weather data for 1926-1986; flux variability was dependent on both summer season temperatures
and summer precipitation patterns. It is estimated that a five-year field study would capture most of the
inter-annual variability. Sensitivity of northern peatland methane flux to climate variability was studied
by combining data on flux rates, inundation areas, and summer temperature anomalies (1900-1986) for
the eight major northern peatland regions. Spatial and temporal variability in summer temperature
anomalies caused regional methane flux anomalies to be small, and not likely to provide a strong
feedback to initial climate change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 154. NBINA-5760.
Publicación no.: 033 Nitrogen15 and Oxygen18 characteristics of nitrous oxide: a global perspective
[Nitrógeno15 y Oxígeno18 características del óxido nitroso: una visión mundial] / Kim, K.R; Craig, H. (Seoul
National University. Department of Oceanography, Seoul 151-742, KS).
En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), no. 262, p. 1855-1857. 1993.
The global budget of N2O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the
stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean.
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Measurements of the 15N/14N and 18O/1-6O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N2O, tropical
rain forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N2O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from
sugar-cane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both 15N and 18O relative to mean tropospheric N2O. A
major source of heavy N2O, enriched in both 15N and 18O, must therefore be present to balance the light
N2O from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N2O from the stratosphere, which is enriched
in 15N and 18O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of 15N and 18O are so great that
a large oceanic flux of N2O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these
effects will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N2O in polar ice cores.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S1601. LS.
Publicación no.: 034 Nitrous oxide emissions from tropical soils [Emisiones de óxido nitroso de suelos
tropicales] / Nobre, A.D. (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas, Avenida Andre Araujo, 2936, BR-69083000
Manaus, Amazonas, BR <E-mail: anobre27@yahoo.com>). Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire,
1994. 141 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA).
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 191; NBINA-10068.
Publicación no.: 035 Emissions of greenhouse gases from tropical deforestion and subsequent uses of
the land [Emisiones de gases de invernadero por la deforestación tropical y usos posteriores de la tierra]
/ Dale, V.H.
En: Sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics Washington, D.C: National
Academy Press, 1993. p. 215-260. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.76150913 N277s.
Publicación no.: 036 Biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles [La biodiversidad y los ciclos
biogeoquímicos] / Silver, Whendee L; Brown, S; Lugo, Ariel E; Orians, Gordon H (ed.); Dirzo, Rodolfo
(ed.); Cushman, J.H (ed.). (University of California. E.S.P.M. Ecosystem Sciences Division, 151 Hilgard
Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US <E-mail: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu> <E-mail:
alugo@upr1.upr.clu.edu> <E-mail: orians@zoology.washington.edu>).
En: Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in tropical forests BerlEn: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
Introduction: Ever-increasing human activity across the tropical landscape inevitably results in the loss of
biodiversity at some spatial scales (Wilson 1988, Whitmore and Sayer 1992). For example, it is well
known that the replacement of diverse tropical forests with less species-rich systems results in the loss
of genetic resources and of new, potentially useful plants and animals. Global-scale changes are also
likely to have an impact on biodiversity, both directly through physiological responses to climate change,
and indirectly through changes in the physical environment, ecosystem processes, and species
interactions (Harte et al. 1992). To better determine the outcome of human-induced changes to tropical
forests, we must understand the role of biodiversity in mediating ecosystem-level processes. This
chapter examines the relationship between biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles in tropical forests.
We begin by defining appropriate terms for biodiversity and biogeochemistry and then build a
conceptual framework for linking species and ecosystem processes. Finally, we discuss the empirical
evidence documenting the effects of changes in biodiversity on energy processing and nutrient cycling in
ecosystems.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.26420913 B615S5158.
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Publicación no.: 037 Epiphytes and climate change research in the Caribbean: A proposal
[Investigaciones sobre epífitas y cambio climático en el caribe: Una propuesta] / Lugo, Ariel E; Scatena,
Frederick N. (Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station,
Call Box 25000, Río Piedras 00928-2500, PR <E-mail: alugo@upr1.upr.clu.edu>).
En: Selbyana (ISSN 0361-185X), v. 13, p. 123-130. 1992.
The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the importance of epiphytes in understanding how
global atmospheric changes impact tropical forests. The Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), like other
peaks in the Caribbean, intercepts at least five major global weather systems: (1) trade winds originating
in the Azores; (2) tropical depressions and hurricanes originating in western Africa; (3) northern cold
fronts originating in the polar regions of North America; and systems originating (4) in the Pacific and (5)
the Amazon basin. Each of these "global airsheds" has a particular return frequency, associated
temperature and climatic conditions, and different chemical conditions in rain and cloud water.
Epiphytes are the organisms with the closest interactions with these systems because they absorb water
and nutrients directly from the atmosphere and their metabolism responds to prevailing conditions
associated with each airshed. In order to detect effects of global change on epiphyte communities, ir will
be necessary to build a long-term quantitative record of ecological information of these organisms. In
this paper, we review the information available for the LEF and outline our proposed program to
measure ecosystems effects of global change via elpiphytic communities. Our focus will be on biomass
accumulation, nutrient uptake, and hydrological fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3068. LC. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13960.
Publicación no.: 038 Evidence of the Younger Dryas in Central America [La evidencia del Younger Dryas
en Centroamérica] / Leyden, B.W. (University of South Florida. Department of Geology, Tampa, FL
33620, US).
En: Quaternary Science Reviews (ISSN 0277-3791), v. 14, no.9, p.833-839. 1995.
Three sites provide records that address whether the Younger Dryas was manifest in Central America.
Marine records from Barbados and the Cariaco Basin are discussed, as well as possible climatic forcing
mechanisms. Sequences from montane La Chonta Bog, Costa Rica, and lowland Lake Quexil, Guatemala,
record a temperature decline of 1.5-2.5 degrees C dated between 11,070-10,400 C-14 years BP and ca.
12,000-10,300 C-14 years BP, respectively. The record from Lake La Yeguada, Panama, does not include
cooling, although significant reorganization of local a communities occurred during the Younger Dryas
chronozone. Colder tropical SSTs throughout deglaciation contributed to sub- regional climatic variation,
more intense monsoonal activity, and cooler air temperatures. However, the temperature reversals are
not associated with the coldest tropical SSTs which occurred during meltwater pulses. The temperature
reversals appear to be a response to extra-tropical conditions, presumably in the North Atlantic, which
suggests that Younger Dryas cooling extended as far south as Costa Rica. In Panama, monsoonal
conditions may have blocked cooler temperatures. Precipitation continued to increase throughout
deglaciation due to strong forcing by seasonal solar insolation in Central America while desiccation
events occurred to the north and south.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5746. NBINA-5191.
Publicación no.: 039 Sustainable development: A new challenge for Costa Rica [Desarrollo sostenible:
Un nuevo reto para Costa Rica] / Figueres-Olsen, José María. (Fundación Costa Rica para el Desarrollo
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Sostenible (Entebbe), Apartado Postal 557-2250, Tres Ríos de La Unión, CR
<http://www.entebbe.com>).
En: SAIS Review (ISSN 0036-0775), v. 16, no. 1, p. 187-202. 1996.
The sustainable development policy being pursued by Costa Rica is outlined. It is based on strategic
social investment; macroeconomic balance; environmental protection and the participation of society in
decision making. Examples are presented to illustrate steps taken to establish a positive relationship
between the natural environment and growing economic needs. These include: the establishment and
management of designated conservation areas; greenhouse gas emission control programmes;
biodiversity conservation and utilization projects; the development of ecotourism in national parks;
increasing environmental education; macroeconomic restructuring to create an open and more
competitive economic environment; the use of renewable energy technologies; the adoption of more
environmentally friendly farming practices; the encouragement of more efficient resource use by
industry; and participation by more of society in decision making through discussion fora.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7799.
Publicación no.: 040 Graphic correlation of marine deposits from the Central American isthmus:
implications for late neogene paleoceanography [Correlación gráfica de los depósitos marinos del istmo
centroamericano: implicaciones para la paleoceoneografía del Neogeno tardío] / Dowsett, H.F; Cotton,
M.A; Jackson, B.C (ed.); Budd, Ann F (ed.); Coates, A.G (ed.). (University of Iowa. Department of
Geoscience, Iowa City, IA 52242, US <E-mail: ann-budd@uiowa.edu> <E-mail: coatesj@hardynet.com>).
En: Evolution and environment in tropical America Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. p.
57-75. ISBN: 0-22-638944-8.
Introduction: The Late Neogene stratigraphy in Panama and Costa Rica preserves an extensive record of
the marine biologic and climatic changes associated with the rise and closure of the Central American
Isthmus. Creating a high-resolution temporal framework, within which stratigraphic sections found on
the isthmus can be interpreted, is fundamental to our understanding of the history and importance of
these events. Ironically, the planktonic zonations that have been the basis for refined temporal
frameworks over the past few decades are now the primary stumbling block for future
paleoceanographic work in ocean margin settings because of the implicit assumption of synchrony of
fossil first and last occurrences. In this chapter we point out the problems associated with these
conventional methods of biochronology and discuss the advantages associated with graphic correlation
(GC). We first describe the graphic correlation technique and summarize a GC model for the Late
Neogene, and then apply it to specific sequences from the Caribbean coast of Panama.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 560.45098 E93e.
Publicación no.: 041 Biotic and oceanographic response to the Pliocene closing of the Central
American isthmus [Respuesta biótica y oceanográfica para el cierre del istmo centroamericano en el
Plioceno] / Cronin, T.M; Dowsett, H.F; Jackson, B.C (ed.); Budd, Ann F (ed.); Coates, A.G (ed.). (University
of Iowa. Department of Geoscience, Iowa City, IA 52242, US <E-mail: ann-budd@uiowa.edu> <E-mail:
coatesj@hardynet.com>).
En: Evolution and environment in tropical America Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1996. p.
76-104. ISBN: 0-22-638944-8.
Introduction: The formation of the Central American Isthmus (CAI) during the Late Neogene closed an
ocean gateway that had been open since the Mesozoic and simultaneously joined two long-isolated land
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masses. It was a key event for tropical biotic evolution, allowing the interchange of terrestrial species
between North and South America (Marshall 1988) and isolating Pacific and Atlantic/Caribbean marine
organisms (Jones and Hasson 1985; Stehli and Webb 1985). The oceanographic and climatic effects of
the closure of the isthmus have also been debated, in part because this event coincides with the
initiation of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation and the amplification of Milankovitch climatic cycles
about 2.5 Ma (Shackleton et al. 1984; Raymo et al. 1989). Berggren (1972) and Berggren and Hollister
(1974) postulated, on the basis of early Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) results, that isthmus closure
may have had a profound effect on North Atlantic paleoceanography, and possibly on global climate, by
diverting warm, saline water to high latitudes, causing Late Pliocene Northern Hemisphere ice build-up.
Keigwin (1978, 1982) also suggested that as Pacific and Caribbean waters ceased to mix, significant
changes in North Atlantic Ocean structure occurred, such as increased surface salinities in the Caribbean
and the intensification of the Gulf Stream. Rind and Chandler (1991) argued, on the basis of a general
circulation model, that relatively small changes in ocean heat flux, due to ocean circulation changes
caused by isthmus closure, can substantially alter global climate. In this chapter we examine the role of
the CAI during the Pliocene in affecting tropical and extratropical oceanic and biotic events. We present
evidence indicating there was near closure of the isthmus to surface water around 3.0-2.8 Ma, and
perhaps again at about 2.0 Ma, which had major effects on marine paleobiogeography and altered
North Atlantic Ocean circulation to cause periods of Northern Hemispheric warmth. We will attempt to
show, through the study of marine ostracodes and planktonic foraminifers from the North
Atlantic/Caribbean, that the formation of the CAT directly or indirectly (1) increased North Atlantic
oceanic heat flux from low to high latitudes at 3 Ma and possibly again at 2 Ma; (2) led to oceanic
thermal gradients less steep than those today, thereby decreasing provinciality of marine organisms; (3)
increased surface salinities but did not decrease sea surface temperatures in the Caribbean region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 560.45098 E93e.
Publicación no.: 042 Interactions between populations and resources [Interacciones entre poblaciones
y recursos] / Daily, Gretchen C. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Center for
Conservation Biology, Stanford CA 94305-5020, US <E-mail: gdaily@stanford.edu>). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University, 1992. 203 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA).
This dissertation consist of several unrelated projects, each dealing with the interactions between
animal populations and their resources in evolutionary and community level contexts. Three of the
projects focus on the behavior of natural populations and communities of non-human species, while the
other two explore several dimensions of humanity's present population and resource predicament. The
first chapter investigates the factors that determine the spatial distribution of adults in an insect
population and relates these to the evolution of insect mating systems. Field experiments showed that
population size, sex ratio, and certain habitat features interact to produce predictable distributions of
individuals in a Colorado butterfly population. The second chapter describes subtle, indirect interactions
in a keystone species complex comprised of a woodpecker, certain willow species, aspen trees, and a
heartwood fungus. In a subalpine, Rocky Mountain ecosystem, the persistence of two swallow species
depends upon and the abundances of numerous other vertebrates and invertebrates is enhanced by the
cooccurrence of each element of the complex. The third chapter examines the influence of social
dominance status upon foraging behavior in large, heterospecific assemblages of birds at fruiting trees
in Costa Rica. Individuals of subordinate species were interrupted more, tended to have shorter feeding
bouts (especially during periods of high activity), and spent a smaller fraction of their foraging bouts
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actually feeding than did dominant species. Several possible ramifications of social dominance
hierarchies at the population and community levels are discussed. Chapter four describes the results of
a stochastic simulation model of the effects of rapid climatic change on agriculture and the global
human population. The model suggests that even favorable climatic changes may not prevent a severalfold increase in deaths (over past levels) if population growth outpaces food production by about 0.8
percent per annum or more. Finally, the fifth chapter outlines the current human populationenvironment situation and developes a framework for analysing the carrying capacity of the planet for
Homo sapiens. Biophysical and social dimensions of sustainability and carrying capacity are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8081.
Publicación no.: 043 Nitrogen cycling in shaded and unshaded coffee plantations in the Central Valley
of Costa Rica [Reciclaje de nitrógeno en cafetales sombreados y sin sombra en el Valle Central de Costa
Rica] / Babbar-Amighetti, Liana I. (Organización para Estudios Tropicales. Directora General en Costa
Rica, Apdo. 676-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail: liana.babbar@ots.ac.cr>). Ann Arbor,
MI: The University of Michigan, 1993. 86 p. Dissertation, Ph.D, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
MI (USA).
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) management in Costa Rica is changing from plantations associated with shade
trees to monocultures; both of which receive large additions of N through fertilization. Understanding
patterns and processes of N cycling within coffee agro-ecosystems could lead to the development of
management practices that maintain productivity while minimizing environmental damage. My study
investigated the N dynamics in paired shaded and unshaded coffee plantations in the Central Valley, all
fertilized with about 300 kg N ha-1 y-1. I quantified net N mineralization and nitrification, and microbial
biomass N. Mean daily mineralization rates did not significantly differ between treatments (shaded =
38.9 mg N m² d-1; unshaded = 29.4 mg N m² d-1. However, net mineralization was significantly higher in
shaded plantations (148 kg N ha-1 y-1 than in the unshaded (111 kg N ha-1 y-1. Small pools of microbial
biomass N (shaded = 0.48 g m²; unshaded = 0.46 g m² suggested that N retention primarily occurs
through plant uptake. I also investigated NO3- leaching and factors controlling denitrification, such as
NO3-, C, and O2 availability. Annual NO3- leaching losses were 3 times greater in unshaded plantations
(238 kg NO3-N ha(-1) y-1 than those in the shaded (87 kg ha(-1) y(-1). In contrast, mean denitrification
rates in shaded plantations were 60% higher (6774 µg N2O-N g(-1) d(-1) than those in unshaded
plantations (4340 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1. Carbon additions (C6H12O6) elicited nearly a three-fold increase (-C =
2985 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1 to +C = 8396 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1 in both agroecosystems. Anaerobic conditions
increased denitrification to a lesser extent (+O2 = 4331 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1; -O2 = 6656 µg N2O-N g-1 d-1). In
both plantation types, potential N loss via denitrification was small compared to NO3- leaching. My
results indicate that large N-fertilizer additions are unwarranted measures to sustain high coffee yields.
In light of the large N loss through leaching, the presence of shade trees is an important factor reducing
N loss.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 044 Almacenamiento y fijación de carbono en ecosistemas forestales / Alfaro-Murillo,
María de los Angeles. (Cámara Costarricense Forestal, Apdo. 1135-1002, San José, CR <E-mail:
malfarom@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 19, p. 9-12. 1997.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7380.pdf
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Hasta hace pocos años nadie se detenía a analizar el valor monetario de la provisión de agua, de la
protección de la biodiversidad, la recreación o la fijación de carbono, pues se creía que el bosque de por
sí tendría que brindar éstos y otros servicios. La alta deforestación de los bosques tropicales, ha puesto
de manifiesto y enfrentado al ser humano a reconocer la gran cantidad de bienes y servicios que están
desapareciendo, perjudicando no sólo a los pobladores que viven en los alrededores del bosque, sino a
los habitantes de la ciudades. Una de las mayores consecuencias de la tala indiscriminada de los bosques
es el efecto de invernadero, o sea, la concentración de gases en la atmósfera, que obstaculizan la salida
de una parte de la radiación que entra a ésta. La autora de este artículo comparte sus ideas y algunos
elementos que informan al lector sobre el efecto de invernadero y la opción que significa la fijación de
carbono para países desarrollados, y en vías de desarrollo, pues los primeros pagarán por un servicio
que prestan los bosques y los segundos recibirán incentivos económicos por protegerlos y conservarlos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. NBINA-7380.
Publicación no.: 045 Sostenibilidad en el uso del agua en América Latina / Radulovich-Ramírez, Ricardo.
(Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Agrícola y AGROPLAN S.A., Apdo. 1567-1000, San José,
CR <E-mail: rad@ns.fing.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 18, p. 13-17. 1997.
El agua, otrora un problema mayor sólo en zonas áridas, se ha convertido rápidamente en una limitante
generalizada en sectores urbanos y rurales de las zonas húmedas de América Latina, por lo menos en lo
que respecta a calidad. A pesar de que la región latinoamericana es la mejor provista del mundo en
cantidad de agua per capita (Reiff 1990; FAO 1993), ésta se encuentra en peculiar distribución espaciotemporal y, debido a su voluminosidad, movilidad y requerimientos de calidad, es costoso manejarla. El
crecimiento de la población, los fuertes incrementos en consumo per capita (riego, industria, estándares
de vida), la contaminación de fuentes y la alteración de los ciclos hidrológicos locales, incluyendo
deforestación, mal manejo de cuencas y disminución de los niveles freáticos, repercuten en que la
disponibilidad de agua sea menor, en donde más se ocupa. Lo anterior no considera situaciones
climáticas a mayor escala que se están dando de forma imprevisible, como por ejemplo: el efecto
invernadero y el fenómeno del Niño. Este escenario se agrava debido a que históricamente se ha
utilizado el agua de más fácil acceso y las nuevas fuentes u opciones generalmente traen consigo un
costo mayor.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 046 Assessing land use/cover change in Costa Rica [Evaluación del cambio en el uso de
la tierra/cobertura vegetal en Costa Rica] / Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (University of Alberta.
Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, CA <E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>). Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio: Universidad de Costa Rica / Centro
de Investigaciones en Desarrollo Sostenible, 1996. 180 p. (Documento CIEDES; no. 1-97). Dissertation,
Ph.D. in Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA).
The need for accurate estimates of forest cover and forest fragmentation is a critical issue for
developing countries such as Costa Rica. Accurate estimates of forest cover can help in several sectors
related to the environment and economic development. This dissertation focuses on providing an
accurate and precise estimate of forest cover in Costa Rica. The year 1991 was use as a baseline. Landsat
Thematic Mapper was the remote sensing sensor used in this analysis. This dissertation concludes that:
(1) Twenty-nine percent (¸1,400,000 ha) of the country was under primary forest (80% canopy closure)
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in 1991. Of the tota forest cover, 71% is outside national parks and 29% is protected by the national
parks. (2) Forest loss (for scene path 15/row 53) during five years period (1986-1991) was 224,970 ha,
and it was estimated that the rate was ¸44,994 ha/yr. (3) Deforestation produced an increase in island
fragments during the study period. Between 1986 986 and 1991, the total number of islands between
three and 50 ha and 100 ha increased by 524 and 45, respectively. Fifteen new islands with areas
greater than 500 ha were created. (4) Results suggest that the extent of tropical deforestation go
beyond estimations of total forest loss at the national level. The impacts at the national level have
greater roots deeper roots when the data at the life zone level is considered. The results have important
implication for biodiversity conservation and restoration, water resource management and climate
change. The issue of partial sampling of remote sensing data base was also explored through this
dissertation. Partial sampling is important for the definition of sound deforestation monitoring systems
in tropical environments. A data set from the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed in order to understand
how stratified sampling, using persistence, would improve estimates of tropical deforestation over
random sampling. Results show that stratification based on persitence contributes to the reduction of
error, regarding estimates of total deforestation, when contrasted against random sampling without
stratification (FAO methodology). Results are important to future monitoring programs in Costa Rica and
the Central American region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5762.
Publicación no.: 047 Changes in the general circulation and its influence on precipitation trends in
Central America [Cambios en la circulación general y su influencia en las tendencias de la precipitación
en Centroamérica] / Brenes-Vargas, A; Saborío-Trejos, V.F. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional.
Departamento de Información, San José, CR).
En: Ambio (ISSN 0044-7447), v. 23, no. 1, p. 87-90. 1994.
A trend analysis of 81 series of precipitation data from the last 30 years (1960-1990) is presented. These
series are from meteorological stations distributed throughout Costa Rica on the leeward and windward
sides, both of which are affected by the trade-wind regime. Analysis of these data shows that over 75%
of Costa Rica has experienced a precipitation decrease during this period. Most of the areas affected by
this tred are located along the country from northwest to southeast. However, on the windward side
there has been a positive trend in precipitation, suggesting a strengthened trade-wind regime. An
analysis of data on Atlantic hurricane trajectories since 1900 shows that the the total number of
hurricanes has increased, but there has been a reduction in the number crossing the Caribbean Basin.
The passage of tropical cyclones in the Caribbean Basin accounts for around 70% of total precipitation in
the Pacific region of Central America. These countries economies are highly dependent on agriculture,
and on water resources for energy generation; thus changes in hurricane patterns and associated
rainfall could have important economic consequences.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8043. LC.
Publicación no.: 048 Modelling land use dynamics by integrating biophysical and human dimensions
(CLUE) Costa Rica 1973-1984 [Modelaje de la dinámica del uso de la tierra mediante la integración de las
dimensiones biofísicas y humanas (CLUE) Costa Rica 1973-1984] / Veldkamp, A; Fresco, L.O; Zwerver, S
(ed.); Rompaey, R.A.V (ed.); Kok, M.T (ed.); Berk, M.M (ed.). (Wageningen Agricultural University.
Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Soil Science and Geology, P.O. Box 37, 6700 AA
Wageningen, NL <E-mail: tom.veldkamp@agro.wau.nl> <E-mail: louise.fresco@agro.wau.nl>).
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En: Climate change research: evaluation and policy implications Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers,
1995. p. 1413-1416.
As a pilot study potential biophysical and human land use drivers in Costa Rica evaluated using multivariate statistical methods in a nested scale analysis. The reconstructed land use drivers and their
quantified effects on land use were applied within a dynamic framework CLUE (Conversion of Land Use
and its Effects) to model land use dynamics in Costa Rica from 1973 to 1984. Our pilot study
demonstrates that its dynamics can be satisfactorily modelled as functions of biophysical and human
drivers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6526.
Publicación no.: 049 Gradient analysis of biomass in Costa Rica and a first estimate of total emissions
of greenhouse gases from biomass burning [Análisis del gradiente de la biomasa en Costa Rica y una
primera estimación de las emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero por la quema de biomasa] /
Helmer, Eileen H; Brown, S. (USDA Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box
25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, PR <E-mail: ehelmer/iitf@fs.fed.us>), 1996. 25 p.
Past efforts to estimate greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from biomass burning generally have relied
on global or regional data bases. Although the Central American country of Costa Rica is small in area
(50 060 km²), it has a much better database than most regions and thereby provides an excellent
"microcosm" for an analysis of GHG emissions by forest type. It has, for example, several forest
formations for which data on forest structure and areas deforested are available. Between 1950 and
1984, the rate of deforestation in Costa Rica was one of the highest in the world at about 3.9% per year.
Our objectives in this chapter are: 1) estimate biomass of stands undisturbed by human activity (as far
as we can tell) as a function of environmental gradients in Costa Rica, and 2) estimate the release of
GHGs to the atmosphere from knowing the spatial variation in deforestation rates in forests developed
under differing climatic conditions. We estimate emissions simply by assuming 100% of aboveground
biomass is burned eventually, an assumption recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (IPCC/OECD) methodology for
inventory of GHG.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical: C4.30.
Publicación no.: 050 National inventory of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Costa Rica
[Inventario nacional de fuentes y sumideros de gases de invernadero en Costa Rica] / Ministry of
Environment and Energy. National Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 7-3350, 1000 San José, CR. San
José: Ministry of Environment and Energy / National Meteorological Institute, 1996. 51 p.
Earth's atmosphere has been in constant change through time but nevertheless the faster pace of more
recent times has been alarming: the atmosphere's composition has changed with and acceleration
unknown in any other stage of human history. The sustained increase of greenhouse gases in the
athmosphere, caused by human activities, is the main cause of alarm since we know with certitude that
the affected radiative balance of the atmosphere will produce global climate changes. In June, 1992, in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 155 countries signed a Framework Convention on Climate Change, which main
objective was to attain the stabilization of greenhouse effect gases concentrations in the atmosphere, at
such a level to stop the dangerous anthropogenic interferences in the climate system. The signatory
countries at the Convention got involved, among other objectives, in the perfomance of national
inventories on the emissions of greenhouse gases and in the implementation of national programs
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aiming to provide measures towards the mitigation of climatic change. Costa Rica ratified the
Convention on June 13, 1994 and as part of its compromise and as part of the National Program on
Climate Change, the first inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases in the country was implemented.
In order to make the results of the inventory able to be compared with those from other countries, it
was carried out by following the "Guidelines for the Elaboration of National Inventories on Greenhouse
Gases" as proposed by the IPCC/OECD (1994) and the reference year was 1990. The National Inventory
on Emissions of Greenhouse Gases for Costa Rica, was elaborated as part of a larger project: "Country
Studies, by Sources and Sinks of Greenhouse Gases Emissions". (GF/4102-92-42), implemented by the
Climate Unit of the United Nations Program for the Environment (UNEP) and sponsored by the Global
Environmental Fund (GEP). The evaluation was charged to the National Meteorological Institute, which
in turn coordinated a team of professionals and technicians from various institutions. The inventory
included six gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), in five economic activity
areas: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture, Land Use Change and Forestry and Waste Management.
The total emissions for greenhouse gases in Costa Rica for the year 1990 were estimated to be 4404.4
Gg, which is equivalent to 4 404 400 tons. To this total, the energy sector contributed with 2665.6 Gg (2
665 600 tons), Industrial Processes with 367.9 Gg (367 900 tons), Agriculture with 139.81 Gg (139 810
tons), Land Use Change and Forestry 1210.55 Gg (1 210 550 tons) and Waste Management with 20.5 Gg
(20 500 tons).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 113.
Publicación no.: 051 Clinton urges action on global warming [Clinton urge se tomen acciones en contra
del calentamiento global] / Bennet, J.
En: The New York Times (ISSN 0362-4331), May 10, 1997, Sec. A, p. 6, col. 41997.
Drenched by a misting rain, President Clinton stood before the soaring forest here today to issue a
hedged warning about global climate change and to declare that the world has much to learn from
Costa Rica's environmental stewardship. While calling for reduction of greenhouse gases, Mr. Clinton
stopped short of an explicit declaration that pollution was causing the global climate to change for the
worse. "There is some doubt about what increased greenhouse gas emissions are doing to the climate,"
Mr. Clinton said, "but no one doubts that they'rechanging the climate, and no one doubts that the
potential consequences can be very profound and severe." In keeping with the relentless solicitude he
has shown his hosts on his first trip to Latin America, Mr. Clinton did not talk about the environment in
smog-bound Mexico City earlier this week. Instead, he waited until reaching Costa Rica, where one
quarter of the land, he noted today, is protected by the Government. Mr. Clinton flew on to Barbados
later this afternoon, for a summit meeting of Caribbean nations there on Saturday.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3290.
Publicación no.: 052 Potential impacts of climatic change on the productive capacity of Costa Rican
forests: a case study [Impactos potenciales del cambio climático en la capacidad productiva de los
bosques costarricenses: estudio de caso] / Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr; Watson-Céspedes, Vicente;
Echeverría-Bonilla, Jaime. (Centro Científico Tropical, P.O. Box 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail:
jtosi@cct.or.cr> <E-mail: vwatson@cct.or.cr> <E-mail: economia@cct.or.cr>). San José: Tropical Science
Center, 1992. 79 p.
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In the context of present-day scientific concern with predicted climatic changes resulting from the
current untoward generation and release of CO2 and other "greenhouse" gases, the Department of
Sciences of the University of Virginia (UV) is undertaking a study of the possible effects of global
warming on the Earth's forests. As an adjunct to the main UV study, larger-scale, regional and country
level case studies have been included for corroboration and to facilitate analysis of the economic, social,
and policy consequences of eventual global warming, should it occur. Costa Rica and Nicaragua have
been selected for detailed analyses in the Tropical, Central American-Caribbean region. The Tropical
Science Center, a not-for-profit Costa Rican research association was subcontracted by the University of
Virginia to undertake detailed modelling and preliminary analyses of the implications of two potential
climatic change scenarios on the forests of Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca Centro Científico Tropical.
Publicación no.: 053 General equilibrium modelling of trade and the environment [Modelaje del
equilibrio general de comercio y el ambiente] / Beghin, J; Dessus, S; Roland-Hurst, D; van der
Mensbrugghe, D. (<E-mail: beghin@iastate.edu> ). Paris: OECD Development Centre, 1996. 66 p.
(Technical Papers OECD Development Centre; no. 116).
The complete technical specification of a computable general equilibrium model is presented for six
country case studies of the OECD Development Centre's programme on 'Sustainable Development:
environment, resource use, technology and trade'. The six countries are Mexico, Costa Rica and Chile in
Latin America, China, Indonesia and Vietnam in the Asia Pacific region. The model attempts to capture
some of the key features relating to environmental emissions. These features include: linking emissions
to the consumption of polluting inputs; including emissions generated by final demand consumption;
integrating substitutability between polluting and non-polluting inputs; capturing important dynamic
effects such as capital accumulation, population growth, productivity and technological improvements
and vintage capital; and the impact of emissions taxes to limit the level of pollution. The first section
provides an overview of the model and this is followed by a complete description of each block of the
model. The third section provides a list of the differences of the data and model specification across
country implementation. The final section presents concluding remarks.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 054 Greenhouse gas emission inventories: interim results from the U.S. Country
Studies Program [Inventarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero resultados provisionales del
Programa de Estudios de Países de los EE.UU] / Braatz, B.V (ed.); Jallow, B.P (ed.); Molnar, S (ed.);
Murdiyarso, D (ed.); Perdomo, M (ed.); Fitzgerald, J.F. (ICF Incorporated, Washington DC, US).
En: Environmental Science and Technology Library 9 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996. 387
p. ISBN: 0-7923-4142-2.
Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are required to conduct
national inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks using comparable
methodologies. This book presents the results of preliminary national inventories prepared by countries
participating in the US Country Studies Program which was set up to provide financial and technical
assistance to 56 developing and transition countries for conducting national inventories. The gases
included in the inventories are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Preliminary national inventories are presented
for the following countries: Ivory Coast, Gambia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, China, Mongolia,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Philippines, Thailand, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Slovakia, Ukraine, Bolivia,
Costa Rica, Peru, and Venezuela.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 055 Fijación de carbono y diversidad biológica en el agroecosistema cafetero [Carbon
fixation and biological diversity in the coffee agroecosystem] / Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto. (Universidad
de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR). XVII Simposio sobre Caficultura Latinoamericana (Vol.
I), San Salvador SV23-27 octubre 1995. Tegucigalpa: Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la
Agricultura (IICA), 1996. 10 p.
Three coffee production systems are considered in terms of their contribution to maintaining biological
diversity: (a) an agroforestry system in which coffee is grown with various timber and fruit shade trees,
(b) a coffee plantation with shade trees (typically Inga and Erythrina spp.), and (c) a coffee plantation
exposed to the sun with intensive labour and fertilizer inputs. System (b) is considered to be the best
option in agroecological and economic terms; this system has the highest potential level of CO2 fixation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4896.
Publicación no.: 056 Fijación de carbono y diversidad biológica en el agroecosistema cafetero [Carbon
fixation and biological diversity in the coffee agroecosystem] / Fournier-Origgi, Luis Alberto. (Universidad
de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, San José, CR).
En: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 71, p. 7-13. 1996.
Three coffee production systems are considered in terms of their contribution to maintaining biological
diversity: (a) an agroforestry system in which coffee is grown with various timber and fruit shade trees,
(b) a coffee plantation with shade trees (typically Inga and Erythrina spp.), and (c) a coffee plantation
exposed to the sun with intensive labour and fertilizer inputs. System (b) is considered to be the best
option in agroecological and economic terms; this system has the highest potential level of CO2 fixation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4896. Biblioteca del MAG: Hb.
Publicación no.: 057 Tropical land use change and soil emissions of nitrogen oxides [Cambio en el uso
del suelo tropical y las emisiones de óxidos nitrosos del suelo] / Erickson, H.E; Keller, Michael.
(Universidad Metropolitana. Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología, P.O.B. 21150, San Juan, PR 00928,
US <E-mail: um_herickson@suagm.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Soil Use and Management (ISSN 0266-0032), v. 13, Suppl. no. 4, p. 278-287. 1997.
Increases in the emissions of globally important nitrogen (N) oxide gases have coincided with significant
changes in land use in the tropics. Clearing of tropical forests and savannas for agriculture currently
represents the most extensive alteration of land cover on the planet. Over the last several decades, N
fertilizer use has increased globally and in China and the developing world, use has recently surpassed
that in the developed world. The potential contribution of land-use change in the tropics to the increase
in N oxides is great, yet only a few studies have measured N oxide emissions after tropical land
conversion. Our summary of available research shows some conversions to pastures and a few
management practices, especially those using N fertilizers, increase emissions beyond those found in
undisturbed ecosystems. However, not all studies show unequivocal increases in emissions. Accordingly
we call for a mechanistic understanding of the processes controlling trace gas fluxes to adequately
predict under what conditions increased emissions may occur. More measurements are needed to build
and test models that may improve management of N fertilizer use in tropical agricultural systems, Given
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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the expected expansion of agriculture and increased use of N fertilizers in the tropics, increased
emissions of N oxides from the tropics are likely.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3382.
Publicación no.: 058 A global inventory of nitric oxide emissions from soils [Inventario global de
emisiones de óxido nítrico de suelos] / Davidson, E.A; Kingerlee, W. (The Woods Hole Research Center,
POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, US <E-mail: edavidson@whrc.org>).
En: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 37-50. 1997.
Over 60 published papers reporting field measurements of emissions of nitric oxide (NO) from soil are
reviewed, and over 100 annual estimates of NO emissions were made for various types of ecosystems,
including agricultural fields. These data were stratified by biome and the mean of each stratum was
multiplied by an estimate of the biome area. A few strata were identified as clearly having low NO
emissions: montane forests, swamps and marshes, tundra, and temperate forests that are not heavily
affected by N deposition. The largest emissions were observed in tropical savanna/woodland, chaparral,
and cultivated agriculture, but variation in NO emissions within these strata was also large. Although the
stratification scheme fails to partition this within-stratum variation, it does clearly identify these biomes
as globally important sources of NO and as areas where more research is needed to investigate withinbiome variation in NO emissions. It is too early to tell whether differences in NO emissions between
temperate and tropical agriculture are significant, but it is clear that agriculture is an important source
of NO and that management practices affect NO emissions. The best current estimate of the global soil
source of NO is 21 Tg N yr-1. Adsorption of NO, onto plant canopy surfaces may reduce emissions to the
atmosphere to as low as 13 Tg N yr-1, although the absorption effect is probably smaller than this. An
error term for the global estimate is difficult to determine, but it is at least ±4 and perhaps as large at
±10 Tg N yr-1. Hence, only modest progress has been made in narrowing uncertainties in the estimate of
the global soil source of NO, although some published lower estimates appear unlikely. This inventory
reconfirms that the soil source of NO is similar in magnitude to fossil fuel emissions of NOx. Further
narrowing of the uncertainty of the estimate of global soil NO emissions will require more sophisticated
and carefully chosen stratification schemes to address variation within biomes based on soil fertility, soil
texture, climate, and management and will require linking this type of inventory and stratification with
mechanistic models.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5911. NBINA-5185.
Publicación no.: 059 Impact of human activity on NO soil fluxes [Impacto de la actividad humana en los
flujos de óxido nítrico] / Sanhueza, E. (Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC).
Laboratorio de Química Atmosférica, Apartado Postal 21827, Caracas 1020-A, VE <E-mail:
esanhuez@quimica.ivic.ve>).
En: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1/2, p. 61-68. 1997.
Changes in land use driven by the increasing demand of food are affecting the fluxes of trace gases to
the atmosphere. The more important human activities that affect NO soil fluxes are: deforestation,
intensification of agricultural practices, and biomass burning. In this review emphasis is given to
identifying the physicochemical and biological processes involved in the changes, and no attempt to
quantify their contribution to global or regional NO budgets is made. Conversion of tropical forest to
pasture is occurring very rapidly. An increase of the NO emission is observed immediately after
deforestation (1-5 years) followed by a significant decrease (below forest levels) in old pastures and
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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secondary successional forests. It seems that deforested tropical areas produce, in the long term, less
NO than primary forests. The observed changes are not completely understood, but are most likely
driven by the availability of exchangeable nitrogen and the bacteria' population. Soil plowing and
fertilization are important factors that affect NO fluxes in agricultural soils. Plowing increases soil
porosity and aeration, as well increasing the surface area that is exposed to the atmosphere. These
physical changes increase the production of soil nitrate, and the escape efficiency of NO from the soil,
enhancing NO fluxes. The emission of NO from fertilized soils depends on many variables: type of
fertilizer (i.e. ammonium, nitrate), the structure of the soil microbial community (e.g., populations of
nitrifiers and denitrifiers), meteorogical conditions (e.g. soil moisture and temperature), and soil
management (e.g. plowing). A combination of these factors should explain the large range reported for
the fraction of N-fertilizer that is emitted as NO to the atmosphere. Measurements made in diverse
ecosystems show that vegetation burning enhances NO soil emissions. However, it seems that different
processes, which are not well understood, occur at the various sites; e.g., in the tropical savannah,
enhanced emissions, from dry soils, are observed immediately after burning, whereas in Californian
chaparral burned dry soils emit on average less than the unburned plots, and the fluxes only increase
after soil wetting. Changes in the physical conditions of the soil surface and N availability are the most
likely factors that explain the increased fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5720. NBINA-5186.
Publicación no.: 060 Fertilizer-induced nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils [Emisiones de óxido
nítrico inducidas por los fertilizantes de suelos agrícolas] / Veldkamp, Edzo; Keller, Michael. (Universität
Göttingen. Institute of Soil Science, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 69-77. 1997.
We summarize and evaluate 23 studies of the effect of fertilizer use on nitric oxide (NO) emission from
agricultural soils. To quantify this effect we selected only field-scale studies with duration of at least one
complete growing season and excluded studies with a legume as the principle crop. Only 6 studies met
the established criteria, resulting in a total of 12 observations of soil/crop/fertilizer combinations, all in
temperate areas. For these studies, the amount of NO emitted was linearly related to the amount of
fertilizer applied (R² = 0.64) and about 0.5% of applied nitrogen was emitted as NO during the crop
growing season. The available data are too limited to separate the effects of fertilizer type, soil type, or
crop management.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5242.
Publicación no.: 061 Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer: the Ozone Meeting in
Costa Rica [Convención de Viena para la protección de la capa de ozono: La Reunión del Ozono en Costa
Rica] / Karlaganis, G. (Swiss Agency for the Environment. Forests, Snow & Landscape Substances, Soil &
Biotechnology Division, CH-3003 Bern, CH).
En: Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ISSN 0944-1344), v. 4, no. 2, p. A 7-A 8. 1997.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 062 Banks, debt, and development [Los bancos, deuda y desarrollo] / Umaña-Quesada,
Alvaro. (Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas (INCAE), Barrio San José de Alajuela,
CR).
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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En: International Environmental Affairs (ISSN 1041-4665), v. 2, no. 2, p. 140-149. 1990.
During the last few decades, humanity has become increasingly aware of our growing impact on the
biosphere. Economic growth, industrialization, scientific and technological change and rapid increases in
population have all contributed to environmental deterioration worldwide. The variety of threats to the
earth's metabolism and its life-support systems are now well known and will be considered in detail
during this conference. Perhaps the most serious of all these threats is the direct assault against life
taking place in the tropical forests, which are located almost exclusively in developing countries. Within
these forests live nearly two-thirds of all the plants and animals which share the planet with us.
Nevertheless, each second that passes, the equivalent of an entire football field of tropical forest
disappears, and with it, all the organisms that live in these ecosystems. We are extinguishing life on
earth at a rate thousands of times greater than in any previous period during the evolution of life. The
fate of the tropical forests will not be decided in the 21st century, but rather in the next decade, and
with them may disappear a considerable component of the planet's biodiversity. Economic pressures
are forcing rural populations in tropical countries onto a path of destructive short-term exploitation of
precious timber species. Such exploitation is expanding ecological destruction, increasing pressures for
climatic change, and limiting the development options of future generations. In most cases, however,
there is still hope to redirect the development path toward a sustainable course; and we presented with
a unique opportunity to reverse the destructive trends of the past. Appropriate economic incentives to
tropical developing countries could significantly reduce deforestation and support a massive biomas
buildup on a global scale. In addition to its positive influence on rural development and poverty in
developing countries, such a program of regreening the planet is increasingly recognized as the most
effective way to curtail the potential impact of global climatic change. These economic incentives to
tropical countries are critical to implement any strategy, and the analysis of present economic criteria
with respect to environmental resources is a necessary first step.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: I.
Publicación no.: 063 Nitrogen oxide emissions from a banana plantation in the humid tropics
[Emisiones de óxido nítrico de una plantación bananera en los trópicos húmedos] / Veldkamp, Edzo;
Keller, Michael. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2, D37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 102, no. D13, p. 15889-15898.
1997.
Use of nitrogen fertilizer is thought to contribute significantly to the increase of atmospheric nitrous
oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). While the current increase of fertilizer use is concentrated in tropical
areas, nearly all studies of nitrogen oxide emissions have been conducted in agricultural systems in
temperate areas. We measured N2O and NO fluxed from a fertilized banana plantation in the humid
tropics of Costa Rica, where 360 kg Nha-1 yr-1 is applied. Using chamber techniques, we sampled an
Andisol and an Inceptisol on a monthly basis. Twice on each soil type, we sampled intensively in time
following fertilizer applications. There is a strong spatial and temporal dependence of nitrogen oxide
emissions on place and time of fertilizer application. We find greater mean N2O and NO emissions fron
the Andisol (31.4 ng N2O-N cm-2h-1 and 55.6 ng No-N cm-2h-1) than from the Inceptisol (9.3 ng N2O-N
cm-2h-1 and 41.1 ng NO-N cm-2h-1) under the plants where fertilizer is typically applied. The
percentages of applied fertilizer -N that are converted into nitrogen oxide ("yield") are between 1.26
and 2.91% for N2O and between 5.09 and 5.66% for NO depending on soil type. We consistently
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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calculate higher nitrogen oxide yields based on intensive sampling versus monthly sampling. Temporal
variation in nitrogen oxide emissions probably causes monthly sampling to underestimate mean annual
fluxes. Our results suggest that in some tropical systems a higher percentage of applied nitrogen may be
lost in gaseous from than in temperate agriculture. Current global estimates of N2O and NO sources
from tropical agriculture are based on information from temperate areas and may cause an
understimate of the contribution of tropical agriculture to the budgets of these trace gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3253. NBINA-8858.
Publicación no.: 064 Cambios del uso de la tierra e intercambios de gases atmosféricos en la región
tropical húmeda: un estado en la zona atlántica de Costa Rica / Keller, Michael. (U.S. Department of
Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu>). San José: Organización para Estudios Tropicales, s.f.
La deforestación en la región tropical húmeda es frecuentemente seguida por explotación de los
terrenos deforestados para cultivos o pastizales. Estos sistemas de manejo causan cambios profundos
en las propiedades químicas y físicas de los suelos. Como parte de la investigación de la OET en la Zona
Atlántica de Costa Rica, se ha estudiado el intercambio entre los suelos y la atmósfera de ciertos gases:
óxido nitroso (N2O), óxido nítrico (NO) y metano (CH4). El N2O) y el CH4, juegan un papel importante en
el efecto de invernadero, mientras que el NO participa en las reacciones atmosféricas que producen
ozono (O3) en la troposfera. Durante los últimos 3 años, se han analizado los intercambios sueloatmósfera de N2O, NO y CH4 en sitios bajo distintos sistemas de manejo. Los sitios investigados
incluyeron bosques maduros y jóvenes, potreros manejados y pastizales abandonados. Entre los sitios
de potreros, se estudió varios con un historial distinto. Todos estos potreros fueron sembrados después
de las talas de bosques maduros, con tiempos después de la tala de 2 hasta 25 años. Actualmente se
inician investigaciones en terrenos de cultivos. La explotación de terrenos deforestados como potreros
causa una inversión en la dirección del intercambio de CH4 entre los suelos y la atmósfera. Los suelos del
bosques consumen 446 mg CH4/m²/año mientras que suelos de potreros producen 236 mg CH4/m²/año.
Después de la deforestación la densidad aparente de los suelos aumenta rápidamente desde 0,65 hasta
0,80 g/cm3. Este aumento resulta de la presión del pisoteo del ganado lo que causa problemas de
drenaje y una restricción de la difusión de gases. Ambos factores limitan el consumo aeróbico de CH4 y
provocan la producción anaeróbica de CH4. Anualmente, los suelos del bosque emiten
aproximadamente 5-10 ng de N/cm²/h de N2O. Las emisiones de N2O por los potreros jóvenes (2-10 años)
exceden las emisiones de bosque por un factor 5 a 8 mientras que las emisiones de potreros antiguos
son significativamente menores (½ a 1/3). Estos resultados coinciden con los de una investigación cerca
de Manaus, Brasil en Oxisoles, donde se observa que el suelo de un potrero joven de 3 años emitió 3
veces más N2O que el suelo de un bosque adyacente. La emisión de NO por los suelos sigue un patrón
similar al N2O. Así, las emisiones de potreros jóvenes exceden las de los potreros antiguos aunque no
hay ninguna diferencia significativa entre las emisiones de los potreros jóvenes (12 años) y las del
bosque. El promedio anual de las emisiones de NO de los suelos del bosque excede los promedios de los
potreros antiguos (12 años). Aunque la emisión de NO de los suelos del bosque fuese parecida a la de
los suelos de los potreros jóvenes, probablemente los potreros emitirían más NO a la atmósfera porque
tienen lugar reacciones que consumen NO en las copas más densas del bosque. Los procesos
microbiológicos de nitrificación y denitrificación producen N2O y NO en los suelos. Por lo tanto, la
rapidez del ciclo de N controla las emisiones de dichos gases. Se observó una correlación significativa
entre los promedios por cada sitio de las emisiones de N2O y NO (r²=0,73; P0001). En los suelos de los
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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fuente de información.
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potreros jóvenes, la descomposición rápida del material orgánico, originalmente del bosque,
proporciona nutrimentos a los microorganismos nitrificadores y denitrificadores. El abono de cultivos
con fertilizantes nitrogenados cambia drásticamente las emisiones de óxidos de N. Pocos días después
de abonar con nitrato de amonio (33 kg-N/ha) se observó emisiones mayores a 250 ng N/cm²/h), y estos
niveles altos se mantienen por un período que se extiende hasta 4 semanas después de la fertilización.
La respuesta para NO fue menor (magnitud y duración). Estos resultados preliminares indican que el
rendimiento de N2O de fertilizantes nitrogenados en suelos arcillosos en la zona tropical húmeda podría
ser mucho mayor que en las condiciones comunes en las zonas templadas. Estos resultados, sugieren
que ambos, el manejo actual y la historia de manejo de un terreno, afectan el intercambio de gases
atmosféricos. Así pues, el historial de manejo de los ecosistemas parece afectar críticamente y por largo
plazo su estructura y funcionamiento, por lo que es necesario tomar esto en cuenta en estudios
posteriores. El caso específico de la región estudiada sugiere que el balance global de N2O y otros gases
podría ser drásticamente alterado si la rapidez de la deforestación tropical fuera controlada.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 065 Forests and insects [Bosques e insectos] / Watt, Allan D (ed.); Stork, N.E (ed.);
Hunter, M.D. (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Edinburgh Research Station GB). , 406 p London: Chapman
& Hall, 1997. ISBN: 0-412-79110-2.
Most of the 22 chapters, by various authors, in this book were presented as papers during the 18th
Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society in London, September 1995. They include: adaptations of
phytophagous insects to life on trees, with particular reference to aphids; host specificity in forest
insects; population dynamics of forest insects (are they governed by single or multiple factors?); the
impact of parasitoids and predators on forest insect populations; herbivore-induced responses in trees;
internal vs. external explanations; incorporating variation in plant chemistry into a spatially explicit
ecology of phytophagous insects; forest structure and the spatial pattern of parasitoid attack; termites
[Isoptera] as mediators of carbon fluxes in tropical forest (budgets for carbon dioxide and methane
emissions); herbivory in forests (from centimetres to megametres); comparative analysis of patterns of
invasion and spread of related lymantriids; threats to forestry by insect pests in Europe; forest pests in
the tropics, current status and future threats; the impacts of climate change and pollution on forest
pests; patterns of use of Saturniidae and Sphingidae by ichneumonid parasitoids in Costa Rican dry
forest; impact of forest loss and regeneration on insect abundance and diversity; Coleoptera abundance
and diversity in a boreal mixed-wood forest; overview of invertebrate responses to forest
fragmentation; impact of forest and woodland structure on insect abundance and diversity; Ficus, a
resource for arthropods in the tropics, with particular reference to New Guinea; arthropods of coastal
old-growth Picea sitchensis forests, conservation of biodiversity with special reference to the
Staphylinidae; conservation corridors and rain forest insects; and insect conservation. An index is
provided.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.9617 F718.
Publicación no.: 066 Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna [Una reducción en las poblaciones
de anfibios en una localidad tropical ubicada en las montañas] / Lips, Karen R. (Southern Illinois
University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, US <E-mail: klips@zoology.siu.edu>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 12, no. 1, p. 106-117. 1998.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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On the basis of surveys conducted between 1991 and 1996, I report a decline of the amphibian fauna at
Las Tablas, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. I propose that the reduction in the abundance of Atelopus
chiquiensis and Hyla calypsa, the presence of dead and dying individuals of six species of frogs and
salamanders, and changes in population sex ratios of A. chiriquiensis and H. calypsa are evidence for
"atypical" population fluctuations. Species with both aquatic eggs and aquatic larvae were most affected
(e.g., Rana vibicaria, Hyla rivularis), whereas species with direct development or those that lack
tadpoles, such as rainfrogs (Eleuthredactylus spp.) and some salamanders (e.g., Bolitoglossa minutula),
do not seem to have declined in numbers. In light of this evidence and in comparison with other declines
in tropical upland Australia, Brazil, and Costa Rica. I concluded that environmental contamination (biotic
pathogens or chemicals) or a combination of factors (environmental contamination plus climate change)
may be responsible for declines in the amphibian populations at this protected site.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3560.
Publicación no.: 067 Cambio climático en Centroamérica y agricultura / Ramírez-Obando, Patricia.
(MINAE. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático, POB Box 7-3350, 1000
San José, CR). Congreso Nacional Agronómico y de Recursos Naturales, IX. La agricultura de hoy para la
Costa Rica del mañana, San José CR18-22 Oct 1993. San José: Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Costa
Rica, 1993. [8] p.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-13797.pdf
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13797. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 630.97286 C749 1993.
Publicación no.: 068 El clima, su variabilidad y cambio y la deforestación en Costa Rica / Campos-Ortiz,
Max. (Comité Regional de Recursos Hidráulicos. Proyecto Centroamericano sobre Cambio Climático, San
José, CR <E-mail: crrhcr@sol.racsa.co.cr>). Simposio Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica. Memorias,
Heredia CR30-31 Oct. 1997.
En: Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica San José: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 1998. p. 169-181.
ISBN: 9968-9845-1-5.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1987.pdf
Conclusiones: Es evidente que el bosque presenta una influencia importante dentro del balance global
del planeta, y que procesos como la deforestación, conllevan a un acelerado deterioro ambiental; sin
embargo, en lo que respecta al clima, el impacto de la deforestación sobre éste, debe estudiarse
considerando los sistemas que constituyen el clima de la región en estudio. En el caso particular de
Costa Rica, aunque aún se necesitan estudios más detallados, el estado del conocimiento del clima del
país, sustentado en los factores y sistemas que lo componen, indican que la deforestación, en zonas
como Guanacaste, no produciría un efecto climático importante, dado que la principal fuente de
humedad y lluvia es el océano. Sin embargo, los cambios en el albedo y la evapotranspiración debido a
la deforestación sí tendrán un impacto directo en lo que respecta a los microclimas de la región.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1987. 333.7516 C755c.
Publicación no.: 069 Generación de ingresos a través de la valoración de los bienes y servicios del
bosque tropical / Aguirre-González, Juan Antonio. (School of Field Studies. Center for Sustainable
Development Studies, Atenas, CR <E-mail: jaguirre@fieldstudies.org>). Simposio Conservación del
Bosque en Costa Rica. Memorias, Heredia CR30-31 Oct. 1997.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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En: Conservación del Bosque en Costa Rica San José: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 1998. p. 242-255.
ISBN: 9968-9845-1-5.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1987.pdf
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1987. 333.7516 C755c.
Publicación no.: 070 Interannual variability of annual streamflow and the Southern Oscillation in Costa
Rica [Variabilidad interanual del caudal anual y El Niño en Costa Rica] / George, R.K; Waylen, Peter R;
Laporte, S. (US Embassy. US Defense Attache Office, Santiago, CL <E-mail: prwaylen@geog.ufl.edu>).
En: Hydrological Sciences Journal - Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques (ISSN 0262-6667), v. 43, no. 3, p.
409-424. 1998.
This study illustrates the association between annual and seasonal streamflow characteristics on six
Costa Rican rivers and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Annual discharge from rivers within the
Pacific watershed are clearly positively associated with contemporary values of the SOI and experience
significant reductions in both mean and variance in El Niño years. The considerable practical implications
of this finding to a country in which over 60% of national electrical power comes from hydroelectric
schemes is illustrated using quantile estimates from various models. Rivers draining towards the
Caribbean show less clear and coherent patterns of associations. The observed associations with
seasonal flows on some rivers appear to be the opposite of those on the Pacific, and may even vary
during the course of a year at a site. The exact nature of the response seems to be closely related to the
elevation of the gauge site. The larger the proportion of the basin, at elevations above about 500-1000
m the greater the similarity to the Pacific pattern, suggesting that the marked topographic divide
between the two coastal watersheds does not correspond to the divide in associations between
streamflow and the SOI.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4332.
Publicación no.: 071 Cloud water and precipitation chemistry in a tropical montane forest,
Monteverde, Costa Rica [Agua de las nubes y química de la lluvia en un bosque montano tropical,
Monteverde, Costa Rica] / Clark, Kenneth L; Nadkarni, Nalini M; Schaefer, D; Gholz, H.L. (US Forest
Service. Silas Little Experiment Forest, No Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd, New Lisbon, NJ 08064,
US
<E-mail:
kennethclark@fs.fed.us>
<E-mail:
nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>
<E-mail:
dshaete@upracd.upr.clu.edu>).
En: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 32, no. 9, p. 1595-1603. 1998.
Cloud water, mist and precipitation samples were collected at two sites in a tropical montane forest
(TMF), Monteverde, Costa Rica. Cloud water, mist and wind-driven (u = to 2 m s-1) precipitation samples
were collected with passive cloud water-type collectors, and precipitation at low windspeeds (u <2 m²)
was sampled with a bulk precipitation-type collector. Concentrations of H+, NO3-, and NH4+ in cloud
water were 132 ± 150, 103 ± 82, and 149 ± 200 µmol L-1) (mean ± 1 S.D), respectively. Concentrations of
NO3-, NH4+, Ca-2(+) and K+ in cloud water samples collected at the middle and end of the dry season,
which corresponded to biomass burning activities in the region, were significantly greater when
compared to those collected early in the dry season. The mean concentration of H+ in cloud water at
Monteverde was lower, but concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ were within the range of those collected
at a number of montane sites in North America (62-195 µmol NO3- L-1 and 74-184 mµ mol NH4+ L-1). Ion
concentrations in mist were 2-24 times greater than those in both categories of precipitation. Ion
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Junio 2012
concentrations in both categories of precipitation were generally within the range of those reported in
bulk precipitation from other tropical premontane and TMF sites.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6576.
Publicación no.: 072 Análisis económico y financiero de los incentivos a la reforestación otorgados por
el gobierno de Costa Rica [Economic and financial evaluation of reforestation incentives granted by the
government of Costa Rica] / Godoy, J.C. Turrialba: CATIE, 1997. 94 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Centro Agronómico
Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
En Costa Rica los incentivos destinados a promover la reforestación han funcionado por un período de
19 años, con una importante inversión de recursos financieros. En tal sentido el objetivo general de la
presente investigación tuvo como fEn: evaluar a nivel micro y macroeconómico, los programas
prototipos de incentivos para la reforestación que han sido otorgados por el gobierno de Costa Rica. El
estudio se realizó en base a la información estadística forestal primaria y secundaria generada por las
diferentes entidades estatales y privadas durante el período que va desde 1979 hasta 1997, realizando
primeramente un análisis cualitativo sobre el funcionamiento y los logros alcanzados por los programas
de incentivos en el cumplimiento de sus objetivos. Posteriormente se hizo un análisis financiero y
económico de las plantaciones forestales considerando las especies Melina (Gmelina arborea), Teca
(Tectona grandis) y Pochote (Bombacopsis quinatum). Ambos análisis incluyeron los montos de los
incentivos Certificado de Abono Forestal (CAF), Certificado de Abono Forestal por Adelantado (CAFA),
Deducción de impuesto sobre la Renta (Renta) y Fondo de Desarrollo Forestal (FDF); considerando para
el análisis económico el valor de la externalidad de almacenamiento de carbono. Finalmente se llevó a
cabo una medición del impacto que los montos de los diferentes incentivos han tenido en las áreas
reforestadas mediante un análisis de regresión. A nivel macroeconómico los objetivos que plantea la
política forestal sobre las plantaciones forestales han sido alcanzados con poca eficacia y eficiencia, esto
principalmente debido a: las acciones parciales llevadas a cabo, poniendo a las plantaciones forestales
como la mejor alternativa para el abastecimiento futuro de madera, la falta de supervisión y
seguimiento de los programas, dificultades operacionales por la complejidad de los programas para ser
ejecutados desincentivando la inversión forestal. Además, la información generada de la investigación
forestal en muy pocas ocasiones llega a los productores lo que limita su formación en ese campo, las
estadísticas forestales son poco confiables y contradictorias dando lugar a que la toma de decisiones
políticas sobre el sector, sean erradas y por lo tanto, con alto potencial de fracaso. Por otro lado, los
montos de los incentivos destinados a la promoción de las plantaciones forestales de Melina, Teca y
Pochote representan costos sociales más altos que los beneficios que estas generan por las
externalidades socioeconómicas y ambientales de almacenamiento de carbono. Lo anterior hace
injustificado el uso de incentivos para promover las plantaciones forestales, bajo las condiciones del
estudio. El análisis de regresión mostró que no existe evidencia estadística de que las áreas de
plantaciones establecidas por año estén determinadas por el monto real de los incentivos, ni que haya
competencia o substitución entre estos cuando han funcionado simultáneamente. Solamente las
variables tiempo y las variables categóricas de interacción tipo de incentivo TCAF, TCAFA, TFDF y TR
explican estadísticamente el comportamiento de las áreas plantadas por año. Esto indica que la sola
existencia de los incentivos anteriores es suficiente para promover las plantaciones forestales, con un
impacto diferenciado dadas las características de cada uno; mientras que a la variable tiempo refleja
que para que un incentivo promueva mayores áreas de plantaciones por año es necesario un período
para su divulgación y conocimiento entre un mayor número de productores.
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Junio 2012
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis G589a.
Publicación no.: 073 Responses of tropical trees to rainfall seasonality and its long-term changes
[Respuestas de los árboles tropicales a la estacionalidad de las lluvias y sus cambios a largo plazo] /
Borchert, Rolf. (The University of Kansas. Division of Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside
Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail: borchert@ku.edu>).
En: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 39, no. 2-3, p. 381-393. 1998.
Seasonality and physiognomy of tropical forests are mainly determined by the amount of annual rainfall
and its seasonal distribution. Climatic change scenarios predict that global warming will result in
reduced annual rainfall and longer dry seasons for some, but not all, tropical rainforests. Tropical trees
can reduce the impact of seasonal drought by adaptive mechanisms such as leaf shedding or stem
succulence and by utilization of soil water reserves, which enable the maintenance of an evergreen
canopy during periods of low rainfall. Correlations between climate and responses of tropical trees are
therefore poor and the responses of tropical rainforests to climatic changes are hard to predict.
Predicted climate change is unlikely to affect the physiognomy of rainforests with high annual rainfall
and low seasonality. Seasonal evergreen forests which depend on the use of soil water reserves will be
replaced by more drought-tolerant semideciduous forests, once rainfall becomes insufficient to
replenish soil water reserves regularly. As the limits of drought tolerance of tropical rainforests are not
known, rate and extent of future changes cannot be predicted.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3881.
Publicación no.: 074 Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and
pasture landscapes in Costa Rica [Estimando los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano de la estación lluviosa
a través del paisaje del bosque y potreros en Costa Rica] / Reiners, William A; Keller, Michael; Gerow,
Kenneth G. (University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071, US <E-mail:
reiners@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: gerow@uwyo.edu>).
En: Water, Air and Soil Pollution (ISSN 0049-6979), v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 117-130. 1998.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7135.pdf
The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH4 and N2O, both radiatively active
gases, between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa
Rica; and to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly
terrain. Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of
both actively grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were
significantly different for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not
significantly different for CH4, but were significantly different for N2O. The forest landscape was
partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop, slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas
for each of these were multiplied by their respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the
entire forested area of 618 ha. Nitrous oxide flux ranged from 16,181 to 17,100 g N d-1. Similarly, CH4
flux ranged from -6,201 to -6,658 g CH4 d-1. Errors associated with both estimating mean emission rates
for each hillslope position and judgmental errors in partitioning the landscape into hillslope positional
classes are important to making landscape-scale estimates of flux.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3870. NBINA-7135.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Publicación no.: 075 GIS-based extrapolation of land use-related nitrous oxide flux in the Atlantic zone
of Costa Rica [Extrapolación con base a sistemas de información geográfica del uso de la tierra en
relación con el flujo de óxido nitroso en la Zona Atlántica de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural
University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <Email: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
En: Water, Air and Soil Pollution (ISSN 0049-6979), v. 105, no. 1-2, p. 131-141. 1998.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-9840.pdf
I estimated the aereal nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from 281,347 ha of Costa Rican lowland covered with
primary and secondary forest, pastures and banana plantations by linking the DeNitrificationDeComposition (DNDC) model with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Generalized soil, texture and
land use maps were overlaid to yield unique combinations of N2O flux control factors. Overlay patches
were associated with the nearest of seven available meteorological stations. Monte Carlo-based
sensitivity analysis was used to identify DNDC's key driving variables and required map attributes. Clay
content, initial soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and pH were selected as key driving variables. For
217 patch classes, DNDC simulations were carried out with climate data for seven different years. The
estimated average areal flux was 6.8 kg N2O -N ha-1 yr-1. Possible applications of the GIS-DNDC interface
presented include estimation of long-term areal flux dynamics from a changing land use mosaic, and
prediction of areal fluxes resulting from alternative land use scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3869. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-9840.
Publicación no.: 076 Evaluating the role of plantations as carbon sinks: an example of an integrative
approach from the humid tropics [Evaluando el papel de las plantaciones como almacenadoras de
carbono: un ejemplo de un enfoque integrativo de los trópicos húmedos] / Montagnini, Florencia; PorrasSalazar, Carlos. (Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: florencia.montagnini@yale.edu>).
En: Environmental Management (ISSN 0364-152X), v. 22, no. 3, p. 459-470. 1998.
Despite their fast growth, tropical plantations are a small sink of atmospheric carbon because they
occupy only a small area in relation to other land uses world-wide. Proper design and management of
plantations can increase biomass accumulation rates, making them more effective C sinks. However,
fast-growing plantations can extract large amounts of nutrients from the soil, and site fertility declines
may limit sustained plantation forestry after a few rotations. We measured aboveground biomass
accumulation, carbon sequestration, and soil chemistry in three young plantations of 12 indigenous tree
species in pure and mixed designs in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Annual biomass increments for
the three mixed plantations ranged from 10-13 Mg/ha. The mixtures of four species gave higher
biomass per hectare than that obtained by the sum of one fourth hectare of each species in pure plots.
At this early age of the plantations, estimated annual C sequestration values were comparable to other
reports from young plantations of exotic species commonly grown in the tropics. Four years after
planting, decreases in soil nutrients were apparent in pure plots of some of the fastest growing species,
while beneficial effects on soils were noted under other species. The mixed plots showed intermediate
values for the nutrients examined and, sometimes, improved soil conditions. A mixture of fast and
slower growing species yields products at different times, with the slower growing species constituting a
longer term sink for fixed carbon. Examination of the role of tropical plantations as C sinks necessitates
integrative approaches that consider rates of C sequestration, potential deleterious effects on
ecosystem nutrients, and economic, social, and environmental constraints.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4505. AD 316. NBINA-4491.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
Publicación no.: 077 National inventory of greenhouse gas emissions: the case of Costa Rica
[Inventario nacional de emisiones de gases de invernadero: el caso de Costa Rica] / Ramírez-Obando,
Patricia. (MINAE. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, Comité Nacional de Cambio Climático, POB Box 73350, 1000 San José, CR).
En: Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 218225. 1995.
Costa Rica is assessing its first national emissions inventory by sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.
The evaluation includes emissions of carbon dioxide and monoxide, nitrous oxide, methane, nitrogen
oxides, and other non-methane volatile compounds. in the energy, industry, agriculture activity, land
use change, and waste management sectors. For the evaluation, the IPCC/OECD methodology is being
used and 1990 as the base year, to make the results comparable with those presented by other
countries. The results show a total emission of 5479.3 Gg. The energy sector contributes 48.6% to this
total, land use with 41.7%, industrial processes with 6.7%, agriculture with 2.6%, and waste with 0.4%.
Gas emissions are distributed as follows: CO2, 89.8%; CO, 6.0%; methane, 3.0%; and other gases, 1.83%.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 078 Effects of pasture management on N2O and NO emissions from soils in the humid
tropics of Costa Rica [Efectos del manejo de los potreros en las emisiones de N2O y NO de suelos en los
trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica] / Veldkamp, Edzo; Keller, Michael; Núñez, M. (Universität Göttingen.
Institute of Soil Science, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 12, no. 1, p. 71-79. 1998.
We made monthly measurements of N2O and NO emissions from pastures with three different
management systems on volcanic soils in northwestern Costa Rica: traditional (no N input from fertilizer
or legumes), pastures with a grass-legume combination, and pastures fertilized with 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1.
Average annual N2O emissions were 2.7 ng N cm² h-1 from the traditional pastures, 4.9 ng N cm² h-1 from
the grass-legume pastures, and 25.8 ng N cm² h-1 from the fertilized pastures. Average annual NO
emissions were 0.9, 1.3, and 5.3 ng N cm² h-1 from traditional, grass-legume and fertilized pastures,
response. In a separate experiment the effects of ammonium, nitrate, and urea-based fertilizer mixtures
on nitrogen oxide fluxes were compared. We measured nitrogen oxide fluxes following four different
fertilization events. Nitrogen oxide fluxes were among the highest ever measured. The difference in soil
water content between the fertilization events had a far greater effect on N2O and NO emissions than the
effect of fertilizer composition. We conclude that the concept of "emission factors" for calculating N2O
and NO emissions from different types of N fertilizer is flawed because environmental factors are more
important than the type of N fertilizer. To estimate fertilizer-induced N2O emission in tropical
agriculture, stratification according to soil moisture regime is more useful than stratification according
to fertilizer composition.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5243. NBINA-6583.
Publicación no.: 079 Mixed-species tree plantations in the humid tropics: an alternative for carbon
sequestration [Plantaciones mixtas de especies de árboles en los trópicos húmedos: una alternativa para
el almacenamiento de carbono] / Shepherd, D. (Yale University. School of Forestry and Environmental
Studies, 205 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, US). , 1998. p. 1-28. (TRI Working Paper; no. 99).
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
Increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have emerged as a major global environmental
concern. Although debate continues over the environmental ramifications of these higher levels, it is
widely accepted that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from a mid-19th
century pre-industrial concentration of approximately 270 ppm to a current concentration of
approximately 270 ppm to a current concentration of approximately 350 ppm. To offset escalating
atmospheric CO2 levels, the amount emitted can be reduced, or captured from the atmosphere and
stored in terrestrial and maritime ecosystems. This paper reports results on the biomass production for
twelve indigenous tree species after six years of growth in three experimental mixed- and pure-species
plantations in Costa Rica. Results from previous research on these plantations had indicated the capacity
of mixed-species stands to produce relatively high biomass and carbon sequestration levels. The results
of this study were expected to be consistent with previous research findings. Although it is difficult to
extrapolate over an entire rotation, recent results suggest design and management options which would
enhance the tropical plantations' value as carbon sinks. Potentially, this could also make them
economically attractive to local farmers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S3927. AD597. LS.
Publicación no.: 080 Assessing the carbon dynamics and stocks of a neotropical rain forest [Evaluando
la dinámica del carbono y reservas de un bosque lluvioso neotropical] / Clark, Deborah A; Oberbauer,
Steven F; Clark, David B; Veldkamp, Edzo; O'Brien, Joseph J; Loescher, Henry William. (Organization for
Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: oberbaue@fiu.edu> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: jjobrien@fs.fed.us> <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu>). The
Association for Tropical Biology & Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.
Abstracts, Baltimore, MD, US, August 2-6, 1998. , 1998. p. 26.
At the La Selva Biological Station (Costa Rica), we are carrying out a landscape-scale study to assess the
standing stocks of carbon and the climatic controls of carbon fluxes in a lowland neotropical rain forest.
We sited 18 0.5 ha plots in a stratified, random design over 600 ha of old-growth: six plots in each of
three edafphic conditions: steep slopes on ultisols; level plateaus on ultisols; and old alluvial terraces.
Long-term measurements began in September 1997 for: fine roots (every 6-8 weeks), fine litter
(biweekly), and tree biomass increment (annual). Six 4-m deep soil pits are being used to assess the
stocks and dynamics of belowground carbon. In paralell with these studies, short-term (day-month)
climatic responses of 10 canopy tree species are being assessed with xylem sapflow and dendrometer
studies. Finally, forest-level carbon exchange with the atmosphere is being monitored continuously from
a 42 m tower with eddy covariance techniques. The integrated results from these studies reveal a high
degree of temporal and spatial variation in the carbon dynamics of this tropical forest.
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
Publicación no.: 081 Tests of null models for amphibian declines on a tropical mountain [Pruebas de
modelos nulos para disminuciones de anfibios en una montaña tropical] / Pounds, J. Alan; Fogden,
Michael P.L; Savage, Jay M; Gorman, G.C. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center,
Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail:
goldtoad@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: savy1@cox.net>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 11, no. 6, p. 1307-1322. 1997.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
Many of the recent, widespread declines and disappearances of amphibian populations have taken
place in seemingly undisturbed, montane habitats. The question of whether the observed patterns differ
from those expected from natural population dynamics is the subject of an ongoing controversy with
important implications for conservation. We examined this issue for the Monteverde region of Costa
Rica's Cordillera de Tilarán, where a multi-species population crash in 1987 led to the disappearance of
the endemic golden toad (Bufo periglenes) and many other species. Focusing on long-term studies of
other amphibian assemblages, we developed probabilistic null models for the number of
disappearances. Tests of these models at Monteverde suggest that the patterns observed there are
highly improbable in the context of normal demographic variability. Twenty species of frogs and toads
(40% of the anuran fauna) were missing throughout our 1990-1994 surveys of a 30 km² area. Not all
organisms in this area had declined accordingly: the relative frequency of absences was much greater
for anurans than for breeding birds. Nevertheless, anuran habitats, most of which are protected within
the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, seemed unchanged, and none of the breeding-bird species
known to be sensitive to deforestation was missing. Thus, only factors other than direct, obvious human
impacts can explain the amphibian declines. Consistent with our tests of null models, analyses of recent
population trends do not support the hypothesis that the 1987 crash was an extreme fluctuation from
which populations are recovering. Surviving species for which baseline data are available streambreeding glass frogs (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni and Centrolenella prosoblepon) and a pond
breeding tree frog (Hyla pseudopuma)-remained far less abundant than they were before the crash and
showed no increase during 1990-1994. We documented an increase only for one terrestrial-breeding
rain frog (Eleutherodactylus diastema).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: C.
Publicación no.: 082 Economic value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry plantations
[Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de las plantaciones forestales de Costa
Rica] / Ramírez, Octavio A; Gómez-Flores, Manuel; Sassa, K (ed.). (Texas Tech University. Department of
Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail:
octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <E-mail: mgomez@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Environmental Forest Science, v. 54, p. 129-138. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.
(Series: Forestry Sciences). ISBN: 0-7923-5280-7.
It is estimated that the "average" hectare of plantation forestry in Costa Rica can sequester 7.7 metric
tons of Carbon, or 28.2 tons of CO2 per year. Based on this estimate, it is calculated that the 128,000
hectares of forestry plantations reported have sequestered approximately 4.4 million metric tons of
carbon to date (Figure 1). The average net amount of carbon that has remained scored in this area
during the last 20 years is calculated at 750,000 metric tons, with a potential value of 7.5 to 15 million
U.S. Dollars in government issued Carbon Bonds. In addition, the potential value of the average storage
that is likely to occur during the next 20 years, of approximately 8.5 million tons, is estimated at
between 84 and 168 million U.S. Dollars, as the prices paid for the bonds may vary widely.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 083 Posibles efectos de un calentamiento global en el cultivo de arroz de secano en el
Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica [Possible effects of global warming on unirrigated rice in the North Pacific
region of Costa Rica] / Villalobos-Flores, Roberto; Retana-Barrantes, José A. (Instituto Meteorológico
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Nacional. Departamento de Agrometeorología, San José, CR <E-mail: rvilla@imn.ac.cr> <E-mail:
jretana@imn.ac.cr>).
En: Agronomía Costarricense (ISSN 0377-9424), v. 21, no. 2, p. 179-188. 1997.
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world, a first necessity for more than half of the human
population. However, it might have to be produced under uncertain conditions due to global warming.
In Costa Rica, the greater concentration of sowed area is in the North Pacific (47%); this region has 42%
of the labor force working in agricultural activities, therefore, a change in the climate of this zone, would
increase the possibility of serious socioeconomic problems. A group of international scientists has
developed a "Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer" (DSSAT). It is a microcomputer
software that uses databases of soils, crops and climate, with application programs to simulate growth
and plant development. The DSSAT allows carrying out climatic changes in order to simulate the crop
response to several environments. The objective of this work was to simulate the response of rice crop
on unirrigated land in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, using several climatic scenarios that represent
global warming characteristics, with the purpose of analyzing and quantifying the sensibility of the crop
to different climatic elements. The outputs permit to infer that a strong relationship exists between
temperature and duration of the sowing- flowering period of the rice crop cycle, and that changes in the
climate of the region could modify the general pattern of growth, which could reduce yields. Also, there
is an apparently different response the crop to the increase in temperature when maximal or minimal
temperature are considered; for this reason, references to mean temperature would not be adequate. If
this is correct, the DSSAT would constitute a valuable system of alert in agriculture and food production.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 084 Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of
Costa Rica: Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales [Efectos del uso de la tierra sobre las
emisiones regionales de óxido nitroso en los trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica: Extrapolando los flujos de
escalas de campo a regionales] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil
Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999. 129 p. ISBN: 90-5808-001-3. Dissertation, Ph.D,
Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The research was carried out in three steps resulting in the three parts of this thesis. Since most
chapters are based on published and submitted papers, the reader may find some parts repetitive. Part I
(Chapters 2 and 3) describes the results of model tests against field data. In Chapter 2, DNDC is tested
against data from a chronosequence of soils below forest and forest-derived pastures. In Chapter 3,
short-term measurements from fertilization experiments on a Costa Rican banana plantation comprise
an additional benchmark against which DNDC is tested. Part II (Chapter 4) links field-level and land unitscale modeling. In Chapter 4, effects of heterogeneous pasture management on N2O and NO emissions
for one land unit are discussed. In Part Ill (Chapters 5 and 6), 1 describe the estimation of areal fluxes for
land units across the Northern Atlantic Zone. In Chapter 5, a "classic" GIS-based extrapolation, whereby
deterministic modeling is employed and spatial heterogeneity within land units is ignored, is presented.
In Chapter 6, stochastic methods are used in concert with GIS-based extrapolation to fully account for
spatial heterogeneity of both soils and management within land units. Chapter 7 summarizes and
discusses key conclusions ensuing from this work.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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fuente de información.
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Publicación no.: 085 Modeling changes in soil nitrogen cycling induced by conversion of tropical forest
to pasture [Cambios de modelaje en el reciclaje del nitrógeno del suelo inducidos por la conversión de
bosques tropicales en potreros] / Plant, R.A.J; Keller, Michael. (Agricultural University Wageningen.
Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail:
rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica:
Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999.
p. 25-38. Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
We used the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate the dynamics of soil carbon and
nitrogen in 25-year chronosequences of Inceptisols and Andisols below forest that had been replaced by
pasture. In order to simulate continuously grazed pasture, we modified DNDC by adding functions that
simulate i) grazing, and ii) the steady input of organic matter through root turnover and the return of
urine and feces to the pasture. We also added an explicit treatment for the immobilization of nitrogen.
Results of simulations were compared to field observations of soil organic carbon stocks, nitrogen
mineralization rates, nitrification rates, and evolution of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide. The DNDC
formulation was found to be consistent with respect to annual carbon and nitrogen dynamics and
annual nitrogen-oxide emissions. In contrast, simulated daily dynamics of nitrogen-oxide emission did
not match field observations. Simulated rates and pathways of nitrogen loss in the chronosequences of
Inceptisol and Andisol were similar. Considering that a rationale for DNDC is that an explicit description
of short-term microbial processes is required to correctly estimate annual gas emissions, we examine
possible causes for the model failure. We also consider better approaches for future tests of DNDC.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 086 Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from a Costa Rican banana plantation
[Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de plantaciones bananeras costarricenses] / Plant, R.A.J;
Veldkamp, Edzo; Li, C.S. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB
37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica:
Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999.
p. 41-54. Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The; Netherlands).
We applied the process-based DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to estimate field-level
nitrous oxide emissions from a nitrogen-fertilized banana plantation on a clayey Inceptisol and a loamy
Andisol in Costa Rica. Simulated daily nitrous oxide fluxes were compared with data from monthly and
frequent field sampling. Different parameterizations were used to represent fertilizer inputs below
banana plants (10% of the plantation area) and crop residue additions between plants (90% of the
plantation area). For both the Andisol and the Inceptisol, simulated below-plant fluxes matched better
with frequently measured fluxes (R2 = 0.53 - 0.60) than with monthly measured fluxes (R2 = 0.00 - 0.42).
Simulated between-plant fluxes matched better with monthly measured fluxes (R2 = 0.44 - 0.78) than
with frequently measured fluxes (R2 = 0.00 - 0.16). Per soil type, annual N2O -N losses were calculated by
integrating simulated below-plant and between-plant losses over space, assuming that 40% of the
plantation area is affected by fertilization. Losses calculated for the Inceptisol and Andisol were 6 and 15
kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Field-measured losses were 6 and 13 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1. In addition,
three fertilization scenarios for Andisols were studied. When 360 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was applied in six, rather
than the typical thirteen equal splits, the below-plant N2O -N loss declined by 27%. With twenty-six
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equal splits, annual below-plant N2O -N losses increased most strongly with increasing amounts of
fertilizer-N (100 - 800 kg ha-1 yr-1). Field-level simulation modeling plays a key role in regional analysis of
land use-related N-oxide emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 087 Modeling nitrogen oxide emissions from current and alternative pastures in Costa
Rica [Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de potreros actuales y alternativos en Costa Rica] /
Plant, R.A.J; Bouman, B.A.M. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences &
Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl> <E-mail:
b.bouman@cgiar.org>).
En: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica:
Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999.
p. 55-72. Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Emissions of nitrogen (N) oxide were simulated for one current pasture management system ("Natural")
and two alternative systems ("Grass-Legume" and "Fertilized improved") relevant to the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Current forest-derived pastures deplete soil nitrogen stocks and therefore
are unsustainable. Alternative management systems aim at a nitrogen use that is optimally adapted to
the environment, hence they are sustainable. To produce frequency distributions of nitrogen oxide
emissions, an expert system for generating technical coefficients of pastures was linked with a processbased simulation model. The expert model generated parameter sets representing different options for
the three management systems. The simulation model was rerun for each parameter set. Simulated
nitrous oxide-N losses twenty-five years after pasture establishment were 3-5 kg ha-1 yr-1 for natural
pastures, 12-15 for grass-legume mixtures, and 7-28 for fertilized grasses. Losses of nitric oxide-N were
1-2 kg ha-1 yr-1 for natural pastures, 7-8 for grass-legume mixtures, and 3-16 for fertilized grasses.
Stepwise multiple regression showed that nitrous oxide-N losses were explained by annual carbon input
to the sod (R-square 0.997), and nitric oxide-N losses by attainable dry matter production (R2 = 0.972).
Carbon input and dry matter production were controlled by stocking rate and fertilizer level. Soilatmosphere N-oxide emissions from pastures may increase by a factor 3-5 when natural pastures are
converted to improved pastures. Such conversion may increase the sustainability of the pasture by
stopping the decline of soil N. However, the change is not necessarily sustainable from a global
perspective because it increases the emission of N-oxide greenhouse gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 088 GIS-based extrapolation of land use-related nitrous oxide flux in the Atlantic Zone
of Costa Rica [Extrapolación con base a sistemas de información geográfica del flujo de óxido nitroso
relacionado con el uso de la tierra en la Zona Atlántica de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural
University Wageningen. Laboratory of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <Email: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
En: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica:
Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999.
p. 73-84. Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
I estimated the regional nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from 281,347 ha of Costa Rican lowland, covered with
primary and secondary forest, pastures, and banana plantations, by linking the DeNitrificationDeComposition (DNDC) model with a Geographic Information System (GIS). Generalized soil, texture,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Junio 2012
and land use maps were overlaid to yield unique combinations of N2O flux control factors. Overlay
patches were associated with the nearest of seven available meteorological stations. Monte Carlo-based
sensitivity analysis was used to identify DNDC'S key driving variables and required map attributes. Clay
content, initial soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density, and pH were selected as key driving variables. For
217 patch classes, DNDC simulations were carried out with climate data for seven different years. The
estimated average regional flux was 6.8 kg N2O-N ha-1 yr-1. Possible applications of the GIS-DNDC
interface presented include estimation of long-term regional flux dynamics from a changing land use
mosaic, and prediction of regional fluxes resulting from alternative land use scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 089 Regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide emissions in the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica [Análisis regional de las emisiones de óxido nitroso del suelo a la atmósfera
en la Zona Atlántica Norte de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory
of Soil Sciences & Geology, POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
En: Effects of land use on regional nitrous oxide emissions in the humid tropics of Costa Rica:
Extrapolating fluxes from field to regional scales Wageningen: Agricultural University Wageningen, 1999.
p. 85-106. Dissertation, Ph.D, Agricultural University Wageningen (The Netherlands).
Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly important in answering
questions related to climate change. Regional analysis typically employs a Geographic Information
System and a mechanistic simulation model driven by deterministic inputs. For a region in Costa Rica
(2817 km²), an analysis of nitrous oxide emissions was performed using both deterministic and
stochastic descriptions of key driving variables. The stochastic representation accounted for soil and
land use variability across non-georeferenced fields within 2472 georeferenced land units in eleven
relevant classes. Using Monte Carlo integration, frequency distributions of field-scale fluxes simulated
with a process-based model were obtained per land use class. Regional fluxes were calculated by
summing expected values weighted by area. Stochastic incorporation of both soil and land use variability
resulted in aerial fluxes that were 14-22% lower than those estimated with deterministic model runs.
This suggests non-linearity in the relationship between key model parameters and nitrous oxide fluxes.
In addition, spatial flux patterns for land use in 1992 and two alternative land use scenarios were
evaluated using stochastic inputs. With contemporary banana plantations and unfertilized natural
grasses the regional nitrous oxide-N flux (standard deviation in parenthesis) was 1.0 (0.4) Gg yr-1.
Replacing natural grasses by sustainable grass-legume mixtures on relevant soil types increased the
regional flux to 1.6 (0.5) Gg yr-1. When all natural grasses were replaced by fertilized improved species,
the regional flux increased to 1.9 (1.2) Gg yr-1. Land use activities that are sustainable in terms of
economic profit and soil fertility may be unsustainable when including N2O emission as an extra
indicator. Due to formidable data requirements, the approach presented may not be widely applicable.
However, regional analysis based on mechanistic modeling may provide valuable insights in the factors
that affect emissions at scales relevant to policy making.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 289.
Publicación no.: 090 Estimación de la biomasa aérea presente en la palma africana (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.), total y por sus componentes / Arias-Cartín, Jorge Eduardo. Cartago: ITCR, 1996. 32 p. Informe de
Práctica, Bachillerato, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Departamento de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago
(Costa Rica).
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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El área donde se desarrolló el siguiente trabajo se trata de la jurisdicción de la Cooperativa de
Productores de Palma Aceitera (Coopeagropal R.L.), ubicada en el cantón de Corredores, Puntarenas.
Esta área cuenta con más de 20 mil ha, de las cuales, 5 300 se encuentran sembradas de palma desde
hace ya más de 16 años. El proyecto de trabajo conlleva a la cuantificación de la biomasa aérea de la
palma africana (Elaeis guineensis), con un objetivo general de encontrar la relación de aporte de la
especie con el medio ambiente desde el punto de vista de la fijación de carbono. El material utilizado
constó elementalmente de equipo para la corta de la planta y romanas para pesar el material;
posteriormente en el laboratorio fue utilizado equipo especial para la preparación de las probetas,
también balanzas analíticas, equipo volumétrico y un horno de secado. La presencia de la época lluviosa
en el país durante la etapa de campo del estudio (agosto y setiembre), presentó algunos problemas por
el exceso de agua en las muestras, causando trastornos como la pérdida de materia en algunas de las
llevadas al laboratorio, principalmente. Los modelos "alométricos " planteados, responden al análisis
estadístico realizado con el programa SAS v 6.03, el cual es ulilizado también, para la respectiva
validación de cada modelo. Las características mostradas por estos modelos (coeficientes de correlación,
coeficientes de variación -tanto de los modelos como los de la validación, y el análisis de colinearidad),
hacen que estos sean considerados como aceptables al demostrar mejor desempeño que algunos
estudios anteriormente desarrollados en bosque natural. Una vez elaborados y aceptados los modelos,
se logró identificar la cantidad de carbono fijado por ha sembrada de palma para diferentes edades de
siembra. Así también se indica el cambio en la cantidad que podría estar siendo fijada en el transcurso
de un año.
Localización: Biblioteca José Figueres F.: TF 2220.
Publicación no.: 091 Comportamiento de las variables meteorológicas (velocidad del viento y
temperatura del aire) en el sistema Coffea arabica - Erythrina poeppigiana [Behavior of the
meteorological variables (wind speed and air temperature) in an Erythrina poeppigiana - coffea arabica
system] / Rodríguez-Rubí, Jorge Antonio. Turrialba: CATIE, 1992. 77 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, CATIE, Turrialba
(Costa Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-14238.pdf
Se condujo un experimento de junio a agosto de 1992, en una finca cafetalera de Turrialba, Costa Rica,
ubicada a 9° 55' latitud norte y 82° 39' longitud oeste, con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento de
variables meteorológicas en un sistema agroforestal de café-poró. Las variables consideradas fueron
velocidad del viento y temperatura del aire. Para la toma de datos se utilizaron termocuplas de tipo
cobre constantan y anemómetros de tres copas. Los datos fueron almacenados en una central
computarizada marca Campbell. Los sensores fueron colocados sobre una torre fija de 15 m de altura y
un mástil móvil de 9 m de alto. El mástil fue colocado en diferentes posiciones dentro de una malla
elemental, delimitada por cuatro árboles de poró, para cubrir las tres dimensiones del sistema. Se
encontró además de las diferencias de temperatura del aire medidas a diferentes alturas, diferencias de
temperatura del aire a nivel horizontal, éstas fueron provocadas por la influencia del follaje del poró, el
cual determina las diferencias a nivel horizontal en el sistema y a nivel vertical. Las bajas velocidades del
viento, características de la zona y la poca sensibilidad de los anemómetros a velocidades del viento
inferiores a 0.5 m.s exponente -1, posiblemente no permitieron que se pusieran en evidencia las
variaciones horizontales de la velocidad del viento dentro del sistema estudiado. De forma general se
puede afirmar que las variaciones de temperatura en la parcela fueron facilmente explicadas por las
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leyes de transferencia de calor, y que el viento que llega a la parcela se reparte de manera relativamente
homogénea dentro de la malla elemental en las condiciones del presente estudio.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-14238. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis R696cp.
Publicación no.: 092 Deposition and net canopy retention of inorganic nitrogen and hydrogen ions in a
neotropical montane cloud forest [Deposición y retención neta en el dosel del nitrógeno inorgánico y
iones de hidrógeno en un bosque nuboso montano neotropical] / Clark, Kenneth L; Nadkarni, Nalini M;
Gholz, H.L. (US Forest Service. Silas Little Experiment Forest, No Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd,
New Lisbon, NJ 08064, US <E-mail: kennethclark@fs.fed.us> <E-mail: nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>). The
Association for Tropical Biology & The Organization for Tropical Studies Annual Meeting. Abstracts, San
Juan, Puerto Rico, Jun 1-4, 1993. San Juan, PR: ATB/OTS, 1993. p. 56.
We monitored nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and hydrogen (H+) ions in cloud water (CW), bulk
precipitation (BP), bulk cloud water and precipitation (BCWP), and throughfall (TF) for one year in a
neotropical montane cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Highest concentrations of NO3-, NH4+, and
H+ in CW, BP, and BCWP coincided with the peak in agricultural and forest burning. NO3- + NH4+ totaled
was 210 mol N ha-1 yr-1 in BP, and 420 mol N ha-1 yr-1 ub BCWP. Coupling a hydrologic model with the
BP and BCWP data, we estimated total deposition to the canopy to be 700 mol N ha(-1) and 800 mol H+
ha(-1) yr(-1). NO3- + NH4+ in TF was 140±20 mol N ha-1 yr-1 and H+ was 50±12 mol H+ ha-1 yr-1. Eighty
percent of NO3- + NH4+ and 90% of the H+ deposition was retained by the canopy. Net retention of N
and H+ for adevective vs. convective events and for NO3- vs. NH4+ agreed closely with leaching
experiments using epiphytic bryophytes and dead organic matter (DOM), suggesting that these
components play a major role in N and H+ retention. Artificially acidified precipitation caused enhanced
NH4+ loss from the bryophytes and DOM, indicating potential control over in-canopy N cycling
processes by H+.
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
Publicación no.: 093 Soil nitrogen cycling and nitrogen oxide emissions along a pasture
chronosequence in the humid tropics of Costa Rica [Ciclo del nitrógeno y emisiones de óxido nitroso a lo
largo de una cronosecuencia de potreros en los trópicos húmedos de Costa Rica] / Veldkamp, Edzo;
Davidson, E.A; Erickson, H.E; Keller, Michael; Weitz, A.M. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil
Sciences & Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail:
edavidson@whrc.org> <E-mail: um_herickson@suagm.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail:
aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de>).
En: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 31, no. 3, p. 387-394. 1999.
Our objectives were: (1) to measure how N2O and NO emissions from a chronosequence of forested
land converted to pastures in the humid tropics of Costa Rica had changed in 4 yr, and to relate these
emissions to indices of N availability. We observed lower mean N2O (11.9 ng N cm² h-1) and NO (3.5 ng N
cm² h-1) emissions from pastures in 1996 compared to 1992 (N2O, 39.9 ng N cm² h-1); NO: 5.8 ng N cm²
h-1). Even so, N2O emissions in recently formed pastures (13.8 ng N cm² h(-1)) were still higher than
previously measured emissions from forests (7.0 ng N cm² h-1). Indices of N cycling, such as net N
mineralization, nitrification potential, and extractable soil nitrate, decreased with pasture age, which we
attributed to a decrease in substrate availability. Denitrification enzyme activity did not change
significantly with pasture age, indicating that denitrification occurs at least sporadically at all sites and
the presence of denitrifying enzymes is not as strongly linked to N availability as is the presence of
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nitrifying enzymes. There were no significant correlations between N2O and NO emissions and indices of
N cycling. While this may indicate that the processes are not closely related, we believe that sampling of
nitrogen oxide emissions in 1996 was inadvertently biased towards exceptionally dry soil conditions.
This sampling bias limited the probability of observing large nitrogen oxide emissions associated with
episodic denitrification. Results from chronosequence studies should be interpreted with caution
especially for variables which depend on local weather conditions at time of measurement.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5245.
Publicación no.: 094 Potential effects of climate change on two neotropical amphibian assemblages
[Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en dos gremios de anfibios tropicales] / Donnelly, Maureen A;
Crump, Martha L. (Florida International University. Department of Biological Sciences, 3000 NE 151st St,
N Miami, FL 33181, US <E-mail: donnelly@fiu.edu> <E-mail: peterf@nauvax.ucc.nau.edu>).
En: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 39, p. 541-561. 1998.
Although anuran amphibians are diverse and conspicuous in many vertebrate communities, worldwide
population declines have been observed. Climatic change is global factor that has been implicated in
some of these declines. In this paper, we speculate on how Neotropical anurans might respond to
changes in climate predicted by Hulme and Vine (1998). We focus on two distinct groups of Neotropical
anurans: frogs that live and oviposit in leaf litter and frogs that congregate at ponds to breed. Increased
temperature, increased length of dry season, decreased soil moisture, and increased inter-annual
rainfall variability will affect Neotropical frog strongly. We expect that these changes will directly affect
frogs by changing reproductive success and breeding periodicity, and indirectly by altering the
invertebrates prey base. The individual effects will likely translate into changes at the population and
community levels. We also speculate on how climatic change will affect Neotropical amphibians that are
restricted ecologically and/or geographically. We suggest directions for future research that will increase
our ability to predict how amphibians in the New World tropics will respond to climatic change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4613.
Publicación no.: 095 Tracking the vanishing frogs: an ecological mystery [Seguimiento de la
desaparición de las ranas: un misterio ecológico] / Phillips, K. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. 244 p.
ISBN: 0-1402-4646-0.
The dust cover of this book describes it as a "novel-like chronicle," and I concur with this description.
Phillips is a journalist that has reported on the declining amphibian phenomenon since the 1990 Irvine
conference. This volume represents a unique contribution to herpetology because it focuses exclusively
on the issue of amphibian declines and, as such, should be of interest to herpetologists, ecologists, and
environmental biologists. I first read the Phillips' book in 1995 because I was involved with research on
declining amphibians, and I enjoyed reading accounts describing many of my colleagues. The book
consists of nine chapters, 12 color plates, and a bibliography that includes 53 books, 26 pamphlets and
special publications (including a doctoral dissertation), 108 journal articles, and 59 press articles
(including those published in Scientific American). Most of the citations are recent (115 are published
since 1990), and there are only a few journal citations that are incomplete (missing dates for papers by
H. Abdulali and Pechmann et al.). I think this book is best suited for laypersons, undergraduate students,
or scientists interested in learning about the reported declines in sizes of amphibian populations. The
book may interest scientists working on declining amphibians, though I would not recommend it as a
research tool. Although the bibliography is current (through 1993), there are no citation strings in the
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text, and this style makes it difficult to accurately associate facts with sources. Overall, I found Phillips to
be effective in illustrating general principles by beginning with a specific case, expanding to the general
principle, and then returning to the specific case. In addition to facts related to decline issues, an
overview of biology and herpetology is presented in this compact volume. In chapter 1, amphibians as a
class, the controversy over amphibian origins and the biodiversity crisis are described. Tropical diversity
and the decline of amphibians are introduced in chapter 2. Phillips also describes the Irvine conference
and Crump's research in Monteverde, Costa Rica, on the Golden toad (Bufo periglenes) in chapter 2.
Research methods, the role of amphibians in ecosystems, and declines of Rana aurora are detailed in
chapter 3. Chapter 4 includes a description of specimen collection and processing, the importance of
voucher specimens, and the impacts of collecting on populations. Chapter 5 includes information on
captive-release programs, reproductive modes including direct development, parental care, the pet
trade, human consumption of frogs, and the disappearance of Rheobatrachus silus from Australia.
Phillips provides brief overviews of behavioral thermoregulation, kin selection, National Science
Foundation funding, red-leg disease, and declines of frogs from the mountains of the western United
States in chapter 6. In chapter 7, Phillips points out that amphibians are an ancient group of vertebrates
that have survived many changes. She also summarizes the work of Crump and Pounds in Monteverde,
global warming and global climate change, the effects of pesticides on frogs, and synergistic effects
(between climate change and other abiotic factors) that may impact negatively on frogs and toads.
Chapter 8 describes the effects of logging and grazing on natural areas and the problems S. Sweet has
encountered with the Forest Service in trying to study Bufo microscaphus californicus. The final chapter
concludes with a personal view of why amphibians matter to her and should matter to all of us. The
author was inconsistent in her descriptions of the herpetologists, hobbyists, and other persons that
figure in her story. In some cases, Phillips named individuals, described their physical appearance, their
mannerisms, and in one case an accent! In others, she referred to individuals as "graduate students" or
"anonymous scientists." Established scientists who easily could have been named were not identified.
For example, "one young scientist" was instrumental in founding the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve
(p. 13). The establishment of the Monteverde Reserve is important in the discussion of declines in Bufo
periglenes because this species and others disappeared from a protected site. George Powell is the
scientist who worked to establish this protected area (Hartshorn, 1983), and using his name would have
been more informative than calling him a young scientist. When Phillips discussed dendrobatids and
their toxins (p. 103), she referred to "One National Institute of Health researcher. . ." instead of naming
John Daly. I found the extreme detail unnecessary in some instances, and I wanted more detail in others.
The book is free of typographical errors, and I encountered only one typesetting error (on p. 93,
Phyllobates was not set in italics). In addition to the missing dates for some citations in the bibliography,
there were a number of minor errors. Bufo periglenes is a textbook example of an explosive breeding
species, yet Phillips claims that male golden toads wait to court females (p. 13). Phillips calls the
absorptive skin in the pelvic region of anurans the "osmotic patch" instead of the "pelvic patch" (p. 71). I
was surprised when I read "known to man" rather than "known to humankind" on p. 109. On p. 135, she
refers to a paper published by Blaustein and Hays, but it is a paper by six scientists (Blaustein et al.,
1994). The meeting of the lower Central American working group of the declining amphibian population
task force did not take place in San José, Costa Rica (p. 15 1). Twelve scientists (including me) attended
this meeting in the mountains of Heredia, Costa Rica. Although Phillips details how scarce National
Science Foundation funds are for this type of research, the foundation had funded projects dealing with
declining amphibians, including two years of research on the declining amphibian phenomenon in Costa
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Rica and Panama. She erred in using old taxonomic names for glass frogs on p. 108 and 141
(Centrolenella instead of Hyalinobatrachium). There were some omissions and misstatements. Although
Phillips claimed that herpetologists were the first to use protein electrophoresis to distinguish among
species (p. 73), this is not true (McCabe and Deutsch, 1952). 1 found the treatment of the effects of UV
radiation to be particularly interesting. Although M. Hayes may have worked with A. Blaustein and his
colleagues on developing a protocol to examine the effects of UV on frogs, he is probably not "the
father" of the UV hypothesis (p. 124-125). Two scientists from Oregon State University, Worrest and
Kimeldorf (1976), were the first to suggest that depletion of ozone and increased UV-B radiation would
adversely affect amphibians. A paper by Carey (1993) on declining amphibians in Colorado was listed in
the bibliography, but the work was not elaborated on by Phillips (Book review by Maureen A. Donnelly,
College of Arts and Science, Florida International University, North Miami, Fl. 33181).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4611.
Publicación no.: 096 Estudio etnobotánico y de mercado de productos no maderables de bosques
secundarios en la región Chorotega, Costa Rica / Berrocal-Jiménez, Alexander. (Instituto Tecnológico de
Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail: a_berrocal@hotmail.com>). Cartago:
ITCR, 1998. 127 p. Informe de Práctica de Especialidad, Bachiller en Ingeniería Forestal, Instituto
Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago (Costa Rica).
Este estudio pretende dar a conocer aquellas especies de los bosques secundarios de Guanacaste que
pueden ser aprovechadas a través de sus productos no maderables del bosque, así como también
sondear el mercado que estas tienen; para abrir la posibilidad de convertir esta actividad en una
alternativa económica para el propietario. El presente estudio se basó en inventarios realizados en los
bosques secundarios de la Estación Experimenta] Horizontes, perteneciente al Área de Conservación
Guanacaste; la información etnobotánica y de mercado se recopiló en siete cantones de la provincia de
Guanacaste, por medio de entrevistas, revisiones bibliográficas y observaciones. Los productos fueron
agrupados en varias categorías, de las cuales la alimenticia, la medicinal, la artesanal, la agroforestal
(poste vivo), y la fuente de germoplasma, tenían algún tipo de mercado. Basados en lo anterior, así
como en información fenológica y la caracterización silvicultural, fue posible estimar algunos volúmenes
de producción. Con lo cual se realizó una valoración preliminar de características bastante
conservadoras acerca de] potencial no maderable de los bosques secundarios de la Región. Los valores
obtenidos por hectárea oscilan entre ₡66.843.03 (US $ 257,10) y ₡154.610,92 (US $ 594,66) según el
tipo de bosque. La posibilidad de valoración de los servicios indirectos que prestan dichos bosques
también fue considerada, concretamente con los certificados de protección del bosque (CPB) cuyo
monto es de ø12.000 (US $ 46,15) por hectárea por año y la negociación internacional por fijación de
CO2, por un monto de US $ 10,00 por tonelada fijada. Con base en esta información, así como con
revisión de literatura, se cuantificó el valor del bosque secundario.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 311. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis B533es.
Publicación no.: 097 Estado del ambiente y los recursos naturales en Centroamérica 1998 / RodríguezChacón, Jorge Eduardo, (comp.). (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR).
San José: Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo, 1998. 179 p. ISBN: 9977-12-323-3. (Sin
resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.72 E79e. Biblioteca José Figueres F.: 333.72 E79e.
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Publicación no.: 098 Modeling nitrogen oxide emissions from current and alternative pastures in Costa
Rica [Modelaje de las emisiones de óxido nitroso de potreros actuales y alternativos en Costa Rica] /
Plant, R.A.J; Bouman, B.A.M. (Agricultural University Wageningen. Laboratory Soil Sciences & Geology,
POB 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl> <E-mail:
b.bouman@cgiar.org>).
En: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425), v. 28, no. 3, p. 866-872. 1999.
Emissions of nitrogen (N) oxide were simulated for one current, unsustainable pasture management
system (Natural) and two alternative, sustainable systems (Grass-Legume and Fertilized Improved)
relevant to the Northern Atlantic Zone (NAZ) of Costa Rica. To produce frequency distributions of N
oxide emissions, an expert system for generating technical coefficients of pastures was linked with a
process-based simulation model. The expert model generated parameter sets representing different
options for the three management systems. The simulation model was rerun for each parameter set.
Simulated nitrous oxide (N2O)-N losses 25 yr after pasture establishment were 3 to 5 kg ha-1 yr-1 for
natural pastures, 12 to 15 for grass-legume mixtures, and 7 to 28 for fertilized grasses. Losses of nitric
oxide (NO)-N were 1 to 2 kg ha-1 yr-1 for natural pastures, 7 to 8 for grass-legume mixtures, and 3 to 16
for fertilized grasses. Stepwise multiple regression showed that N2O-N losses were explained by annual C
input to the soil (R2 = 0.997), and NO-N losses by attainable dry matter production (R2 = 0.972), carbon
input and dry matter production were controlled by stocking rate and fertilizer level. Soil-atmosphere N
oxide emissions from pastures may increase by a factor 3 to 5 when natural pastures are converted to
improved pastures. Such conversion may increase the sustainability of the pasture by stopping the
decline of soil N. However, the change is not necessarily sustainable from a global perspective because it
increases the emission of N oxide greenhouse gases.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6317.
Publicación no.: 099 Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain [Respuesta biológica
al cambio climático en una montaña tropical] / Pounds, J. Alan; Fogden, Michael P.L; Campbell, J.H.
(Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box
73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail: goldtoad@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 398, no. 6728, p. 611-615. 1999.
Recent warming has caused changes in species distribution and abundance (1-3), but the extent of the
effects is unclear. Here we investigate whether such changes in highland forests at Monteverde, Costa
Rica, are related to the increase in air temperatures that followed a step-like warming of tropical oceans
in 1976 (refs 4, 5). Twenty of 50 species of anurans (frogs and toads) in a 30 km² study area, including
the locally endemic golden toad (Bufo periglenes), disappeared following synchronous population
crashed in 1987 (refs 6-8). Our results indicate that these crashes probably belong to a constellation of
demographic changes that have altered communities of birds, reptiles and amphibians in the area and
are linked to recent warming. The changes are all associated with patterns of dry-season mist frequency,
which is negatively correlated with sea surface temperatures in the equatorial pacific and has declined
dramatically since the mid-1970s. The biological and climatic patterns suggest that atmospheric
warming has raised the average altitude at the base of the orographic cloud bank, as predicted by the
lifting-cloud-base hypothesis (9,10).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4809. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-11380.
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Publicación no.: 100 Aporte de los sistemas silvopastoriles al secuestro de carbono en el suelo / LópezMusalem, Alejandro. (Av. Oaxaca No.31 1a. Sección, Juchitán Oax. C.P. 700000, MX). Turrialba: CATIE,
1998. 47 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa
Rica).
La preocupación general por el aumento en la concentración de dióxido de carbono y su consecuente
impacto en el clima, nos obligan a buscar mecanismos para mitigar sus efectos. Además de disminuir el
uso de combustibles fósiles, que desde a mediados del siglo pasado es la principal fuente de CO2, es
necesario manejar la vegetación terrestre, no solo para que disminuya su aporte, sino también para que
secuestre la mayor cantidad posible de CO2, y fije el carbono en la biomasa y en el suelo. Los bosques,
además de su riqueza biológica, representan un invaluable depósito de carbono que se debe proteger.
La creación de nuevas áreas arboladas como los bosques secundarios, las plantaciones y la
agroforestería, ayudarían a liberar la presión hacia los bosques maduros, ofreciendo a la población
recursos como alimento, material para vivienda, medicinas, energía barata, etc. En este artículo se
resalta ese potencial y se propone que los sistemas silvopastoriles también se tomen en cuenta como
sumideros de carbono, sobre todo por la extensión que actualmente ocupan en los trópicos.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis L864ap.
Publicación no.: 101 Almacenamiento y fijación de carbono en Quercus costaricensis, en un bosque de
altura en la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica / Segura-Madrigal, Milena Andrea. (CATIE. Proyecto
Flujos de Carbono en América Central, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: msegura@catie.ac.cr>). Heredia:
Universidad Nacional, 1997. 127 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional,
Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica).
El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar física y monetariamente el almacenamiento y fijación de
carbono y plantear los lineamientos básicos de una metodología para determinar carbono. El área de
estudio fue en un bosque de altura denominado robledal, ubicado en la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa
Rica en el área Experimental de Villa Mills-Siberia a cargo del proyecto silvicultura de bosques naturales
(PROSIBONA/CATIE).
Localización: Biblioteca del BIODOC: 1762. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis S456a.
Publicación no.: 102 Why do tropical house wrens breed when they do? [¿Por qué los soterrey
cucaracheros tropicales se reproducen cuando lo hacen?] / Young, Bruce E. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson
Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <E-mail: bruce_young@natureserve.org>). The Association for
Tropical Biology & The Organization for Tropical Studies Annual Meeting. Abstracts, San Juan PRJun 1-4,
1993. San Juan, PR: ATB/OTS, 1993. p. 168-169.
I tested three hypotheses that could explain variation in the timing of breeding in populations of house
wrens (Troglodytes aedon) at four sites in Costa Rica. The sites were located at 200 to 1500 m elevation
on both sides and on top of the central mountain range, and had climates differing in temperature, the
severity of the dry season, and total rainfall. For the first hypothesis, that breeding is timed to coincide
with peaks in food availability, I monitored monthly arthropod abundance and wren clutch initiations at
the four sites. Cross-correlation analysis showed that at three sites, wrens initiated clutches several
months prior to when food levels were high. Indeed, breeding actually began when food levels were at
their annual low. At the fourth site, food levels varied little throughout the year and house wrens nested
nearly year round. These results indicate that sufficient food to produce eggs or feed nestlings may have
been available throughout the year. Breeding appeared to be timed so that juvenile dispersal and molt
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occurred when food was predictably the most plentiful. The second hypothesis, that breeding is timed
to avoid seasons when nest predation is high, was not supported because the rate of nest predation did
not vary temporally. The third hypothesis, that breeding is timed to avoid climatic events that can
increase the physiological costs of reproduction, was not supported at the three lower elevation sites.
Clutch initiation at the highest site, however, did not commence until the early dry season wind and mist
subsided. The termination of breeding was not correlated with climatic changes at any of the sites. Thus,
reproduction in tropical house wrens seems generally to be timed to facilitate post-breeding activities,
not activities associated with nesting itself.
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
Publicación no.: 103 Estimation of methane (CH4) emission in the livestock from Costa Rica, 1990 and
1996 / Abarca-Monge, Sergio; Montenegro-Ballestero, Johnny. (Estación Experimental Los Diamantes.
Programa de Investigación para la Agricultura Sostenible (REPOSA) MAG/UAW/CATIE, Guápiles, CR <Email: jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>). Workshop on Measuring Methane Emission from Cattle Using SF6
Technique, Washington, DC US24-26 Feb. 1998. Turrialba: MAG, 1998. 12 p.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 363.7387 A118.
Publicación no.: 104 Política comercial y medio ambiente en Costa Rica: aplicación de un modelo de
equilibrio general computable / Rodríguez, A.G; Abler, D.G; Shortle, J.S. (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Económicas, San José, CR <Email: d-abler@psu.edu>). San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1995. 43 p. (Documento de Trabajo Universidad de Costa Rica. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias
Económicas; no. 182).
This study examines the environmental impacts of trade liberalization in Costa Rica. A CGE model is
constructed which includes eight environmental indicators covering deforestation, pesticides,
overfishing, hazardous wastes, inorganic wastes, organic wastes, greenhouse gases, and air pollution.
Three trade liberalization scenarios are examined. Two sets of analyses are examined. Two sets of
analyses are conducted for each scenario, one in which technologies do not change in response to trade
liberalization and the other in which total factor productivity in each sector changes in response to
changes in imports of machinery and equipment. To account for uncertainty regarding values of the
model;s parameters, a Monte Carlo experiment is conducted for each policy option. The impacts of
trade liberalization on the environmental indicators are generally negative in sign but small or moderate
in magnitude, both when technology is constant and when technology is allowed to vary.
Localización: Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): E70 640.
Publicación no.: 105 Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review
[Biodiversidad de hormigas y su relación con el funcionamiento del ecosistema: una revisión] / Folgarait,
P.J. (Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones, Avenida Roque Sáenz Peña
180, 1876 Bernal, AR <E-mail: pfolgarait@unq.edu.ar>).
En: Biodiversity and Conservation (ISSN 0960-3115), v. 7, no. 9, p. 1221-1244. 1998.
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the
animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and
these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However,
it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are
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important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment
and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms. This review summarizes
the information available on ant biodiversity patterns, how it can be quantified, and how biodiversity is
affected by human impacts such as land use change, pollution, invasions, and climate change. The role
of ants in ecosystems is discussed, mainly from the perspective of the effects of ground-dwelling ants on
soil processes and function, emphasizing their role as ecosystem engineers. Some lines of research are
suggested after demonstrating the gaps in our current information on ant-soil interactions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4887. NBINA-8725.
Publicación no.: 106 Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests
[Simulación de los efectos del cambio climático en los bosques nubosos tropicales montanos] / Still, C.J;
Foster, P.N; Schneider, S.H. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 943055020, US).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 398, p. 608-610. 1999.
Tropical montane cloud forests are unique among terrestrial ecosystems in that they are strongly linked
to regular cycles of cloud formation. We have explored changes in atmospheric parameters from global
climate model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum and for doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration (2 X CO2) conditions which are associated with the height of this cloud formation, and
hence the occurrence of intact cloud forests. These parameters include vertical profiles of absolute and
relative humidity surfaces, as well as the warmth index, an empirical proxy of forest type. For the glacial
simulations, the warmth index and absolute humidity suggest a downslope shift of cloud forests that
agrees with the available palaeodata. For the 2 X CO2 scenario, the relative humidity surface is shifted
upwards by hundreds of metres during the winter dry season when these forests typically rely most on
the moisture from cloud contact. At the same time, an increase in the warmth index implies increased
evapo-transpiration. This combination of reduced cloud contact and increased evapo-transpiration could
have serious conservation implications, given that these ecosystems typically harbour a high proportion
of endemic species and are often situated on mountain tops or ridge lines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4810.
Publicación no.: 107 El desarrollo sostenible como factor de mejoramiento económico / Pérez, C.I;
Vega, A (ed.). (INCAE. Programa de Recursos Naturales, Apdo. 960-4050, Alajuela, CR). Memorias de una
Conferencia Regional auspiciada por el Proyecto Paseo Pantera, Heredia CR17-20 Set. 1993.
En: Corredores Conservacionistas en la Región Centroamericana Gainesville FL: Tropical Research and
Development, Inc, 1994. p. 58-73.
Principal global problems that must be faced are analyzed, and the challenge of reconciling society's
social and economic development needs and aspirations is reviewed. Examples of global environmental
deterioration and their major causes are presented. These include uncontrolled global population
growth, deforestation, soil erosion, inequalities in land distribution, the dismal living conditions of a
majority of the world's population, global warming and the consequences of climate change, the loss of
the ozone layer, and the exponential growth in generation of waste products. To reverse these
tendencies, proposed solutions to environmental problems must not prevent economic growth, but
rather must involve an improved development model that finds solutions to poverty and generates
growth. This model must regard improved human welfare, adoption of appropriate technologies, proper
valuation of resources with prices based on their scarcity, and the rational utilization of natural
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resources based on experience, popular wisdom, and local tradition. Sustainable development must
involve augmented production levels and economic diversification to satisfy increasing demand, while
maintaining the integrity of productive ecosystems. Environmental accounting requires inclusion of
social welfare concerns in economic thinking to promote long-term development through an approach
to economics that reduces the emphasis on immediate gain in favor of sustainable improvements in
welfare. Some priority actions that would permit sustainable development in a country or region are:
providing guaranteed access and fair participation in resource management to communities and
individuals; improving the interchange of information, practical know-how, and technology; promoting
wider societal participation in conservation and development matters; improving stewardship of the
environment at a community level; and establishing more efficient local administrative agencies.
Different mechanisms for funding sustainable development are outlined. The annual cost of all
measures that need to be taken to ensure sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean
is estimated at million, a figure that is broken down into a number of specific components. A final
conclusion is that policies oriented toward improving economic efficiency and environmental planning
are complementary, and good environmental policy is also good economic policy.
Localización: Biblioteca del Programa de Conservación para el Desarrollo del INBio: PCD399.
Publicación no.: 108 Aportes de la biodiversidad silvestre de las Areas de Conservación a la economía
nacional / Barrantes-Moreno, Gerardo; Castro-Jiménez, E. (Servicios de Economía Ecológica para el
Desarrollo, Apdo. 2028-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail: gbarrant@una.ac.cr> <E-mail: ecastro@una.ac.cr>
<E-mail: s.e.e.d@iname.com>). San José: SEED / INBIO, 1999. 55 p.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 250.
Publicación no.: 109 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en el suelo de un sistema silvopastoril en
la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica [Quantification of carbon storage in the soil of silvopastoral system in the
Atlantic zone of Costa Rica] / López-Musalem, Alejandro. (Av. Oaxaca No.31 1a. Sección, Juchitán Oax.
C.P. 700000, MX). Turrialba: CATIE, 1998. 50 p. Tesis, Mag.Sc, Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects
of increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile
Typic Tropfluvent soil stored 233 Mg C ha(-1) in the upper 50 cm under a Green Panic (Panicum
maximum) pasture monoculture. In association with three different growth stages of natural
regeneration of salmwood (Cordia alliodora; 3, 3-7,7 years) the soil stored 180-200 Mg C ha(-1). Soil C
concentrations decreased with soil depth and distance from the tree. Variability of C distribution
increased with soil depth and age of the stand.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton.
Publicación no.: 110 Día de la Tierra 1998: secuestro de carbono bajo los mecanismos de
implementación conjunta y de fondo de desarrollo limpio / Reifsnyder, D.A; Dun, S. / WORLDNET,
Washington, D.C, US. San José, 1998. 14 p.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: AV 363.7 no. 7.
Publicación no.: 111 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en el suelo de un sistema silvopastoril en
la zona Atlántica de Costa Rica [Quantification of carbon storage in the soil of silvopastoral system in the
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Atlantic zone of Costa Rica] / López-Musalem, Alejandro; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M; Ibrahim, Muhammad
A; Kleinn, Christoph; Kanninen, Markku. (Av. Oaxaca No.31 1a. Sección, Juchitán Oax. C.P. 700000, MX
<E-mail: ndrea_aschlonvoigt@yahoo.de> <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: ckleinn@gwdg.de>
<E-mail: m.kanninen@cgiar.org>).
En: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 0304-2529), v. 6, no. 23, p. 51-53. 1999.
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects
of increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile
Typic Tropfluvent soil stored 233 Mg C ha(-1) in the upper 50 cm under a Green Panic (Panicum
maximum) pasture monoculture. In association with three different growth stages of natural
regeneration of salmwood (Cordia alliodora; 3, 3-7,7 years) the soil stored 180-200 Mg C ha(-1). Soil C
concentrations decreased with soil depth and distance from the tree. Variability of C distribution
increased with soil depth and age of the stand.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A.
Publicación no.: 112 Escenarios de uso del territorio para Costa Rica en el año 2025 / Dengo, J.M;
Cotera, J; Lücke-Sánchez, Oscar; Orlich, D; Chavarría, A; Rodríguez, A.G (ed.). (Universidad de Costa Rica.
Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas, San José, CR <E-mail: olucke@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>). : Ministerio de
Planificación y Política Económica, 1999. 108 p. (Proyecto SINADES; ATN/SF/4717-CR).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 251.
Publicación no.: 113 Quantifying economic and biophysical sustainability trade-offs in tropical
pastures [Cuantificación de la sostenibilidad económica y biofísica de las compensaciones en los pastos
tropicales] / Bouman, B.A.M; Plant, R.A.J; Nieuwenhuyse, Andreas. (International Rice Research
Institute. Soil & Water Sciences Division, P.O. Box 3127, Makati City 1271, PH <E-mail:
b.bouman@cgiar.org> <E-mail: andreas@mail.megalink.com> <E-mail: rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
En: Ecological Modelling (ISSN 0304-3800), v. 120, no. 1, p. 31-46. 1999.
Sustainability of tropical pastures has various economic and biophysical dimensions and is affected by
species composition, age and management. The sustainability of pastures in cattle ranching systems was
analyzed in terms of economic viability, soil nitrogen stock change, CO2 loss/sequestration, N2O and NO
emissions, pollution by herbicides, and nitrogen leaching loss, for a case study in the Northern Atlantic
Zone of Costa Rica. Development scenarios were explored for the next 25 years based on degradation
and yield decline of current pastures, and on possible introduction of grass-legumes and fertilized
improved grass species. With degradation of current pastures, gross margin, soil nitrogen stock, nitrogen
leaching and N2O and NO emissions are simulated to decrease in time, whereas CO2 emission and
herbicide use increase. With the introduction of grass-legumes or fertilized grasses, the reverse takes
place. The conversion of degraded pasture to grass-legumes or fertilized grasses is calculated to lead to
a sequestration of CO2 of up to 50 ton C ha-1, which might be a potential mechanism in mitigating the
greenhouse effect. Quantitative, exploratory studies point out the often conflicting nature of different
dimensions of sustainability and show possible pathways of sustainable development.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6405.
Publicación no.: 114 Cuantificación del carbono almacenado en un sistema silvopastoril en la zona
atlántica de Costa Rica / López-Musalem, Alejandro; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M; Ibrahim, Muhammad A;
Kleinn, Christoph; Kanninen, Markku. (Av. Oaxaca No. 31 1a. Sección, Juchitán, Oax., C.P. 700000, MX
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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<E-mail: andrea_schlonvoigt@yahoo.de> <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: ckleinn@gwdg.de>
<E-mail: m.kanninen@cgiar.org>). Conferencia: 4a. Semana Científica, Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
En: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 263-267. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
Silvopastoral systems are considered potential carbon (C) sinks which might help to mitigate the effects
of increasing global C emissions. In a case study in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica, a medium-low fertile
Typic Tropofluvent soil stored 233 t C ha-1 in the upper 50 cm under pure green Panic pasture (Panicum
maximum Jacq.). In association with three different growth stages of natural regeneration of salmwood
(Cordia alliodora Ruiz & Pav.) Oken; 3, 3-7, 7 years), the soil was less fertile and stored similar amounts
of between 180-200 t C ha-1, C concentrations decreased with soil depth and distance from the tree.
Variability of C distribution increased with soil depth and age of the stand.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 115 Capacidad y riesgos de actividades forestales en el almacenamiento de carbono y
conservación de biodiversidad en fincas privadas del área central de Costa Rica / Campos-Arce, José
Joaquín; Ortiz, Rosalba. Conferencia: 4a. Semana Científica, Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
En: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 291-294. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
The payment of environmental services (PSA) in forest ecosystems is an innovative Costa Rican
mechanism to recognize the contribution of forest's owners in protecting forest services. A law from
1996, stablished the financial and the institutional mechanisms to implement this payment system in
private farms for protection and management of natural forests and forest plantations. This study
selects and evaluates criteria and indicators (C&I) from biological, economic and social perspectives, to
determine the benefits and risks associates with different forest ecosystems in protecting biodiversity
and carbon sequestration services. Besides, the study integrate evaluations from different sectors
(scientific and land owners), in order to facilitate decision making process in PSA.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 116 Acumulación de carbono en plantaciones mixtas y puras en el trópico húmedo /
Shepherd, D; Montagnini, Florencia. (Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail:
florencia.montagnini@yale.edu>). Conferencia: 4a. Semana Científica, Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
En: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 345-349. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
Proper design and management of plantations can increase biomass accumulation rates, making them
more effective carbon sinks. We compared biomass production and carbon sequestration by three 6year-old native tree plantations in pure and mixed-species plots in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa
Rica. In Plantation 1, Vochysia guatemalensis had the highest levels of carbon accumulation (40.2 Mg C
ha-1) followed by Jacaranda copaia (40.1 Mg C ha-1) and the four-species mixed stands (39.0 Mg C ha-1).
In Plantation 2, the mixed plantations and Dipteryx panamensis (19.9 and 19.57 Mg C ha-1) had the
highest carbon accumulation. In Plantation 3, Hyeronima alchorneoides had the highest values (15.8 Mg
C ha-1) followed by V. ferruginea (13.4 Mg C ha-1) and the four-species mixture (11.4 Mg C ha-1). The
results suggest that several native tree species in the region have a potential for high carbon
accumulation and that changing plantation design can increase the biomass accumulation rates of tree
plantations.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 316. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 117 Aplicación de experimentos de escogencia múltiple en la distribución del pago
por servicios ambientales en bosques de Costa Rica / Ortiz-Valverde, R. Conferencia: 4a. Semana
Científica, Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
En: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 375-378. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
This document presents survey results from the initial stages of a choice experiment applied to Costa
Rican Fuel Tax Payment Allocation among four different services provided by protected, managed and
planted forests. The services evaluated were biodiversity, using as indicator protection of endangered
and endemic species; carbon sink services using both storage and net carbon fixation; water protection,
using proximity to streams as an indicator; and scenic beauty using as indicator the presence of gaudy
species.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 118 Análisis de los programas de incentivos a la reforestación implementados en
Costa Rica / Godoy, J.C; Kanninen, Markku; Ramírez, Octavio A; Gómez-Flores, Manuel. (Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: m.kanninen@cgiar.org>
<E-mail: octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <E-mail: mgomez@catie.ac.cr>). Conferencia: 4a. Semana Científica,
Turrialba CR6-9 Abr. 1999.
En: Logros de la investigación para el nuevo milenio. Actas Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. p. 392-395. (Serie
Técnica. Reuniones Técnicas (CATIE); no. 5).
The incentives to promote reforestation in Costa Rica have operated since 1979, with an investment of
156 million of constant 1990 dollars and the establishment of 152 thousand plantation hectares. In this
sense, the forest policy intended to promote forest plantations has reached its objectives with low
efficiency and efficacy. This was mainly due to: incomplete implementation, lack of supervision and
follow-up of the programs, operational difficulties, and lack of transfer of information of the forest
research to producers. On the other hand, the financial and economic analysis of the plantations of
Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Bombacopsis quinatum demonstrate that the amount of the
incentives represent a higher social cost than the benefits generated by carbon storage.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE ST RT-5.
Publicación no.: 119 Assessing and monitoring carbon offset projects: the Costa Rican case [Evaluación
y proyectos de compensación de almacenamiento de carbono: el caso costarricense] / Trines, E.P.
(Societé Generale de Surveillance (SGS), Mill Street, Oxford OX2 0JX, GB).
En: Commonwealth Forestry Review (ISSN 0010-3381), v. 77, no. 3, p. 214-218, 242. 1998.
Projects wishing to generate Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) have to demonstrate carbon
achievements by providing information on the size of the project's carbon pools and the changes to
these pools. This paper outlines how the Protected Areas Project (PAP) in Costa Rica deals with this
issue. The PAP covers 27 of the national parks and biological reserves and aims to protect the area from
land use and further degradation by buying the land, transferring the ownership to the state, and
actively protecting the entire area from encroachment and fire. The carbon achievements of the project
are quantified using various assumptions for the required parameters. The scientific methodologies
underlying these assumptions were assessed in the certification process conducted by SGS (Societe
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Generale de Surveillance), and values of the main parameters were verified. Specific emphasis was
placed on the project's stratification using ecotypes, biomass estimates, determination of land cover,
and deforestation rates. The outcome of the assessment overall was positive but some corrective action
requests were raised to improve the availability and quality of the data sets used. This was reported to
four independent peer reviewers who scrutinised the assessors' work and the report. After addressing
the concerns articulated by the reviewers, SGS' professional judgement was approved.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-636.
Publicación no.: 120 Financiamiento de bosques y plantaciones forestales: pago por servicios
ambientales [Forest and forest plantation financing: reimbursement for environmental services] / ArayaBarrantes, Marco Vinicio. (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), Apdo. 594-2120, San
José, CR).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 22, p. 13-20. 1998.
Experiences with the Forest Financing System in Costa Rica, and its development over the last two
decades, are described. The system includes a trust fund, which acts as an administration tool in
supplying credit to forest nurseries, afforestation activities and forest industries. The rates, terms, and
other requirements for forest credits are described. The development of forest incentives for the new
scheme (called 'Payment of Environmental Services') is discussed; the services involved are water
production, carbon sequestration, biodiversity and scenic beauty. The role of the National Fund of
Forest Financing in carrying out this new policy is described.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 121 Climatic periodicity, phenology, and cambium activity in tropical dry forest trees
[Periodicidad climática, fenología y actividad del cambium en árboles del bosque seco tropical] /
Borchert, Rolf. (The University of Kansas. Division of Biological Sciences, 1200 Haworth Hall, Sunnyside
Ave, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, US <E-mail: borchert@ku.edu>).
En: IAWA Journal (ISSN 0928-1541), v. 20, no. 3, p. 239-247. 1999.
The seasonal time course of vegetative phenology and cambium growth is compared for tree species
from Central America and Asia growing in tropical climates with a long, severe dry season. Although the
inhibition of plant growth by water stress is well established, responses to seasonal drought vary widely
among such trees, and their annual development is not well synchronized by climatic seasonality. In
deciduous trees growing at microsites with low soil moisture storage, phenology and cambium growth
are well correlated with each other and with seasonal rainfall, and most trees have distinct annual rings.
Phenology and cambium growth are progressively uncoupled from climatic seasonality in
brevideciduous and evergreen trees growing at microsites with large soil water reserves which buffer
trees against seasonal drought and thus may prevent the formation of distinct annual rings. There is
some experimental evidence concerning the control of growth initiation in apical meristems and the
cambium, but little is known about the mechanisms which arrest growth and determine qualitative
changes in organ development and cambium cell differentiation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6466. NBINA-7698.
Publicación no.: 122 Financing environmental services: the Costa Rican experience and its implications
[Financiamiento de servicios ambientales: la experiencia costarricense y sus implicaciones] / Chomitz,
Kenneth M; Brenes, E; Constantino, L. (World Bank. Departamento Técnico para América Latina. División
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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para el Medio Ambiente, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433, US <E-mail:
kchomitz@worldbank.org>).
En: The Science of the Total Environment (ISSN 0048-9697), v. 240, no. 1-3, p. 157-169. 1999.
Costa Rica's pioneering environmental services program seeks to maintain socially optimal forest cover
by compensating landowners for the external benefits provided by their forests. The National Forestry
Fund proposes to sell carbon sequestration services to the world market and hydrological services to the
domestic market. Revenues from these sales, together with tax revenue, is used to finance
environmental service provision through landholder incentives for forest maintenance. The mechanics
of these programs are discussed, along with implications for the design and implementation of similar
programs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5856. NBINA-5315.
Publicación no.: 123 In the heat of the night: warmer nights may be slowing tropical forest growth and
raising carbon dioxide levels [En el calor de la noche: las noches calientes pueden estar disminuyendo el
crecimiento del bosque y aumentando los niveles de dióxido de carbono] / Beardsley, T.
En: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), v. 279, no. 4, p. 20. 1998.
Discusses unpublished research which asserts that increasing temperatures have slowed the growth of
tropical trees at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica during the 1990s. Tropical forests adding to
greenhouse gases; Exacerbation of global warming; Details of research methods; Increase in the region's
release of carbon dioxide; Causes of carbon excess; Rate of growth linked to average temperature;
Impact of clearing tropical forests. Researchers have found evidence that global warming has slowed the
growth of tropical trees, which may lead to ever higher carbon dioxide levels. Studies of forests in Costa
Rica are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7828. NBINA-7967.
Publicación no.: 124 Your pollution, our forests [Su contaminación, nuestros bosques] / Anonymous.
En: Economist (ISSN 0013-0613), v. 347, no. 8074, p. 36-38. 1998.
The CTO or certified tradable offsets scheme of the Costa Rican government is being viewed skeptically
around the world and by local environmental groups. Costa Rica will leave carbon-absorbing trees
standing for a fee. CTO issued by the Costa Rican government to safeguard forests; Cost of CTO bonds;
Amount of CTOs sold; Criticism of CTOs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7794.
Publicación no.: 125 Desarrollo limpio en Costa Rica y Centroamérica / Tattenbach-Capra, Franz;
Pedroni, Lucio. (FUNDECOR, PO Box 5581150 La Uruca, San José, CR <E-mail:
ftattenbach@fundecor.org> <E-mail: lpedroni@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 6-9. 1999.
La inversión extranjera en actividades de implementación conjunta durante la fase piloto demuestra que
a través de este mecanismo los intereses económicos del norte pueden converger con las necesidades
de desarrollo del sur y proporcionar beneficios ambientales globales. La experiencia de Centroamérica
abre grandes expectativas hacia el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio: a partir del año 2000, cuando se
otorgarán créditos por las emisiones reducidas, la región podría beneficiarse de inversiones importantes
por parte de entidades públicas y privadas de los países industrializados.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Publicación no.: 126 Implicaciones económicas del secuestro del CO2 en bosques naturales [Economic
implications of the sequestration of CO2 in natural forests] / Ramírez, Octavio A; Rodríguez-Sánchez, L;
Finegan, Bryan; Gómez-Flores, Manuel. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <E-mail:
bfinegan@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: mgomez@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 10-16. 1999.
The check and the upper canopy treatment behaved similarly. The liberation treatment presents much
lower carbon storage levels, even after 60 years, which imply an economic cost of approximately
US$250/ha in comparison with the check or the canopy treatment. The liberation treatment shows a
financial advantage due to a higher production of wood of high-value species during the first harvest.
However, neither of the silvicultural treatments is justified from the environmental economics
standpoint, when the value of the carbon storage service is considered. The liberation treatment is
hindered by its strong negative impact on long-term carbon storage levels and the upper canopy
treatment by its little effect on the commercial value of the harvested wood. The payment to farmers
for the sustainable management of natural forests currently mandated by the Costa Rican Government,
of US$360/ha is too low, even when it is only compared to the economic value of the environmental
service of carbon storage provided. It does not appear to be sufficient to motivate the sustainable
management of natural forests in the long run.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 127 Estimación y valoración económica del almacenamiento de carbono [Economic
value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry plantations] / Ramírez, Octavio A; Gómez-Flores,
Manuel. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132,
Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <E-mail: mgomez@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 17-22. 1999.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-14239.pdf
It is estimated that the "average" hectare of plantation forestry in Costa Rica can sequester 7,7 metric
tons of carbon, or 28,2 tons of C02 per year. Based on this estimate, it is calculated that the 142 600
hectares of forestry plantations reported until 1997 have sequestered approximately 6,3 million metric
tons of carbon. The average amount of carbon that has remained stored in this area during the last 20
years is calculated at 1,5 million metric tons, with a potential value of 15 to 30 million U.S. dollars in
government issued Carbon Bonds. In addition, the potential value of the average storage that is likely to
occur during the next 20 years, of approximately 9,8 million tons, is estimated at between 98 and 196
million U.S. dollars, as the prices paid for the bonds may vary widely.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-14239. Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 128 Los arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Bahía Culebra, Guanacaste, Costa Rica /
Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; León-Soler, A; Ruiz-Campos, Eleazar; Jiménez-Centeno, Carlos E. (Universidad de
Costa Rica. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) y Escuela de Biología, San
José,
CR
<E-mail:
jcortes@biologia.ucr.ac.cr>
<E-mail:
aleonso@racsa.co.cr>
<E-mail:
ruizc@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>
<E-mail:
carlos.jimenez@zmt.uni-bremen.de>
<E-mail:
cjimenez@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>).
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Junio 2012
En: Memoria. Jornadas de Investigación 1999 San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de
Investigación, 1999. p. 80.
Bahía Culebra se localiza en el Golfo de Papagayo en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Esta es una región
expuesta a afloramientos estacionales (diciembre a abril), resulta en la surgencia de aguas profundas,
frías y ricas en nutrientes. El Golfo de Papagayo es una de las tres zonas de afloramiento costero del
continente americano (las otras son: Estrecho de Tehuantepec y Golfo de Panamá). A primera vista estas
condiciones oceanográficas no son conducentes al desarrollo de arrecifes coralinos, sin embargo, se han
encontrado arrecifes coralinos verdaderos y comunidades coralinas creciendo sobre arena y sobre
basaltos. Las tasas de crecimiento de los corales son tan altas como en otras regiones del Océano
Pacífico Oriental (el Pacífico de América), o más altas. También se encuentran en la Bahía, algunos
arrecifes de gran tamaño (vivos y muertos), algunos con colonias de hasta 10 m de diámetro. Desde
1995 se han estado monitoreando parámetros físicos (temperatura y salinidad del agua) y biológicos
(dinámica de poblaciones de corales, desarrollo de tumores en corales, crecimiento de corales). En 1998
se inició la medición de tasas de sedimentación y en 1999 la determinación de concentraciones de
nutrientes y de parámetros atmosféricos (temperatura, vientos, lluvia, brillo solar). Además, se han
establecido nuevos sitios de estudio y foto-transectos permanentes, todo esto con la finalidad de
elucidar la variabilidad ambiental y poder evaluar, a largo plazo, cambios debido a fenómenos naturales
(e.g. El Niño, cambio climático) e impactos antropogénicos (e.g. sedimentación, eutroficación, extracción
de organismos).
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
Publicación no.: 129 Control on soil-atmosphere fluxes of nitrous oxide and methane: Effects of
tropical deforestation [Control sobre los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano del suelo a la atmósfera:
Efectos de la deforestación tropical] / Keller, Michael; Zepp, R.G (ed.). (U.S. Department of Forest
Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Climate Biosphere Interaction: Biogenic Emissions and Environmental Effects of Climate Change New
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994. p. 121-138. ISBN: 0-471-58943-3.
Deforestation in the tropics is one of the most important changes to the Earth´s biology and surface
processes occurring today (Clark, 1989). It is likely that only a small portion of tropical forests will survive
beyond the early years of the next century. The replacement of tropical forests by agricultural and
grazing systems and secondary vegetation causes myriad biophysical and biogeochemical changes which
influence the fluxes of greenhouse gases. This chapter reviews measurements and models for fluxes of
methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone from intact tropical forests and disturbed systems.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5247.
Publicación no.: 130 Volumetric lidar return patterns from an old-growth tropical rainforest canopy /
Weishampel, J.F; Blair, J. Bryan; Dubayah, Ralph O; Clark, David B. (University of Central Florida.
Department of Biology, Orlando, FL 32816-2368, US <E-mail: jweisham@mail.ucfedu> <E-mail:
bryan@avalon.gsfc.nasa.gov> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161), v. 21, no. 2, p. 409-415. 2000.
Rainforests represent the epitome of structural complexity in terrestrial ecosystems. However,
measures of three-dimensional canopy structure are limited to a few areas typically 1 ha with
construction crane or walkway/platform access. An innovative laser profiling system, the Laser
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Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS), was used to map canopy structure (i.e. based on height and vertical
distribution of laser returns) of a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica. Within a about 1 km area of mature
rainforest, canopy top height ranged from 8.4 to 51.6 m based on the altimeter measures. The laser
return density was most concentrated in the horizontal layer located 20-30 m above the ground. Spatial
patterns of the return were found to be isotropic based on north-south versus east-west vertical return
profiles and exhibited properties of self-similarity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5333. NBINA-3967.
Publicación no.: 131 Model simulation of changes in N2O and NO emissions with conversion of tropical
rain forests to pastures in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone [Modelo de simulación de los cambios en las
emisiones de N2O y NO con la conversión de bosques tropicales a potreros en la Zona Atlántica
costarricense] / Liu, Shuguang; Reiners, William A; Keller, Michael; Schimel, Davis S. (Raytheon Systems
Company. EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, S.D, US <E-mail: sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov> <E-mail:
reiners@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: schimel@ucar.edu>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0866-6236), v. 13, no. 2, p. 663-677. 1999.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their
importance in global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Modeling techniques are needed for
simulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere.
In this study, we modified the ecosystem model CENTURY to simulate changes in N2O and NO soil
emissions through the process of converting tropical moist forests to pastures in the Atlantic Lowlands
of Costa Rica. Measurements of water-filled pore space (WFPS) and fluxes of N2O and NO from a
chronosequence of pastures were used for calibration and testing of the model. It was found that the
N2O + NO - WFPS and N2O: NO WFPS relationships as developed from primary forests could be
generalized to the chronosequence of pastures and other land use systems in the region. Modeled net
increases (compared to primary forests) in total N20 and NO production after conversion from forest to
pasture were 514 kg N ha-1 during thefirst 15 years under normal field conditions. The nitrogen loss in
the form of N2O and NO during the first 15 years could range from 401 to 548 kg N ha-1, depending on
the amounts of forest residue remaining on pasture sites. N20-N accounted for 90% of the gas fluxes,
while NO-N accounted for 10%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the impacts of forest-pasture
conversion on N2O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere were complex, depending on the
initial conditions of the forest-derived pastures, management practices, soil physical and chemical
conditions and their changes over time, N availability, and climate. It is therefore important to
incorporate the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of those controlling factors in estimating regional
and global N2O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5238. NBINA-6919.
Publicación no.: 132 Economic value of the carbon sink services of Costa Rica's forestry plantations
[Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de las plantaciones forestales de Costa
Rica] / Ramírez, Octavio A; Gómez-Flores, Manuel. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural
and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <Email: mgomez@catie.ac.cr>). IUFRO Division 8 "Forest Environment" Conference Proceedings, Kyoto
JP19-23 October 1998. Kyoto: IUFRO, 1998. p. 243-244. ISBN: 4990-06-182-9.
Forestry plantations have become an increasingly important part of Costa Rica´s rural economic
development since 1964. During the last six years (1990-95), more than 16,000 ha have been planted
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per year, reaching a total of nearly 130,000 to date. This has required of an important investment from
the public and private sectors, which has been only partially accounted for. It is estimated that the
forestry plantations established up until 1995 a total investment value of nearly 188 million current
(1996) U.S. dollars. Their inmediate consumption value is assessed at 41 million U.S. dollar, a full 2% of
the value added from the agricultural sector and 0.35% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Costa
Rica. The previous figures are approximately three times larger than the official estimates.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5351.
Publicación no.: 133 A framework for integrated biophysical and economic land use analysis at
different scales [Un sistema para el análisis biofísico y económico integrado del uso de la tierra a
diferentes escalas] / Bouman, B.A.M; Jansen, H.G.P; Schipper, R.A; Nieuwenhuyse, Andreas; Hengsdijk,
H; Bouma, J. (International Rice Research Institute. Soil & Water Sciences Division, P.O. Box 3127, Makati
City 1271, PH <E-mail: b.bouman@cgiar.org> <E-mail: h.hengsdijk@plant.wag-ur.nl> <E-mail:
andreas@mail.megalink.com> <E-mail: johan.bouma@bodlan.beng.wau.nl>).
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 75, no. 1-2, p. 55-73. 1999.
There is a general need for quantitative tools that can be used to support policy makers in regional rural
development. Here, a framework for (sub-) regional land use analysis is presented that quantifies
biophysical and economic sustainability trade-offs. The framework, called sustainable options for land
use (SOLUS), was developed over a 10-year period of investigation in the Northern Atlantic Zone of
Costa Rica and encompasses scale levels that range from field to region. SOLUS consists of technical
coefficient generators to quantify inputs and outputs of production systems, a linear programming
model that selects production systems by optimizing regional economic surplus, and a geographic
information system. Biophysical and economic disciplines are integrated and various types of
knowledge, ranging from empirical expert judgement to deterministic process models are synthesized in
a systems-analytical manner. Economic sustainability indicators include economic surplus and labor
employment, and biophysical ones include soil N, P and K balances, biocide use and its environmental
impact, greenhouse gas emission and nitrogen leaching loss and volatilization. Land use scenarios can be
implemented by varying properties of production inputs (e.g., prices), imposing sustainability
restrictions in the optimization, and incorporating alternative production systems based on different
technologies. Examples of application of SOLUS in the Northern Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica show that
introduction of alternative technologies may result in situations that satisfy both economic as well as
biophysical sustainability. On the other hand, negative trade-offs were found among different
dimensions of biophysical sustainability themselves.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S5587. NBINA-5401.
Publicación no.: 134 The Costa Rican experience with market instruments to mitigate climate change
and conserve biodiversity [La experiencia costarricense con los instrumentos de mercado para mitigar el
cambio climático y conservar la biodiversidad] / Castro-Salazar, René; Tattenbach-Capra, Franz; GámezHernández, Luis; Olson, N. (Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas, Apartado Postal
960-4050, La Garita de Alajuela, CR <E-mail: ftattenbach@fundecor.org> <E-mail: lgamez@una.ac.cr>).
En: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (ISSN 0167-6369), v. 61, no. 1, p. 75-92. 2000.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6547.pdf
Two decades of developing relevant legal and institutional regimes for the sustainable and
nondestructive use of natural resources have framed Costa Rica's pioneer approach to mitigate climate
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change and conserve its rich biological diversity. This policy framework provides an appropriate context
for the actual and proposed development of market instruments designed to attract capital investments
for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation, and allows the establishment of mechanisms to
use those funds to compensate owners for the environmental services provided by their land. As a
developing economy, Costa Rica is striving to internalize the benefits from the environmental services it
offers, as a cornerstone of its sustainable development strategy.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6547.
Publicación no.: 135 Valuing the environmental service of permanent forest stands to the global
climate: The case of Costa Rica [Valoración del servicio ambiental de los bosques permanentes al
sistema climático mundial: el caso de Costa Rica] / Castro-Salazar, René. (Instituto Centroamericano de
Administración de Empresas, Apartado Postal 960-4050, La Garita de Alajuela, CR). Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University, 1999. 134 p. Dissertation, D. Des, Harvard University Graduate School of Design,
Cambridge, MA (USA).
Like many tropical countries, Costa Rica is losing its forests: private landowners, cut down forests to
grow crops and the government cannot afford to buy land for conservation. However, foreign countries
can help, preserving tropical forest is their most cost-effective option for reducing carbon emissions.
This thesis investigates this possibility using Costa Rica's state-owned Wildlife Conservation Areas
(WCAs) as a case study. Finding cost-effective ways to sequester carbon or reduce carbon emissions is
important because reducing global warming is both urgent and costly: possibly 2% of the world's GDP.
Deforestation increases carbon emissions into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
Reducing deforestation and growing trees can help to sequester carbon, and reduce emissions. Various
studies suggest that forest carbon sequestration may be a cost-effective way of reducing cost. According
to the literature reducing emissions in the energy sector in industrialized countries will exceed $100 per
ton. By contrast, the cost of sequestering carbon in US forests will cost from $10 to $100 per ton of
carbon depending on the scale of the forestry projects and on the increasing opportunity cost of the
land. The cost of sequestering carbon in permanent forests is even lower in Costa Rica than in the
United States. The estimates developed in this thesis suggest that 92% of the carbon sequestered in the
proposed expansion of the WCAs will cost less than $50 per ton. Moreover, some landowners in Costa
Rica may be willing to preserve private natural forests or switch from traditional crops or cattle-raising
to forest plantations if the price of sequestered carbon were to rise to as little, as $10 per ton.
Therefore, using tropical forest as a carbon sink may have economic, ecological, and social benefits.
Economically, it may reduce mitigation costs and facilitate capital transfer from industrialized to
developing nations. Society benefits because forests are often located in the poorest rural areas; the
ecological benefits come from keeping forest cover, especially primary forest, which is crucial to
conserving tropical biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca del INCAE: COS 333.75.09.728.6 C355.
Publicación no.: 136 Implementación conjunta: un caso a nivel comunal en Costa Rica [Joint
implementation: a case study at the community level in Costa Rica] / Segura-Bonilla, Olman.
(Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CINPE),
Heredia, CR <E-mail: osegura@una.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 27, p. 36-40. 1999.
A case study is presented of joint forest management at the community level in the community of
Junquillal de Santa Cruz in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The project started in 1997. The article
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discusses the advantages and disadvantages of joint management projects, describes the socioeconomic
characteristics of Junquillal de Santa Cruz, the forest characteristics, forest management and products
and services, forest protection certification and parallel benefits resulting from this, new management
activities, problems and limitations, and lessons learned from the project.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 137 Trade liberalization and the environment in Costa Rica [Liberalización del
comercio y el ambiente en Costa Rica] / Abler, D.G; Rodríguez, A.G; Shortle, J.S. (Pennsylvania State
University. Agricultural Economics, 207 Armsby Building, University Park, PA 16802-5600, US <E-mail: dabler@psu.edu>).
En: Environment and Development Economics (ISSN 1355-770X), v. 4, no. 3, p. 357-373. 1999.
This study examines the environmental impacts of trade liberalization in Costa Rica. A CGE model is
constructed which includes eight environmental indicators covering deforestation, pesticides,
overfishing, hazardous wastes, inorganic wastes, organic wastes, greenhouse gases, and air pollution.
Three trade liberalization scenarios are examined. Two sets of analyses are conducted for each scenario,
one in which technologies do not change in response to trade liberalization and the other in which total
factor productivity in each sector changes in response to changes in imports of machinery and
equipment. To account for uncertainty regarding values of the model's parameters, a Monte Carlo
experiment is conducted for each policy option. The impacts of trade liberalization on the
environmental indicators are generally negative in sign but small or moderate in magnitude, both when
technology is constant and when technology is allowed to vary.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6248. NBINA-7802.
Publicación no.: 138 Almacenamiento y fijación de carbono en bosques de bajura de la zona atlántica
de Costa Rica [Storage and fixation of carbon in lowland forests of the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica] /
Segura-Madrigal, M.A; Kanninen, Markku; Alfaro-Murillo, María de los Angeles; Campos-Arce, José
Joaquín. (CATIE. Proyecto Flujo de Carbono en América Central, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
msegura@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: malfaro@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: m.kanninen@cgiar.org> <E-mail:
jcampos@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 30, p. 23-28. 2000.
The sequestration carbon was quantified In tropical humid forests of the Atlantic region of Costa Rica,
From direct measurements of aboveground biomass of Individual tress of seven forest species,
allometric equations were derived to estimate total biomass and carbon stored In this type of forest.
The biomass expansion factor (BEF) and total biomass for the species studied coincide with those
reported by the literature (1.6 and 172 t ha-1) for tropical humid forests. The models that best predicted
total biomass were logarithmictransformed functions of dbh, volume and shaft biomass. The allometric
equations are most useful for estimating and predicting total biomass of trees within diameter classes of
60 to 105 cm dbh and 15 to 44 m In total height.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 139 Ecological footprints of Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Netherlands / van
Vuuren, D.P; Smeets, E.M.W. (National Institute of Public Health & Environment, POB 1, NL-3720 BA,
Bilthoven, NL <E-mail: detlef.van.vuuren@rivm.nl>).
En: Ecological Economics (ISSN 0921-8009), v. 34, no. 1, p. 115-130. 2000.
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The ecological footprint (EF) has received much attention as a potential indicator for sustainable
development over the last years. In this article, the EF concept has been applied to Benin, Bhutan, Costa
Rica and the Netherlands in 1980, 1987 and 1994. The results of the assessment are discussed and used
to discuss the current potential and limitations of the EF as a sustainable development indicator. The
originally defined methodology has been slightly adapted by the authors, who focus on individual
components of the EF (land and carbon dioxide emissions) and use local yields instead of global
averages. Although per capita and total land use differs among the four countries: available data suggest
increasing land use in all four countries while per capita land use decreases. The EF for carbon dioxide
emissions increases for all four countries in both per capita and absolute terms. Differences in
productivity, aggregation (of different resources) and multi-functional land use have been shown to be
important obstacles in EF application - depending on the assessment objective. However, despite the
obstacles, the study concludes that the EF has been successful in providing an interesting basis for
discussion on environmental effects of consumption patterns, including those outside the national
borders, and on equity concerning resource use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6904. NBINA-6876.
Publicación no.: 140 Effects of climate change on biodiversity: A review and identification of key
research issues [Efectos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad: Una revisión e identificación de los
problemas importantes por investigar] / Kappelle, Maarten; van Vuuren, M.M.I; Baas, Pieter. (Utrecht
University. Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Department of Science,
Technology and Society, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH Utrecht, NL <E-mail: m.kappelle@chem.uu.nl> <E-mail:
baas@nhn.leidenuniv.nl>).
En: Biodiversity and Conservation (ISSN 0960-3115), v. 8, no. 10, p. 1383-1397. 1999.
Current knowledge of effects of climate change on biodiversity is briefly reviewed, and results are
presented of a survey of biological research groups in the Netherlands, aimed at identifying key research
issues in this field. In many areas of the world, biodiversity is being reduced by humankind through
changes in land cover and use, pollution, invasions of exotic species and possibly climate change.
Assessing the impact of climate change on biodiversity is difficult, because changes occur slowly and
effects of climate change interact with other stress factors already imposed on the environment.
Research issues identified by Dutch scientists can be grouped into: (i) spatial and temporal distributions
of taxa; (ii) migration and dispersal potentials of taxa; (iii) genetic diversity and viability of (meta)
populations of species; (iv) physiological tolerance of species; (v) disturbance of functional interactions
between species; and (vi) ecosystem processes. Additional research should be done on direct effects of
greenhouse gases, and on interactions between effects of climate change and habitat fragmentation.
There are still many gaps in our knowledge of effects of climate change on biodiversity. An
interdisciplinary research programme could possibly focus only on one or few of the identified research
issues, and should generate input data for predictive models based on climate change scenarios.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6909. NBINA-6880.
Publicación no.: 141 Forest protection and reforestation in Costa Rica: evaluation of a clean
development mechanism prototype [Protección forestal y reforestación en Costa Rica: evaluación de un
prototipo de mecanismo de desarrollo limpio] / Subak, S. (Natural Resources Defense Council, 1200 New
York Ave NW, Washington, DC 20005, US).
En: Environmental Management (ISSN 0364-152X), v. 26, no. 3, p. 283-297. 2000.
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Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7100.pdf
Costa Rica has recently established a program that provides funds for reforestation and forest
protection on private lands, partly through the sale of carbon certificates to industrialized countries.
Countries purchasing these carbon offsets hope one day to receive credit against their own
commitments to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. Costa Rica has used the proceeds of the sale of
carbon offsets to Norway to help finance this forest incentive program. Called the Private Forestry
Project, which pays thousands of participants to reforest or protect forest on their lands. The Private
Forestry Project is accompanied by a monitoring program conducted by Costa Rican forest engineers
that seeks to determine net carbon storage accomplished on these lands each year. The Private Forestry
Project, which is officially registered as an Activity implemented jointly. Is a possible model for bundled
projects funded by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It also serves as an interesting example for the CDM
because it was designed by a developing country host--not by an industrialized country investor.
Accordingly, it reflects the particular "sustainable development" objectives of the host country or at
least the host planners. Early experience in implementing the Private Forestry Project is evaluated in
light of the main objectives of the CDM and its precursor-Activities Implemented Jointly it is concluded
that the project appears to meet the criteria of global cost-effectiveness and financing from non-ODA
sources. The sustainable development implications of the project are specific to the region and would
not necessarily match the ideals of all investing and developing countries. The project may be seen to
achieve additional greenhouse gas abatement when compared against some (although not all)
baselines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6221. NBINA-7100.
Publicación no.: 142 Regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide emissions in the Northern
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica [Análisis regional de las emisiones de óxido nitroso del suelo a la atmósfera
en la Zona Atlántica norte de Costa Rica] / Plant, R.A.J. (Wageningen Agricultural University. Laboratory
of Soil Sciences & Geology, P.O. Box 37, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, NL <E-mail:
rplant@gissrv.iend.wau.nl>).
En: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 6, no. 6, p. 639-653. 2000.
Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly important in answering
questions related to environmental change, and typically employs a Geographic Information System
(GIS) linked with a process-based simulation model. For the Northern Atlantic Zone (NAZ) in Costa Rica
(281 649 ha), a regional analysis of soil-atmosphere nitrous oxide fluxes from the dominant land-use
types forest, cattle pastures, and banana plantations was performed with both deterministic and
stochastic variable representations. The stochastic representation accounted for soil and land
management variability across nongeoreferenced fields within 1572 georeferenced land units in 13
relevant classes. Per class, frequency distributions of held-scale fluxes were simulated with a processbased model and Monte Carlo methods. Stochastic incorporation of both soil and land use variability
resulted in areal (i.e. Land unit-scale) fluxes that were 14-22% lower than estimates based on averaged
inputs. Soil heterogeneity was dominant. In addition, spatial flux patterns for current (1992) land use
and two alternative land-use scenarios were evaluated using stochastic inputs. With current
management, the regional nitrous oxide-N flux (standard deviation in parentheses) from agricultural
land was 0.43 (0.13) Gg y-1. Replacing natural grasses with mixtures of grasses and N-fixing species on
relevant soil types and introducing different forms of banana plantation management (alternative I)
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increased the regional nux by 51% to 0.65 (0.22 Gg y-1) When all natural grasses were replaced by
fertilized improved species and allowing different forms of banana plantation management (alternative
II), the regional flux increased by 126% to 0.97 (0.68 Gg y-1). Using the revised IPCC methodology, the
1992 nitrous oxide emission from agriculture in the NAZ was estimated to be 0.32 Gg y-1. Due to
formidable data requirements, regional analysis may not easily be used to produce country-level
estimates. However, regional analysis does provide a valuable benchmark against which the more
straightforward IPCC methodology can be evaluated.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6525.
Publicación no.: 143 Landscape-scale variation in forest structure and biomass in a tropical rain forest
/ Clark, David B; Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo
676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 137, no. 1/3, p. 185-198. 2000.
A better understanding of the reasons for variation in tropical rain forest (TRF) structure is important for
quantifying global above-ground biomass (AGBM). We used three data sets to estimate stem number,
basal area, and AGBM over a 600-ha old-growth TRF landscape (La Selva Biological Station, N.E. Costa
Rica). We analyzed the effects of soil type, slope angle, topographic position, and different sample
designs and measurement techniques on these estimates. All three data sets were for woody stems
greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter. Estimated AGBM was determined from stand-level
measurements using Brown's (Brown, 1997) allometric equation for Tropical Wet: Forest trees. One data
set was from three subjectively-sited 4-ha plots (the 'OTS plots'), another was based on 1170 0.01 ha
plots spaced on a regular grid (the 'Vegetation map plots'), and the third was from 18 0.5 ha plots (the
'Carbono plots') sited to provide unbiased samples of three edaphic conditions: hat inceptisol old alluvial
terraces; Rat ultisol hill-tops; and steep ultisol slopes. Basal area, estimated AGBM and the contributions
of major life forms were similar among studies, in spite of the differences in sampling design and
measurement techniques. Although the Carbono plots on Rat inceptisols had significantly larger and
fewer trees than those on ultisols, AGBM did not vary over the relatively small edaphic gradient in
upland areas at La Selva. On residual soils, the largest trees were on the flattest topographic positions.
Slope angle per se was not correlated with basal area or AGBM within the residual soils. Errors
introduced by palm and liana lift: forms, as well as hollow trees, did not significantly affect AGBM
estimates. In contrast, the methods used to measure buttressed trees had a large impact. Plot sizes of
0.35-0.5 ha were sufficient to achieve coefficients of variation of 12% for basal area with only six
replicates in a given edaphic type. AGBM estimates ranged from 161 to 186 Mg/ha. These low values
appear to be mainly due to the Tropical Wet Forest allometry equation used. This in turn may be
indicative of a real and substantially lower ratio of biomass/basal area in Tropical Wet Forest than in
Tropical Moist, as previously noted by Brown (1996). Our results indicate that for upland TRF landscapes
with levels of environmental variation similar to La Selva, AGBM will be relatively insensitive to soil type
and topography. However, because topography and soil type had much stronger effects on stem size,
stand density, and spatial heterogeneity of sterns, stand dynamics may be more sensitive than AGBM to
this range of conditions. We recommend that future studies of landscape-scale forest structure employ
stratified sampling designs across major environmental gradients. Unbiased sampling with replication,
combined with consistent and well-documented measurement techniques, will lead to a greatly
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improved understanding of the magnitude of and reasons for variation in forest structure and AGBM
within TRF landscapes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6169. NBINA-2081.
Publicación no.: 144 Diversity and assemblages of Neogene Caribbean mollusca of lower Central
America [Diversidad y gremios de moluscos del Neogeno caribeño de la parte inferior de Centroamérica]
/ Jackson, J.B.C; Todd, J.A; Fortunato, H.M; Jung, P. (Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 20560-0580, US <E-mail: j.todd@nhm.ac.uk>).
En: Bulletins of American Paleontology (ISSN 0007-5779), no. 357, p. 193-230. 1999.
Our goal is to document and understand paleobiological patterns and trends for tropical American
mollusks in marine coastal environments in relation to the rise of the lower Central American isthmus
and global climate change. The time frame is the Neogene defined by the new Cenozoic chronology as
the last 23.7 million years when most modem clades of mollusks diversified. To this end, we have
attempted to sample the cells of a 3-dimensional matrix whose axes are gradients in time, spatial scale
and environment. Recent molluscan faunas differ greatly among geographic regions and environments,
and the same was true in the past. Therefore, it is necessary in paleobiological surveys to sample many
geographic locations and environments throughout the entire time interval in question, and to know
something about the environments of deposition of each sample. Otherwise, it is impossible to establish
whether differences among fau nas of different ages represent temporal trends or are artifacts of
sampling different regions or environments over time. In addition, it is necessary to sample rigorously
and consistently every cell of the 3-dimensional matrix so that observed differences between ages,
places and environments are not artifacts of differential sampling effort. For all these reasons,
hypotheses of major evolutionary events or the division of paleobiogeographic provinces based on a few
new taxa are only speculation. Neogene mollusks of tropical America have been studied extensively
during the past century, with detailed monographic descriptions of faunas ranging from Trinidad to
Ecuador in the south, to Florida and Chiapas in the north. Some of these published faunas are very
diverse (Text-fig. 1, Table 1), with the record held by Woodring's (1925-1928) systematic monographs of
the Late Pliocene Bowden Formation in Jamaica with 347 genera or subgenera and 610 species.
However, most of the other paleontological collections were made by petroleum geologists for the
purpose of stratigraphic and facies reconnaissance based on common taxa. Due to this more limited
sampling, the median numbers of taxa for the 23 studies listed in Table 1 are only 107 subgenera and
135 species. Failure to consider the limited and inconsistent sampling among these studies, coupled
with imprecise and sometimes faulty stratigraphy, has led to highly erroneous interpretations of
patterns and trends of molluscan diversity in space and time throughout the region. Numerous authors
concluded, for example, that numbers of molluscan taxa declined dramatically in the tropical western
Atlantic during the Pliocene. Furthermore, they attributed these supposed changes to oceanographic
consequences of the rise of the Isthmus of Panama or intensification of glaciation in the Northern
Hemisphere. However, their data were strongly biased by much greater sampling of Miocene and Early
Pliocene compared with Late Pleistocene to recent faunas. More recent an extensive sampling of
younger faunas demonstrates that diversity did not decrease and may have increased. Rates of
extinction and origination intensified greatly towards the end of the Pliocene, but these processes were
roughly balanced so that total numbers of taxa effectively stayed the same. This paper describes the
analysis of 245 collections of fossil mollusks from the Limón Basin of Costa Rica and the Bocas del Toro
and Panama Canal basins of Panama that range in age from approximately 11.6 to 1.4 million years. The
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PPP occurrence data are available at the internet site http://www.fiu.edu/~collinsl/. Our goals are to: 1.
describe in detail how the collections were made and assess possible biases in sampling, processing,
identification and analysis; 2. compare collections broken down by basins of deposition, age, and
environment to determine how well we sampled the total diversity at any age, place or water depth,
and the adequacy of these data to assess trends in diversity over time; 3. identify common taxa in the
collections and their patterns of association in space and time based on ordination analyses; and 4. use
correlations of ordination scores with age and water depth to estimate the relative importance of age
and environment to variations in faunal composition over 10 million years. Throughout the paper, we
emphasize problems of sampling and taxonomy to demonstrate what we believe is required to
rigorously establish faunal patterns and trends. The amount of work required is enormous and much still
remains to be done. Nevertheless, it is already possible to recognize consistently common taxa and draw
conclusions about the stability of diversity over time. Future papers will build on these results to
examine changes in rates and selectivity of extinction and origination, taxonomic composition, body
size, shell thickness and ornamentation, incidence of predation, and the proportions of different
functional groups defined on the basis of life habits and diet.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 145 The Kyoto Protocol and payments for tropical forest: An interdisciplinary method
for estimating carbon-offset supply and increasing the feasibility of a carbon market under the CDM
[El Protocolo de Kyoto y los pagos por los servicios de los bosques tropicales: Un método interdisciplinario
para estimar la compensación por el suministro de carbono e incremento de la factibilidad de un
mercado del carbono bajo el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio] / Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Kerr, Suzi; Hughes,
R.F; Liu, Shuguang; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Schimel, Davis S; Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr; WatsonCéspedes, Vicente. (Columbia University. School of International & Public Affairs, Room 1306, 420 W
118th St, New York, NY 10027, US <E-mail: ap196@columbia.edu> <E-mail: suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz> <Email:
hughesf@terra.colorado.edu>
<E-mail:
sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov>
<E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca> <E-mail: schimel@ucar.edu> <E-mail: jtosi@cct.or.cr> <E-mail:
vwatson@cct.or.cr> ).
En: Ecological Economics (ISSN 0921-8009), v. 35, no. 2, p. 203-221. 2000.
Protecting tropical forests under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) could reduce the cost of
emissions limitations set in Kyoto. However, while society must soon decide whether or not to use
tropical forest-based offsets, evidence regarding tropical carbon sinks is sparse. This paper presents a
general method for constructing an integrated model (based on detailed historical, remote sensing and
field data) that can produce land-use and carbon baselines, predict carbon sequestration supply to a
carbon-offsets market and also help to evaluate optimal market rules. Creating such integrated models
requires close collaboration between social and natural scientists. Our project combines varied
disciplinary expertise (in economics, ecology and geography) with local knowledge in order to create
high-quality, empirically grounded, integrated models for Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6393. NBINA-4060.
Publicación no.: 146 Almacenamiento de carbono y conservación de biodiversidad por medio de
actividades forestales en el Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, Costa Rica / CIFOR /
CATIE. Turrialba, CR, Turrialba: CIFOR / CATIE, 2000. 71 p. (Serie Técnica (CATIE); no. 314).
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Pago de Servicios Ambientals (PSA) se puso en marcha en Costa Rica en 1996 con la aprobación de la Ley
Forestal No. 7575.
Esta es una medida novedosa para valorar las actividades forestales por los servicios ambientales que
prestan a la sociedad. La principal fuente de financiamiento del PSA es una parte de los impuestos a los
combustibles, que llegó a recaudar US$38,4 millones en 1997, US$33,7 millones en 1998 y US$33,6
millones en 1999, aunque apenas 20, 15y 25de lo recaudado respectivamente ha sido transferido al
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO). Este mecanismo de financiamiento se debe
asegurar y mejorar por parte de la sociedad civil en general, y buscarse otros como el pago por servicio
de agua, debido a que constituye una de las decisiones más novedosas para que los propietarios de
bosques y plantaciones capturen los beneficios de la protección y manejo sostenible de estos
ecosistemas. El objetivo general de este estudio es analizar la capacidad y riesgos de las actividades
forestales en la prestación de servicios ambientales, mediante la sistematización e integración de
información científico-técnica e institucional existente para apoyar la toma de decisiones en el PSA por
actividades forestales en fincas privadas del Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC).
El estudio analizó las actividades forestales con PSA y los riesgos asociados a las mismas en conservación
de biodiversidad y, fijación y almacenamiento de carbono, así como el impacto social y económico que
generan. Se analizaron las actividades de protección de bosque, manejo de bosque, plantaciones
forestales y pastos como actividad alternativa. La elaboración de un sistema de criterios e indicadores
(C&I) y el análisis por medio de la lógica difusa, generó una base integrada y rápida para conocer la
situación del PSA en las actividades forestales. Estos C&I consideraron las dimensiones biofísica,
económica y social. La valoración fue realizada mediante consulta a 26 expertos y 37 propietarios de
tierras que desarrollan actividades forestales en el ACCVC. En el ACCVC existen áreas geográficas con
distintas potencialidades para el desarrollo de actividades forestales que pueden brindar servicios para
la fijación y almacenamiento de carbono y la conservación de biodiversidad. En el área del ACCVC
atendida por la Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Central (FUNDECOR) se da
prioridad para el uso de los recursos del PSA a la protección de bosques (22 000 ha), seguida muy de
lejos por el manejo de bosques (2 200 ha) y finalmente las plantaciones forestales (1 000 ha). El manejo
técnico de bosque (incluyendo el secundario) representa un importante potencial para fijar y almacenar
carbono, y contribuir a la conservación de la biodiversidad. La evaluación de los C&I puso en evidencia
aspectos que son vitales para el desarrollo de la actividad forestal con perspectiva a largo plazo. Entre
aquellos que requieren atención se encuentran: En la dimensión social: mejorar la participación local en
el proceso de toma de decisiones del PSAincrementar acciones educativas dirigidas a los niños y de
capacitación a los propietarios, en aspectos de protección y manejo de bosques. En las áreas de
protección de bosques (privadas), hacer esfuerzos para estudiar y poner en marcha algunas actividades
productivas de bajo impacto ambiental que generen empleo. En la dimensión económica, la actividad de
manejo de bosques presenta menor valoración por parte de los propietariosdebe por tanto prestarse
atención para fortalecer la actividad. Los indicadores que requieren atención son la asistencia técnica
efectiva, los requisitos y trámites para el manejo forestal, el conocimiento y acceso a mercados de la
madera y otros productos del bosque, y el incremento de los ingresos a los propietarios. En la dimensión
biofísica, establecer prioridades para la protección de bosques primarios o poco intervenidos que se
encuentran en tierras privadas, áreas para el manejo del bosque secundario, y áreas para la
recuperación y manejo de bosques muy intervenidos. El PSA podría convertirse en un mecanismo de
política efectivo para potenciar la integración de la cadena productiva forestal, asegurar la aplicación en
el campo de estándares de sostenibilidad, mediante la certificación forestal y la inserción de productos
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especializados en el mercado nacional e internacional. El reconocimiento por parte de la sociedad
nacional al buen uso y manejo de los bosques privados, generan un nuevo escenario para el sector
forestaleste es un acercamiento necesario entre dueños de bosques y la sociedad. La evaluación
periódica de los C&I mostrará los avances y las proyecciones de este innovador mecanismo (PSA).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4970. Biblioteca OET: AD 979.
Publicación no.: 147 Vegetation and climate history of montane Costa Rica since the last glacial
[Historia del clima y de la vegetación montañosa de Costa Rica desde el último glaciar] / Islebe, Gerald A;
Hooghiemstra, Henry. (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado 424, CP 77000, Chetumal,
Quintana Roo, MX <E-mail: gerald@ecosur-qroo.mx> <E-mail: hooghiemstra@bio.uva.nl>).
En: Quaternary Science Reviews (ISSN 0277-3791), v. 16, p. 589-604. 1997.
New palynological evidence from the Cordillera de Talamanca (Costa Rica) is presented. The La Chonta-1
core (2310 m a.s.l) shows the development of montane vegetation during the late Quaternary. A shorter
core (La Trinidad-III) shows the Lateglacial-Holocene transition, including the La Chonta stadial based on
earlier published evidence. A soil section from the páramo belt at 3100 m shows vegetation recovery
after fire. Modern pollen rain was studied along an altitudinal transect from 2100 m to 3800 m at Mt
Chirripó. A comparison with other palaeoecological data of the region is given to elucidate climatic and
vegetational changes throughout the Central American region. Data show a cooling of 7-8°C during the
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) for montane Costa Rica, which is in accordance with data from lowland
Guatemala. A 1.5° to 2.5°C temperature drop is recorded during the Younger Dryas Chron in both Costa
Rica and Guatemala, but apparently not in Panama. The Lateglacial-Holocene transition in montane
Costa Rica is established at 10,400 BP. Between 9000 and 8500 BP moist forest developed in
mountainous Costa Rica as well as in lowland Guatemala and Panama. Environmental change during the
mid-Holocene seems more affected by changes in humidity than temperature change throughout
Central America. Distribution maps of páramo and montane vegetation in Costa Rica are reconstructed
for 10 ka, 14 ka and 18 ka based on currently available palynological data. These data indicate that
during the LGM a páramo vegetation corridor existed between northern Costa Rica and probably
northern Panama.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S6690. NBINA-6630.
Publicación no.: 148 Adaptation to climate change and variability adaptive management [Adaptación
al cambio climático y manejo adaptativo de la variabilidad] / Maciver, D.C; Dallmeier, F. (Atmospheric
Environment Service, 4905 Dufferin Street, Downsview, Ontario M3H 5T4, CA).
En: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (ISSN 0167-6369), v. 61, no. 1, p. 1-8. 2000.
This paper summarizes the recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change convened in Costa Rica in 1998.
Specifically, this paper also summarizes the adaptive management science issues and, in many cases,
sectorat options. The Workshop, organized by Canada and Costa Rica, involved more than 200 experts
and focused on adaptation science, adaptive management and adaptation options for climate variability
and change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6562.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Publicación no.: 149 Adaptation to climate variability and change: methodological issues [Adaptación
a la variabilidad y cambio en el clima: aspectos metodológicos] / Klein, R.J.T; Maciver, D.C. (Postdam
Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Postdam, DE).
En: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (ISSN 1381-2386), v. 4, no. 3/4, p. 189-198.
1999.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) convened a Workshop on Adaptation to Climate
Variability and Change in Costa Rica in 1998 that involved more than 200 expects and incorporated
views from many research communities. This paper summarizes the recommendations from the
Workshop and profiles the contributions to the advancement of methodologies for adaptation science.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6569.
Publicación no.: 150 Revised rules of procedure for the IPCC process: an editorial essay / Anonymous.
En: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 46, p. 409-415. 2000.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) held its fifteenth Plenary session in San José,
Costa Rica in April, 1999. One major item on the agenda was the adoption of a revised set of rules of
procedure for the Panel's work with its Third Assessment Report (TAR). The IPCC process is already a
time-consuming and cumbersome process, and the new rules of procedure adopted at the fifteenth
Plenary session adds further complexity and bureaucracy to the process.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6572.
Publicación no.: 151 Effects of climate factors on daytime carbon exchange from an old growth forest
in Costa Rica [Efectos de los factores climáticos sobre el intercambio de carbono durante el día en un
bosque de crecimiento viejo en Costa Rica] / Oberbauer, Steven F; Loescher, Henry William; Clark, David
B. (Florida International University. Department of Biological Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, US <E-mail:
oberbaue@fiu.edu> <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Selbyana (ISSN 0361-185X), v. 21, no. 1/2, p. 66-73. 2000.
Eddy covariance measurements of CO2, H2O, and heat were conducted in tropical lowland wet forest at
the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. The system was based on a closed-path infrared gas
analyzer with the sample inlets and sonic anemometer mounted on a 42-m tower. Prevailing winds were
easterly from the Caribbean with little anthropogenic influence. The tower footprint was primary upland
forest. Concurrent measurements included standard micrometeorological sensors for energy balance
and six levels of continuous canopy profile sampling for CO2, H2O, and air temperatures. Canopy
roughness at the site is very high and may contribute to mixing at low wind speeds. Data are presented
for 39 days of daytime CO2 fluxes. Carbon dioxide fluxes at high irradiances ranged from -10 to -20 µmol
m² S-1. The response of CO2 fluxes to solar radiation was curvilinear and did not saturate under ambient
irradiance regimes. No effects of vapor pressure deficit on ecosystem carbon exchange were detected
during the study period. Temperature, however, appeared to affect daytime carbon exchange slightly.
The results suggest that solar radiation input is the primary limiting climatic factor for carbon uptake.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7047. LC. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: 581S.
Publicación no.: 152 Spatial and temporal variability of nitrogen oxide and methane fluxes from a
fertilized tree plantation in Costa Rica [Variabilidad espacial y temporal de flujos de óxico nitroso y
metano de una plantación forestal fertilizada en Costa Rica] / Weitz, A.M; Keller, Michael; Linder, E; Crill,
P.M. (University of New Hampshire. Institute of Study of Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Systems
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Research Center, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de> <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: elinder@christa.unh.edu> <E-mail: patrick.crill@unh.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 104, no. D23, p. 30097-30107.
1999.
Nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) are naturally produced and consumed by soil
biogeochemical processes. Naturally high variation between trace gas fluxes may temporarily increase
due to agricultural management. We studied spatial and temporal variability of fluxes in the context of a
3-year field experiment established to identify and quantify N2O fluxes and controlling factors using
automated field measurements. We measured trace gas fluxes, soil temperature, and moisture from
fertilized and unfertilized balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations. Combining spatial and temporal
sampling we evaluate if automatically measured time series of N2O emissions are representative of
overall mean fluxes from fertilized loam under balsa. Soil trace gas fluxes were measured manually at 36
randomly distributed sampling locations per plot. Mean plot emissions were evaluated against fluxes
measured by seven chambers commonly used for routine bimonthly manual measurements and against
N2O emissions measured by two automated chambers at 4.6-hour sampling intervals. Trace gas fluxes
were highly variable over 40 x 40 m plots. Nitrogen oxide fluxes were mainly spatially independent.
Fertilization increased nitrogen oxide emissions but did not introduce spatial dependency of flux data.
Within about 6 weeks fluxes approached pre-fertilization level again. Given high spatial variation of
nitrogen oxide fluxes we find that automatically measured N2O fluxes represent the nature of the flux
response well and are in the range of fluxes indicated by spatial sampling. When soils were relatively dry
fertilization inhibited CH4 uptake.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7773.
Publicación no.: 153 Soil-atmosphere nitrogen oxide fluxes: Effects of root disturbance [Flujos de óxido
de nitrógeno suelo-atmósfera: efectos de la perturbación de las raíces] / Keller, Michael; Weitz, A.M;
Bryan, B; Rivera, M.M; Silver, Whendee L. (University of New Hampshire. Institute of Study of Earth
Oceans & Space, Complex Systems Research Center, Durham, NH 03824, US <E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de> <E-mail: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 105, no. D14, p. 17693-17698.
2000.
Chambers are the most common method used to sample soil-atmosphere fluxes of trace gases. Working
in tree plantations in Costa Rica and in subtropical forest in Puerto Rico, we performed controlled
experiments in order to evaluate whether installation of the chamber bases into the soil affects the soilatmosphere flux of nitrogen oxides. Installation of chambers severed roots. We found a short-term
disturbance effect related to chamber installation. Fluxes of nitrogen oxides increased by as much as a
factor of 4 during a period of about 1 month following chamber installation in the soil. Within 6 weeks of
chamber base installation, fluxes fell to control levels. Given the timescale of disturbance and recovery,
root mortality and decomposition is the most likely cause of the observed effect.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7766.
Publicación no.: 154 Isotopic variability of N2O emissions from tropical forest soils [Variabilidad
isotópica de emisiones de N2O de suelos de bosques tropicales] / Pérez, T; Trumbore, S.E; Tyler, S.C;
Davidson, E.A; Keller, Michael; de Camargo, P.B. (University of California. Department of Earth System
Sciences, Irvine, CA 92697, US <E-mail: tjperez@uci.edu> <E-mail: setrumbo@uci.edu> <E-mail:
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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styler@uci.edu> <E-mail: eadavidson@whrc.org> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail:
pcamargo@mail.cena.usp.br>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 14, no. 2, p. 525-535. 2000.
We report measurements of the N-15 and O-18 signature of N2O emitted from tropical rain forest soils
at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica and in the Fazenda Vitoria in the State of Para, Brazil. The
δ15N values ranged from -34 to 2 parts per thousand with respect to atmospheric N2, while δ18O values
had a smaller range, from -4 to 18 parts per thousand with respect to atmospheric O2. We attribute
these large variations to differences in microbial production, consumption, and transport of N2O. In
general the δ15N of N2O emissions from an Oxisol soil in Brazil were consistently enriched by similar to
20 parts per thousand in N-15 compared to those from Ultisol and Inceptisol soils in Costa Rica.
Denitrification is the most likely source of N2O in both locations during the rainy season, and the N-15 of
nitrate was similar in both locations. We attribute the overall variability in emitted N-15 to differences in
the ratio of N2O:N2 escaping from the soil to the atmosphere, with a larger fraction of the N2O reduced
to N2 at the Brazilian sites. We found light δ15N- N2O values associated with high N2O emissions in a
fertilized agricultural site in Costa Rica and in a "hot spot" of high emissions in the forest site in Brazil.
This result suggests that the increase of substrate availability might increase the fractionation associated
with N2O production. Overall, the Brazilian Oxisol soils had the most enriched δ15N-N2O emissions yet
measured from soils. if these are more representative of tropical soil emissions than the Costa Rica
emissions, then the globally averaged δ15N-N2O tropical rain forest soil source is more enriched than
previously estimated. The large variations in isotopic signature for N2O emissions demonstrate the
potential utility of stable isotopes as tools for understanding the processes of N2O production and
consumption in soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7988. NBINA-6920.
Publicación no.: 155 Intensive field measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from a tropical
agricultural soil [Mediciones intensivas de campo de emisiones de óxido nitroso de un suelo agrícola
tropical] / Crill, P.M; Keller, Michael; Weitz, A.M; Grauel, B; Veldkamp, Edzo. (University of New
Hampshire. Institute of Study of Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Systems Research Center, Durham, NH
03824, US <E-mail: patrick.crill@unh.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: aweitz@bgcjena.mpg.de> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 14, no. 1, p. 85-95. 2000.
The amount of nitrous oxide (N2O) continues to increase in the atmosphere. Agricultural use of nitrogen
fertilizers in the tropics is thought to be an important source of atmospheric N2O. High frequency, highly
precise measurements of the N2O flux were made with an automated system deployed in N fertilized
and unfertilized agricultural plots of papaya and corn in Costa Rica for an entire corn crop growth to
harvest cycle. N2O fluxes were as high as 64 ng N- N2O cm² h-¹ from fertilized versus 12 ng N- N2O cm² h-¹
from unfertilized corn and 28 ng N- N2O cm² h-1 from fertilized versus 4.6 ng N- N2O cm² h-1 from
unfertilized papaya. Fertilized corn released more N2O than fertilized papaya over the 125 days of the
crop cycle, 1.83 kg N ha-¹ versus 1.37 kg N ha-¹. This represents a loss as N2O of 1.1 and 0.9% of the total
N applied as ammonium nitrate to the corn and papaya, respectively. As has often been observed, N2O
fluxes were highly variable. The fastest rates of emission were associated with fertilization and high soil
moisture. A diurnal cycle in the fluxes was not evident probably due to the minimal day/night
temperature fluctuations. Each chamber was measured between 509 and 523 times over the course of
the experiment. This allows us to evaluate the effect on constructed mean fluxes of lowered sampling
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frequencies. Sampling each collar about once a day throughout the crop cycle (25% of the data set)
could result in a calculated mean flux from any individual chamber that can vary by as much as 20% even
though the calculated mean would probably be within 10% of the mean of the complete data set. The
uncertainty increases very rapidly at lower sampling frequencies. For example, if only 10% of the data
set were used which would be the equivalent of sampling every other day, a very high sampling
frequency in terms of manual measurements, the calculated mean flux could vary by as much as 40% or
more at any given site.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7109. NBINA-6921.
Publicación no.: 156 Testing a conceptual model of soil emissions of nitrous and nitric oxides
[Probando un modelo conceptual de emisiones de óxidos nitrosos y nítricos de los suelos] / Davidson, E.A;
Keller, Michael; Erickson, H.E; Verchot, L.V; Veldkamp, Edzo. (Woods Hole Research Center, POB 296,
Woods Hole, MA 02543, US <E-mail: edavidson@whrc.org> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail:
aum_herickson@suagm.suagm.edu> <E-mail: l.verchot@cglar.org> <E-mail: eveldha@gwdg.de>).
En: BioScience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 50, no. 8, p. 667-680. 2000.
In this article, we briefly review the disciplinary research on soil emissions of N2O and NO. We describe a
mechanistically based conceptual model - the "hole-in-the-pipe" (HIP) model - that integrates the results
of these disciplinary studies and that relates emissions of both nitrogen oxides to common soil
processes. We then test the model predictions, using data from our recent studies in Costa Rica, Brazil,
and Puerto Rico and additional data from the literature for forest ecosystems throughout the world.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5998. S7221.
Publicación no.: 157 Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992
[Estimación de los cambios históricos en la cobertura global de la tierra: tierras de cultivo a partir de
1700 a 1992] / Ramankutty, N; Foley, J.A. (University of Wisconsin. Institute of Environmental Studies,
Climate, People & Environment Program, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706, US <E-mail:
nramanku@students.wisc.edu> <E-mail: jfoley@facstaff.wisc.edu>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 13, no. 4, p. 997-1027. 1999.
Human activities over the last three centuries have significantly transformed the Earth's environment,
primarily through the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture. This study presents a simple
approach to derive geographically explicit changes in global croplands from 1700 to 1992. By calibrating
a remotely sensed land cover classification data set against cropland inventory data, we derived a global
representation of permanent croplands in 1992, at 5 min spatial resolution [Ramankutty and Foley,
1998]. To reconstruct historical croplands, we first compile an extensive database of historical cropland
inventory data, at the national and subnational level, from a variety of sources. Then we use our 1992
cropland data within a simple land cover change model, along with the historical inventory data, to
reconstruct global 5 min resolution data on permanent cropland areas from 1992 back to 1700. The
reconstructed changes in historical croplands are consistent with the history of human settlement and
patterns of economic development. By overlaying our historical cropland data set over a newly derived
potential vegetation data set, we analyze our results in terms of the extent to which different natural
vegetation types have been converted for agriculture. We further examine the extent to which
croplands have been abandoned in different parts of the world. Our data sets could be used within
global climate models and global ecosystem models to understand the impacts of land cover change on
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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climate and on the cycling of carbon and water. Such an analysis is a crucial aid to sharpen our thinking
about a sustainable future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6922.
Publicación no.: 158 A climate of change [Un clima de cambio] / Figueres-Olsen, José María. (Fundación
Costa Rica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (Entebbe), Apartado Postal 557-2250, Tres Ríos de La Unión, CR
<http://www.entebbe.com>).
En: Our Planet: the Magazine of the United Nations Environment Program (ISSN 1013-7394), v. 11, no. 1,
p. 5-6. 2000.
Global climate change has ceased to be strictly an environmental threat, lurking in the future. Its
potential impacts could well make it the greatest social and economic challenge that humanity will have
to face in the coming century. The first is competition. An energy revolution is now in the making, with
advanced new technologies such as fuel cells, photovoltaics, wind turbines and flywheels entering the
market. The reason why we moved beyond the horse and buggy a hundred years ago was not because
we ran out of hay. Similarly, there is no doubt that the planet still has impressive oil reserves. However,
as was the case when the oil era first emerged, those industries that successfully incorporate the new
technologies will be well positioned to succeed economically in the 21 st century.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 159 Synthesis of Costa Rican meteorological information in a geographical context
[Síntesis de la información meteorológica costarricense en un contexto geográfico] / Leclerc, Gregoire;
Reyes, C; Hall, Charles A.S. (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. GIS Facility, Apdo. 6713, Cali,
CO).
En: Quantifying sustainable development: the future of tropical economies. Hall, C.A.S; León-Pérez, C;
Leclerc, G. (eds.) San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000. p. 223-264. ISBN: 0-12-318860-1.
Chapter 9 develop a spatial database for Costa Rica for meteorological information. The meteorological
chapter focuses especially on the statistical problems in extrapolating relatively few weather stations to
an entire nation. Climate and weather affect most human activity, and are especially important in
cultures such as Costa Rica that depend heavily on agriculture. A study of climate is an essential
component of understanding the biophysical basis for a region's economy, including the growth and
productivity of agricultural plants and fruit trees, erosion, other forms of environmental degradation,
land use, land use change, and many other subjects of critical importance to Costa Rica. More
specifically, temperature, moisture relations, and solar radiation determine potential agricultural crop
production; rainfall is important for estimating the risks of losses in crop production due to an excess or
deficiency of water; relative humidity is associated with the incidence of diseases in plants; and
evapotranspiration, which is a function of several weather variables, determines the amount of water
required by the crop, whether it is supplied by rainfall or by irrigation. Consequently many human farm
operation decisions are made in consideration of climate. In addition, there is a growing scientific
interest in the effects of climate and possible climate changes on agriculture, biodiversity, and the
behavior of natural plants and animals. Economic decisions made in the absence of climatic information
can lead to disastrous investments, for example, expanding the production of a crop when the only land
available is outside the optimal climate range for that crop, or constructing a reservoir in a region where
severe storms will cause excessive siltation. Finally any consideration of sustainability has to ask
whether a strategy selected would hold if the climate were to change. Climate also effects us indirectly.
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For example, Jones et al. (1997) demonstrated that there is an intimate link between climate and the
origin of cassava and beans, which evolved from wild relatives of these species in response to climate.
The extensive biodiversity database being built by INBio (in Heredia, Costa Rica) will probably lead to
important discoveries when analyzed in a climatic context. These and many more examples show the
necessity of understanding climate patterns in their relation to issues of sustainability, and provide a
strong incentive for estimating different weather parameters accurately. Unfortunately deriving any
large-scale-such as a national-synthesis of climate is very difficult, even when the nation in question is
small and contains a relatively sophisticated scientific system. Meteorological stations are rarely dense
enough anywhere to give a true geographical picture of climate. This is a problem that is not restricted
to the developing world. For example, Nemani et al. (1993) state that for the western United States
there is only one meteorological station for every 10,000 km². In addition, these are found generally
only at airports and in heavily settled areas, which tend to have very special characteristics (such as
being on flat land and in valleys) that may not characterize the general landscape. And it is often
misleading to extrapolate between weather stations. For example, if two cities are located in adjacent
valleys it would be very misleading to interpolate through the higher land located between the cities.
Thus it is fair to say that we do not have a comprehensive view of climate hardly anywhere because
rarely have we approached the issue of climate in a geographically sensitive way.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.92797286 Q1.
Publicación no.: 160 Gradient analysis of biomass in Costa Rica and a first estimate of countrywide
emissions of greenhouse gases from biomass burning [Análisis de gradiente de biomasa en Costa Rica y
primer estimado nacional de emisiones de gases de invernadero procedentes de la quema de biomasa] /
Helmer, Eileen H; Brown, S. (USDA Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry, P.O. Box
25000, Río Piedras, PR 00928-5000, PR <E-mail: ehelmer/iitf@fs.fed.us>).
En: Quantifying sustainable development: the future of tropical economies. Hall, C.A.S; León-Pérez, C;
Leclerc, G. (eds.) San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2000. p. 503-526. ISBN: 0-12-318860-1.
Past efforts to estimate greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from biomass burning generally have relied
on global or regional data bases. Although the Central American country of Costa Rica is small in area
(50 060 km²), it has a much better database than most regions and thereby provides an excellent
"microcosma" for an analysis of GHG emissions by forest type. It has, for example, several forest
formations for which data on forest structure and areas deforested are available. Between 1950 and
1984, the rate of deforestation in Costa Rica was one of the highest in the world at about 3.9% per year.
Our objectives in thischapter are: 1) estimate biomass of stands undisturbed by human activity (as far as
we can tell) as a function of environmental gradients in Costa Rica, and 2)estimate the release of GHGs
to the atmosphere from knowing the spatial variation in deforestation rates in forests developed under
differing climatic conditions. We estimate emissions simply by assuming 100% of aboveground biomass
is burned eventually, an assumption recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (IPCC/OECD) methodology for inventory
of GHG.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 338.92797286 Q1.
Publicación no.: 161 Ecology: The value of nature and the nature of value [Ecología: El valor de la
naturaleza y la naturaleza del valor] / Daily, Gretchen C; Söderqvist, T; Aniyar, S; Arrow, K; Dasgupta, P;
Ehrlich, Paul R; Folke, C; Jansson, A.M; Jansson, B.O; Kautsky, N; Levin, S; Lubchenco, J; Mäler, K.G;
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Simpson, D; Starrett, D; Tilman, D; Walker, B. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences,
Stanford, CA 94305, US <E-mail: gdaily@leland.stanford.edu> <E-mail: pre@stanford.edu>).
En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 289, no. 5478, p. 395-396. 2000. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7090.
Publicación no.: 162 Getting to the canopy: Tree height growth in a neotropical rain forest [Cómo
llegar a la copa: el crecimiento en altura del árbol en un bosque lluvioso neotropical] / Clark, Deborah A;
Clark, David B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de
Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 82, no. 5, p. 1460-1472. 2001.
There is still limited understanding of the processes underlying forest dynamics in the world's tropical
rain forests, ecosystems of disproportionate importance in terms of global biogeochemistry and
biodiversity. Particularly poorly documented are the nature and time scale of upward height growth
during regeneration by the tree species in these communities. In this study, we assessed long-term
height growth through ontogeny for a diverse group of canopy and emergent tree species in a lowland
neotropical rain forest (the La Selva Biological Station, northeastern Costa Rica). Species were evaluated
based on annual height measurements of large samples of individuals in all postseedling size classes,
over a 16-yr period (> 11000 increments). The study species were seven nonpioneers (Minquartia
guianensis, Lecythis ampla, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Simarouba amara, Dipteryx panamensis,
Balizia elegans, and Hyeronima alchorneoides) and two pioneers (Cecropia obtusifolia and Cecropia
insignis). For each species, inherent height growth capacity was estimated as the mean of the five
largest annual height increments (from different individuals) in each juvenile size class (from 50 cm tall
to 20 cm in diameter). All species showed marked ontogenetic increases in this measure of height
growth potential. At all sizes, there were highly significant differences among species in height growth
potential. The two Cecropia species consistently showed the highest observed maximum height
increments as smaller juveniles (less than or equal to4 cm in diameter). Among the nonpioneers,
Simarouba had the highest growth potential across all juvenile sizes. For all species, mean annual height
increments in all juvenile size classes were very much lower than the species' potential growth rates and
reflected the impacts of frequent periods of zero growth and major height losses from physical damage.
Because of the same factors, maximum net height increments declined over increasing measurement
intervals (1-15-yr periods). With only one exception (Simarouba amara saplings less than or equal to1
cm in diameter that survived 10 yr), the annual height growth increments of these species showed no
significant temporal autocorrelation. For the seven nonpioneer species, we estimated the minimum
time required to grow from 50 cm tall saplings to 10 cm diameter trees, based on their greatest net
height increments over increasing intervals. Estimated passage times increased from 7-33 yr, when
based on maximum 5-yr height increments, to 37-83 yr, when based on maximum net height growth
over 15 yr for the six longest studied (nonpioneer) species. Given the erratic height growth trajectories
found for these juvenile trees in this 16-yr study, it is clear that much longer term observation is
required. Still unknown are the actual growth trajectories that characterize successful regeneration in
each of our focal species, how much time successful trees spend as suppressed juveniles, and the
number of times they experience and recover from major physical damage.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7205. NBINA-2078.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Publicación no.: 163 Geographic variation in soil organic carbon dynamics following land-use change in
Costa Rica [Variación geográfica en la dinámica del carbono orgánico en el suelo luego del cambio en el
uso de la tierra] / Powers, Jennifer S. (University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate, St
Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: powers@umn.edu>). Durham, NC: Duke University, 2001. 281 p. ISBN: 0493-43112-8. Dissertation, Ph.D., Duke University, Graduate School and Department of Biology, Durham,
NC (USA).
Recent studies have suggested that the direction and magnitude of changes in soil carbon (C) pools
following land-use change in the tropics depend upon initial site conditions, vegetation productivity, and
management. Despite observations that soil C pools both increase and decrease following deforestation,
global assessments of carbon dioxide fluxes due deforestation usually assume a single rate of loss. The
goal of my dissertation was to understand how the response of the soil C pool to land-use change varies
geographically for a 140,000-ha region in Costa Rica, and how to extrapolate site-specific changes in soil
C pools to estimate regional C02 fluxes. I collected an extensive data set for 110 managed and forested
sites in northeastern Costa Rica that included: soil C, indices of vegetation productivity, soil texture,
mineralogy, elevation, topographic relief, and landcover history. Managed sites were paired with
reference forest sites on similar soils and topography to estimate pre-conversion conditions. In this
region, the direction and magnitude of the changes in soil C pools following conversion of mature
forests to pasture varied as a function of non-crystalline clays in the low-elevation soils and %slope in
the highelevation soils. The conversion of old pastures to intensively managed cash crops reduced soil C
storage to a greater extent than the conversion of forest to pasture. Old pastures that had regenerated
to secondary forests or tree plantations did not show increased soil C storage. As a whole, soils in this
region have been a small source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere over the past 50 years as managed
lands have replaced native forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 374. NBINA-7784.
Publicación no.: 164 Emergent biological patterns and surface-subsurface interactions at landscape
scales / Pringle, Catherine M; Triska, Frank J; Jones, J.B (ed.); Mulholland, P.J (ed.). (University of
Georgia. Institute of Ecology, 711 Biological Sciences Bldg, Athens, GA 30602-2602, US <E-mail:
cpringle@uga.edu> <E-mail: fjtriska@usgs.gov>).
En: Stream and Ground Waters San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc., 2000. p. 167-193.
In this chapter, we focus on emergent biological patterns in riverine ecosystems at landscape scales
resulting from surface-subsurface water interaction. Our objectives are to examine (1) how the balance
of physical and chemical factors on the "natural" geologic template affects biological patterns, (2) how
natural hydrothermal systems can be used as a model for understanding surface-subsurface interactions
and biological patterns in streams, and (3) how anthropogenic influences decouple the stream from the
landscape by altering the nature of surface-subsurface water interactions and affecting biological
patterns. We conclude with a synthesis and recommendations for future studies.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7251.
Publicación no.: 165 Evaluating ultraviolet radiation exposure with satellite data at sites of amphibian
declines in Central and South America [Evaluación de la exposición a la radiaci6n ultravioleta con datos
de satélite en sitios de declinaciones de anfibios en Centro y Suramérica] / Middleton, Elizabeth M;
Herman, J.R; Celarier, E.A; Wilkinson, J.W; Carey, C; Rusin, R.J. (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). Goddard Space Flight CenterLaboratory for Terrestrial Physics (Code 923),
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Greenbelt,
MD
207771,
US
<E-mail:
betsym@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov>
<E-mail:
careyc@spot.colorado.edu>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 15, no. 4, p. 914-929. 2001.
Many amphibian species have experienced substantial Population declines or have disappeared
altogether during the last several decades at a number of amphibian survey sites in Central and South
America. Our study addresses the use of trends in solar UV-B radiation exposure (280-320 nm) at these
sites over the last two decades, derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer satellite data. It is
intended to demonstrate a role for satellite observations in determining whether UV-B radiation is a
contributing factor in amphibian declines. We used these data to calculate the daily erythemal
(sunburning) UV-B, or UV-Bery exposure at the latitude, longitude, and elevation of each of 20 survey
sites. The annually averaged UV-Bery close, as well as the maximum values, have been increasing in both
Central and South America, with higher levels reached at the Central American sites. The annually
averaged UV-Bery exposure increased significantly from 1979-1998 at all 11 Central American sites we
examined (r²= 0.60-0.79); p ¾ 0.015), with smaller but significant increases at five of the nine South
American sites (r² = 0.24-0.42; p ¾ 0.05). The number of days having the highest UV-B exposure (= 6.75
kJ/m²/day) increased in both regions from 40 days per year to approximately 58 days per year in 1998
(r²
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7272. Biblioteca OET: NBINA-11379.
Publicación no.: 166 Inventario nacional de fuentes y sumideros de gases de efecto invernadero en
Costa Rica año 1996 / MINAE/IMN, San José, CR. San José: Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía / Instituto
Meteorológico Nacional, 1996. 53 p. (Proyecto COS/95/G31).
En junio de 1992, se llevó a cabo en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, la Convención Marco sobre Cambio Climático,
en la cual los países firmantes se comprometieron entre otras cosas a realizar inventarios nacionales de
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, a implementar programas que contengan medidas
orientadas a mitigar el cambio climático y cooperar en los preparativos para la adaptación a los
impactos del cambio climático. La Convención entró en vigencia en marzo de 1994 y sus compromisos se
hicieron obligatorios para los firmantes. Costa Rica ratificó la Convención el 13 de junio de 1994 y en
cumplimiento a los compromisos adquiridos realizó el primer inventario de emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero por fuentes y sumideros. La evaluación del primer inventario se realizó utilizando las guías
para la elaboración de inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero del IPCC-OECI) y tomando
como referencia el año 1990, con el fin de hacerlo comparable con otros países. Con los resultados de
este inventario se inició un nuevo proyecto: Mejoramiento de la Capacidad Nacional para la Reducción
de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, el cual fue financiado por el Fondo Global del Ambiente
(GEF). Dentro de este proyecto se llevó a cabo la actualización del inventario de emisiones, para lo cual
se utilizó la metodología revisada del IPCC-OECI) (IPCC, 1997), tomando como referencia para la
evaluación, el año 1996. La evaluación del inventario estuvo a cargo del Instituto Meteorológico
Nacional, que coordinó un grupo integrado por expertos de diferentes instituciones en las áreas de
Energía, Procesos Industriales, Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y Manejo de Desechos. Se incluyeron en él
los mismos seis gases evaluados en el inventario anterior: dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4),
monóxido de carbono (CO), óxido nitroso (N2O), óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) y otros hidrocarburos volátiles
diferentes del metano (NMVOC). Además en algunos casos, se evaluó la emisión de dióxido de azufre
(SO2), partículas y halocarburos (HFC). De acuerdo a la metodología del IPCC, el inventario se dividió en
cinco áreas: Energía, Procesos Industriales, Agricultura, Uso de la tierra y silvicultura y Manejo de
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Desechos. Las emisiones totales de gases de efecto invernadero en el año 1996 tuvieron un valor neto
equivalente a 4.047,7 Gg (4.047.700 toneladas). A este total el sector energía aportó 4.287,5 Gg
(4.287.500 toneladas), procesos industriales 431,0 Gg (431.000 ton), agricultura 152,4 Gg (152.400 ton),
cambio de uso de la tierra tiene una fijación neta de 864,6 Gg (-864.600 ton) y desechos 41,4Gg (41.400
ton). Valores detallados por sector y gas se pueden observar en el cuadro 1.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 389.
Publicación no.: 167 Hydrologic connectivity and the management of biological reserves: A global
perspective [Conectividad hidrológica y el manejo de las reservas biológicas: una visión global] / Pringle,
Catherine M. (University of Georgia. Institute of Ecology, 711 Biological Sciences Bldg, Athens, GA
30602-2602, US <E-mail: cpringle@uga.edu>).
En: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 11, no. 4, p. 981-998. 2001.
Increasingly, biological reserves throughout the world are threatened by cumulative alterations in
hydrologic connectivity within the greater landscape. Hydrologic connectivity is used here in an
ecological sense to refer to water-mediated transfer of matter, energy, and/or organisms within or
between elements of the hydrologic cycle. Obvious human influences that alter this property include
dams, associated flow regulation, groundwater extraction, and water diversion, all of which can result in
a cascade of events in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Even disturbances well outside the
boundaries of reserves can have profound effects on the biological integrity of these "protected" areas.
Factors such as nutrient and toxic pollution and the spread of normative species are perpetuated by
hydrologic connectivity, and their effects can be exacerbated by changes in this property. Hydrological
alterations are now affecting reserves through increasingly broad feedback loops, ranging from
overdrawn aquifers to atmospheric deposition and global climate change. Such alterations are often
beyond the direct control of managers because they lie outside reserve boundaries, and data on
hydrologic connection between reserves and surrounding landscapes are scant. The subject of water has
also been typically excluded from the literature pertaining to both theoretical and practical aspects of
reserve size, isolation, and design. This results, in part, from early management strategies developed
when the landscape matrix outside of reserves was not excessively fragmented, and when awareness of
hydrologic connectivity was in its infancy. The location of a given reserve within a watershed, relative to
regional aquifers and wind and precipitation patterns, can play a key role in its response to human
disturbance transmitted through the hydrologic cycle. To illustrate this point, I discuss reserves of
varying sizes from diverse regions throughout the world. Reserves located in middle and lower
watersheds often suffer direct hydrologic alterations that cause severe habitat modification and
exacerbate the effects of pollution. In contrast, reserves in upper watersheds may have intact physical
habitat and contain important source populations of some native biota, yet hydrologic disturbances in
lower watersheds may cause extirpation of migratory species, cascading trophic effects, and genetic
isolation. Worldwide, 7% of land area is either strictly or partially protected, and many reserves are in
danger of becoming population ''sinks'' for wildlife if we do not develop a more predictive
understanding of how they are affected by hydrologic alterations that originate outside of their
boundaries.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7332. NBINA-3836.
Publicación no.: 168 Management effects on methane fluxes in humid tropical pasture soils [Efectos
del manejo de los flujos de metano en suelos de pastos húmedos tropicales] / Veldkamp, Edzo; Weitz,
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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A.M; Keller, Michael. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutritrion; Busgenweg 2,
D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de>).
En: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 33, no. 11, p. 1493-1499. 2001.
Tropical ecosystems play an important role in the production and uptake of atmospheric methane (CH4).
Our objective was to evaluate the long- and short-term effects of management on the CH4 fluxes in
humid tropical pastures in Costa Rica. Using closed chambers, we measured CH4 fluxes on four replicates
of three pastures with different management: fertilized, traditional and legume pastures. In
experimental fertilizer applications, we also compared the short-term effects of ammonium, nitrate and
urea fertilizers. In the course of one year, fertilized pastures showed net CH4uptake (-0.34 mg CH4 m²
day-1) while traditional (+0.69mg CH4 m² day-1) and legume pastures (+0.92 mg CH4 m² day-1) displayed
net CH4 emissions. This difference was probably caused by the combined effect of lower soil water
contents in the fertilized pastures and high nitrate concentrations, which may have inhibited production
of CH4in the fertilized pastures. CH4 uptake in the fertilized pasture was only about 25% of CH4 uptake in
old-growth forest in the same area. In the fertilizer experiment, CH4 uptake was more reduced by
ammonium sulfate (-0.24 mg CH4 m² day-1) and urea (-0.26 mg CH4 m² day-1) than by calcium nitrate (0.62 mg CH4 m² day-1). We measured a short-term inhibition of CH4 uptake caused by NH4+ that lasted
for less than 3 weeks. Addition of KCI led to an additional inhibiting 'salt' effect, which may be more long
term than the inhibiting effect of NH4+.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-133.
Publicación no.: 169 Tropical rainforest tree growth periodicity [Periodicidad en el crecimiento de
árboles del bosque lluvioso tropical] / O'Brien, Joseph J; Oberbauer, Steven F; Clark, Deborah A; Clark,
David B. (USDA. US Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30601, US <Email: jjobrien@fs.fed.us> <E-mail: oberbaue@fiu.edu> <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>). Annual Meeting of The Ecological Society of America. 86th, abstracts,
Monona Terrace Convention Center and University of Wisconsin USAugust 5-10, 2001. , v. 86, p. 168169. Madison, WI: The Ecological Society of America, 2001.
We report three years of growth periodicity among tree species within and between years as part of a
larger study of climate effects on rainforest carbon dynamics. Monthly, we measured tree growth, leaf
phenology, and reproductive phenology in 10 tree species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. To
measure growth we installed band dendrometers on 10 individuals of each species. Trees chosen for
measurement had well-illuminated crowns and stem diameters of 30-60 cm. Six species were evergreen,
three were deciduous during the brief dry season, and one was leafless multiple times throughout the
year. Two species flowered and fruited continuously, five reproduced yearly, and three reproduced
supra-annually. The species grew an average of 6.2-23.3 mm in diameter over the three years. Analysis
of variance revealed significant differences in growth among the species, and eight of the ten species
showed some degree of growth periodicity. Five grew during the wet season, May to November, and
three had frequent periods of dormancy throughout the year. Patterns of leaf exchange and
reproductive phenology did not completely explain the observed variation in timing of growth. A model
couples these data with concurrent climate measurements to predict how climate affects tree growth.
Localización: Este es el documento completo.
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Publicación no.: 170 Primera comunicación nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas
sobre Cambio Climático / Costa Rica. Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía. Instituto Meteorológico
Nacional, San José, CR. San José: MINAE / IMN, 2000. 101 p. (Proyecto COS/95/G31).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-14179.pdf
Costa Rica has taken part in climate change activities for over a decade. it ratified the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change on October 13, 1994, and accordingly, it has conducted
different initiatives. The First National Communication on Climate Change summarizes most of the
activities carried out in the country in conformity with this commintment.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-14179. Biblioteca OET: AD 398.
Publicación no.: 171 Climatic impact of tropical lowland deforestation on nearby montane cloud
forests [Impacto climático de la deforestación de las tierras bajas tropicales en los bosques nubosos
montanos vecinos] / Lawton, Robert O; Nair, Udaysankar S; Pielke, Roger A; Welch, Ronald M.
(University of Alabama. Department of Biological Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35899, US <E-mail:
lawton@email.uah.edu> <E-mail: nair@nsstc.uah.edu> <E-mail: welch@nsstc.uah.edu>).
En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 294, p. 584-587. 2001.
Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in
cloud. Clearing upwind lowland forest alters surface energy budgets in ways that influence dry season
cloud fields and thus the TMCF environment. Landsat and Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellite imagery show that deforested areas of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands remain relatively cloudfree when forested regions have well-developed dry season cumulus cloud fields. Further, regional
atmospheric simulations show that cloud base heights are higher over pasture than over forest areas
under reasonable dry season conditions. These results suggest that land use in tropical lowlands has
seriour impacts on ecosystems in adjacent mountains.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7349. NBINA-6744.
Publicación no.: 172 Changes in reef community structure after fifteen years of natural disturbances in
the Eastern Pacific (Costa Rica) [Cambios en la estructura de la comunidad de un arrecife después de
quince años de perturbaciones naturales en el Pacífico oriental (Costa Rica)] / Guzmán-Espinal, Héctor
M; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, PA <E-mail:
guzmanh@naos.si.edu> <E-mail: jcortes@biologia.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Bulletin of Marine Science (ISSN 0007-4977), v. 69, no. 1, p. 133-149. 2001.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3973.pdf
Eastern Pacific coral reefs have been severely disturbed by natural events during the past two decades.
We have monitored changes in reef structure and reef recovery after ENSO 1982-83 (starting in 1984),
at sixteen permanent plots in four different habitats at Caño Island, Costa Rica. Reefs were also severely
affected by dinoflagellate blooms in 1985, and by warming events in 1987, 1990-95 and 1997-98. The
1982-83 event caused approximately 100% coral mortality in shallow reef zones at Caño Island,
particularly of pocilloporid species. Coral recruitment may have coincided with putative larval pulses
during the various ENSO events or shortly after, as deduced by the presence of sexual recruits during
1987-88 and widespread sexual recruitment in 1993-94. Mortality of juvenile and adult colonies during
the 1997-98 ENSO warming was low (5%), suggesting that populations of massive and branching corals
may have been more tolerant of elevated thermal stress than during previous events. Supporting this
notion are the Reynolds SST comparative plots for 1982-83 and 1997-98, which indicate similar warming
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trends and temperature maxima at this locality. Reefs at Caño Island are recovering, with significant
increases in the number of now sexual recruits. Although 1984 levels of coral cover have not yet been
attained island-wide, 70% cover occurs in reef areas on the north side of the island. Other disturbances,
such as phytoplankton blooms that affected Pocillopora spp. In all habitats, may have retarded reef
regeneration, complicating the course of recovery after the 1982-83 ENSO warming disturbance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7580. NBINA-3973.
Publicación no.: 173 Coral bleaching and mortality associated with the 1997-98 El Niño in an upwelling
environment in the Eastern Pacific (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica) [Decoloración de corales y mortalidad
asociada con El Niño 1997-98 en un ambiente nutritivamente rico en el Pacífico oriental (Golfo de
Papagayo, Costa Rica)] / Jiménez-Centeno, Carlos E; Cortés-Núñez, Jorge; León-Campos, Aleazar; RuizCampos, Eleazar. (Universität Bremen. ZMT, Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, DE <E-mail:
carlos.jimenez@zmt.uni-bremen.de>
<E-mail:
cjimenez@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>
<E-mail:
jcortes
@biologia.ucr.ac.cr> <E-mail: aleon@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: ruizc@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Bulletin of Marine Science (ISSN 0007-4977), v. 69, no. 1, p. 151-169. 2001.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3972.pdf
Coincidental with the 1997-98 El Niño, overall coral bleaching (32.4% of all colonies) and mortality
(5.7%) were observed on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the seasonally cool waters of the Gulf of
Papagayo and in the more thermally stable waters of Golfo Dulce, At a Pavona clavus reef (Culebra Bay,
Gulf of Papagayo), mean seawater temperature at 7 m depth ranged from 0.2 °C to 3.9 °C warmer than
in previous years for nearly all months during 1997 and 1998. Water column temperature to 25-30 m
depth was above 29 °C for several days, which exceeded the long term average. Even though mortality
was low for most coral species, it was severe ( 90% decrease in live cover) in a small population of
Leptoseris papyracea known only at Culebra Bay. Pocillopora spp. Accounted for more than 60% and
80% of all bleached and dead colonies, respectively. Other coral species regained their normal
pigmentation by the beginning of 1998 with little evidence of tissue mortality. The El Niño event of
1997-98 is considered the strongest on record by some measures, but coral mortality on the Pacific
coast of Costa Rica was much less than in previous events, drawing attention to El Niño disturbance
variability on local scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7978. NBINA-3972.
Publicación no.: 174 Population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in Latin America
[Disminuciones de la población y prioridades para la conservación de anfibios en Latinoamérica] / Young,
Bruce E; Lips, Karen R; Reaser, J.K; Ibáñez-D., Roberto; Salas, A.W; Cedeño, J.R; Coloma, L.A; Ron,
Santiago R; La Marca, E; Meyer, J.R; Muñoz, A; Bolaños-Vives, Federico; Chaves-Cordero, Gerardo A;
Romo, D. (NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Blvd, 15th Floor, Arlington, VA, 22209, US <E-mail:
bruce_young@natureserve.org> <E-mail: dbmcd@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: bolanosv@biologia.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Conservation Biology (ISSN 0888-8892), v. 15, no. 5, p. 1213-1223. 2001.
Though dramatic amphibian population declines have been reported worldwide, our understanding of
the extent of the declines in Latin America, where amphibian diversity is high, is limited to a few welldocumented studies. To better understand the geographic extent of declines, their possible causes, and
the measures needed to improve Latin American scientists' ability to research the phenomenon and
make effective management recommendations, we convened three regional workshops with 88 Latin
American herpetologists and conservationists. Population declines are widespread in Latin America. At
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least 13 countries have experienced declines, and in 40 cases species are now thought to be extinct or
extirpated in a country where they once occurred. Declines or extinctions have affected 30 genera and
nine families of amphibians, Most declines have occurred in remote highlands, above 500 m in elevation
in Central America and above 1000 m in the Andes. Most documented declines occurred in the 1980s.
Of the possible causes studied to date, climate change appears to be important at one site and chytrid
fungal disease has been identified at sites in three countries. Although many monitoring studies are
currently underway in a variety of habitats, most studies are recent and of short duration. In a signed
resolution, workshop participants called for greater collaboration and communication among scientists
working in Latin America to understand the geographic extent of population declines and the
distribution of possible causal factors. In situ conservation is important to protect habitats, but captiverearing programs for species subject to imminent extinction are also needed. Better understanding of
the taxonomy and natural history of amphibians and more funding for research and monitoring are
critical to developing a scientific basis for management action to arrest and reverse population declines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7559. NBINA-4755.
Publicación no.: 175 N2O emissions from humid tropical agricultural soils: Effects of soil moisture,
texture and nitrogen availability [Emisiones de N2O de suelos agrícolas del trópico húmedo: Efectos
sobre la humedad del suelo, textura y disponibilidad de nitrógeno] / Weitz, A.M; Linder, E; Frolking, S.E;
Crill, P.M; Keller, Michael. (Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, DE <E-mail:
aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de> <E-mail: elinder@christa.unh.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Soil Biology and Biochemistry (ISSN 0038-0717), v. 33, no. 7/8, p. 1077-1093. 2001.
We studied soil moisture dynamics and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from agricultural soils in the humid
tropics of Costa Rica. Using a split-plot design on two soils (clay, loam) we compared two crop types
(annual, perennial) each unfertilized and fertilized. Both soils are of andic origin. Their properties include
relatively low bulk density and high organic matter content, water retention capacity, and hydraulic
conductivity. The top 2-3 cm of the soils consists of distinct small aggregates (dia. 0.5 cm). We measured
a strong gradient of bulk density and moisture within the top 7 cm of the clay soil. Using automated
sampling and analysis systems we measured N2O emissions at 4.6 h intervals, meteorological variables,
soil moisture, and temperature at 0.5 h intervals. Mean daily soil moisture content at 5 cm depth ranged
from 46% water filled pore space (WFPS) on clay in April 1995 to near saturation on loam during a wet
period in February 1996. On both soils the aggregated surface layer always remained unsaturated. Soils
emitted N2O throughout the year. Mean N2O fluxes were 1.04+-0.72 ng N2O -N cm N2O (mean ±
standard deviation) from unfertilized loam under annual crops compared to 3.54 ± 4.31 ng N2O -N cm²
h-¹ from the fertilized plot (351 days measurement). Fertilization dominated the temporal variation of
N2O emissions. Generally fluxes peaked shortly after fertilization and were increased for up to 6 weeks
('post fertilization flux'). Emissions continued at a lower rate ('background flux') after fertilization effects
faded. Mean post-fertilization fluxes were 6.3 ± 6.5 ng N2O -N cm N2O while the background flux rate
was 2.2+-1.8 ng N2O -N cm² h-¹. Soil moisture dynamics affected N2O emissions. Post fertilization fluxes
were highest from wet soils; fluxes from relatively dry soils increased only after rain events. N2O
emissions were weakly affected by soil moisture during phases of low N availability. Statistical modeling
confirmed N availability and soil moisture as the major controls on N2O flux. Our data suggest that smallscale differences in soil structure and moisture content cause very different biogeochemical
environments within the top 7 cm of soils, which is important for net N2O fluxes from soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7767. NBINA-135.
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Publicación no.: 176 Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems [Modelaje de
emisiones de gases traza de ecosistemas agrícolas] / Li, C.S. (University of New Hampshire. Institute for
the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, Durham, NH 03824, US).
En: Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems (ISSN 1385-1314), v. 58, no. 1/3, p. 259-276. 2000.
A computer simulation model was developed for predicting trace gas emissions from agricultural
ecosystems. The denitrification-decomposition model consists of two components. The first component,
consisting of the soil climate, crop growth, and decomposition submodels, predicts soil temperature,
moisture, pH, Eh, and substrate concentration profiles based on ecological drivers (e.g., climate, soil,
vegetation, and anthropogenic activity). The second component, consisting of the nitrification,
denitrification, and fermentation submodels, predicts NH3, NO, N2O, and CH4 fluxes based on the soil
environmental variables. Classical laws of physics, chemistry, or biology or empirical equations
generated from laboratory observations were used in the model to parameterize each specific reaction.
The entire model links trace gas emissions to basic ecological drivers. Through validation against data
sets of NO, N2O, CH4, and NH3 emissions measured at four agricultural sites (Jiangsu, China; Costa Rica;
Texas, USA; and Henan, China, respectively), the model showed its ability to capture patterns and
magnitudes of trace gas emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-131.
Publicación no.: 177 Global climatic change and Brazilian ecosystems [El cambio climático mundial y los
ecosistemas brasileños] / Moreira, A.G; Schwartzman, S; Moreira, A.G (ed.); Schwartzman, S.
En: As mudancas climaticas globais e os ecossistemas brasileiros Brasilia: Instituto de Pesquisa
Ambiental da Amazonia, 2000. 165 p. ISBN: 85-87413-02-3.
This book is based on the papers and discussions of a conference held on 22-23 October 1998 in Brazil.
Sections deal with Brazil within the international framework (including the Kyoto protocol, and
greenhouse gas emissions in Brazil), carbon in Brazilian ecosystems (including the importance of cerrado
in capturing carbon), experiences of carbon-fixing projects in Bolivia and Costa Rica, and society and
climatic change (including the participation of NGOs in current discussions).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 178 Emisión de gases con efecto invernadero y fijación de carbono en el sistema de
producción de café (Coffea arabica) en Costa Rica [Emission of gases with greenhouse and carbon
fixation effects in the coffee production system (Coffea arabica) in Costa Rica] / Montenegro-Ballestero,
Johnny; Abarca-Monge, Sergio. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección
Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>). XIX Simposio Latinoamericano de
caficultura. Memoria, San José CR2-6 Octubre, 2000.
En: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 87/88, p. 59-68. 2000.
The emission of gases with greenhouse and carbon fixation effects was studied in coffee in Costa Rica.
Application of nitrogen fertilizer appeared to have a direct effect on the emission of nitrous oxide and
carbon dioxide The main fluctuations in the emission of nitrous oxide occurred on the first days after
application of nitrogen fertilizer. Emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were lower in coffee
ecosystems than in natural woodlands. The concentration of ammonium and nitrate in the soil was
related to emission of nitrous oxide.
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton.
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Publicación no.: 179 Short-term nitrous oxide profile dynamics and emissions response to water,
nitrogen and carbon additions in two tropical soils / Nobre, A.D; Keller, Michael; Crill, P.M; Harriss, R.C.
(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas, Avenida Andre Araujo, 2936, BR-69083000 Manaus, Amazonas, BR <Email: anobre27@yahoo.com> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 34, no. 5, p. 363-373. 2001.
Tropical soils are potentially the highest and least studied nitrous oxide (N2O) production areas in the
world. The effect of water, nitrate and glucose additions on profile concentrations and episodic
emissions of N2O for two volcanic soils in Costa Rica was examined. Magnitudes of episodic N2O pulses,
as well as overall N2O emissions, varied considerably and consistently, depending on soil texture, soil
water content, and kind and availability of substrates. Emission pulses began within 30 min, peaking no
later than 8 h after wetting. Production in the soil occurred mainly in the layer between 5 and 20 cm
deep, but depended directly on the temporal dynamics of the water profile. Changes in soil NO3- were
associated with soil N2O concentration changes. Depending on the treatments, one episodic N2O
production event driven by one moderate rain could account for less than 15% to more than 90% of the
total weekly production. Previous survey studies may have underestimated the contribution of N2O
emissions from tropical soils. In order to improve budgets and models of N2O emissions. episodic
emissions driven by rain events and amendments must be considered.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-84.
Publicación no.: 180 Balance of emissions with greenhouse effect in silvopastoral systems in three life
zones of Costa Rica [Balance de emisiones con efecto invernadero en sistemas silvopastoriles en tres
zonas de vida de Costa Rica] / Montenegro-Ballestero, Johnny; Abarca-Monge, Sergio; Ibrahim,
Muhammad A, (comp.). (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria,
Turrialba, CR <E-mail: jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>). International Symposium on Silvopastoral
Systems and II Congress on Agroforestry and Livestock Production in Latin America, San José CR2-9 Abr.
2001.
En: Silvopastoral systems for restoration of degraded tropical pasture ecosystems Turrialba: CATIE / GTZ
/ DANIDA / IUFRO / FAO, 2001. p. 107-111. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: CATIE 631.58063 I61s 2001.
Publicación no.: 181 El bosque como proceso fundamental de los servicios ambientales en Costa Rica /
Bermúdez-Ramírez, Flor; Garita-Cruz, Damaris; Rodríguez-Chacón, Johnny. (Universidad Nacional.
Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales y Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
jrodr@una.ac.cr>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2000. 113 p. Seminario de Graduación, Lic. Ingeniería
en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra y el Mar, Heredia (Costa
Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-13852.pdf
Los beneficios que los bosques le prestan al planeta es uno de los temas de más actualidad. La fijación
de carbono, la protección de la biodiversidad, la estabilización del clima, la madera como tal, la
producción de agua para consumo humano y producción de energía, son algunos de los productos y
servicios provenientes de los bosques y que benefician a la comunidad mundial. Costa Rica como país
visionario en el aspecto de la conservación de los recursos naturales, gestiona desde la década de los 60,
la creación y protección de áreas silvestres, que comprenden dentro de sí una buena parte de cobertura
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Junio 2012
boscosa. Con la primera Ley Forestal de 1969, se inicia un proceso legislativo en procura de la
conservación y el manejo del recurso bosque. Esto conlleva a la formulación de leyes posteriores, que
promueven diferentes incentivos para su conservación, los cuales con el tiempo y a raíz del cambio
climático, se convierten en lo que hoy se denomina Pago por Servicios Ambientales. A partir de la
Cumbre de Río se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de proteger los bosques del mundo y aprovechando
este momento coyuntural, aparecen en Costa Rica los Servicios Ambientales, como un mecanismo que
procura la consolidación de las áreas boscosas. Esto se hace patente en la actual Ley Forestal No. 7575,
donde se definen y tipifica en cuatro los servicios ambientales que brinda el bosque y las plantaciones
forestales: por lo tanto se amplía la visión de la función del bosque y la necesidad de compensar
económicamente a los due;os de bosque. "El Bosque como Proceso Fundamental de los Servicios
Ambientales en Costa Rica", es un documento, que tiene por objetivo reconocer la importancia del
bosque en la producción de bienes y servicios ambientales en beneficio de la sociedad costarricense, así
como formular un documento actualizado y de consulta que contribuya a dar lineamientos básicos de la
política nacional en torno a los servicios ambientales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-13852. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis B516.
Publicación no.: 182 Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y
ambientales / Pomareda-Benel, Carlos (ed.); Steinfeld, H (ed.). (Servicios Internacionales para el
Desarrollo Empresarial (SIDE S.A.), Apdo. 111-2050, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, CR <E-mail:
sidesa@racsa.co.cr>). Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica: Beneficios
Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999. Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. 334 p. (Sin
resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 183 Fijación de carbono por pastos tropicales en las sabanas de suelos ácidos
neotropicales / Fisher, M.J; Trujillo, W. Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica:
Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999.
En: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 115-135. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 184 Secuestro de carbono en los bosques: el papel de los bosques en el ciclo global de
carbono / Kanninen, Markku. (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), P.O. Box 6596,
JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, ID <E-mail: m.kanninen@cgiar.org>). Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería
en Centroamérica: Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999.
En: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 137-149. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 185 Fijación de carbono, emisión de metano y de óxido nitroso en sistemas de
producción bovina en Costa Rica / Montenegro-Ballestero, Johnny; Abarca-Monge, Sergio. (Ministerio
de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>). Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica: Beneficios
Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999.
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En: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 151-174. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 186 Agroforestería y sistemas de producción animal en América Central / CameroRey, L.A; Camargo-García, J.C; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M. (CATIE. Area de Sistemas
Agroforestales y Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas, Apdo. Postal 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
acamero@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: jupipe@utp.edu.co> <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail:
andrea_schlonvoigt@yahoo.de>). Seminario Intensificación de la Ganadería en Centroamérica:
Beneficios Económicos y Ambientales, Turrialba CR24-26 May. 1999.
En: Intensificación de la ganadería en Centroamérica: beneficios económicos y ambientales. PomaredaBenel, C; Steinfeld, H. (eds.) Turrialba: CATIE / FAO / SIDE, 2000. p. 177-198. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.7414 I61.
Publicación no.: 187 Potencial económico de los productos no maderables de los bosques secundarios
en la Región Chorotega de Costa Rica / Berrocal-Jiménez, Alexander; Quesada-Monge, Ruperto
Francisco (ed.). (Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, CR <E-mail:
a_berrocal@hotmail.com>). Seminario avances en el manejo del bosque secundario en Costa Rica.
Memoria, San José CR11 Feb. 2000. Cartago: ITCR, 2000. p. 85-95. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.92097286 S471 2000.
Publicación no.: 188 Restauración de la cobertura vegetal en la Reserva Forestal Monte Alto,
Hojancha, Guanacaste / Fonseca-Méndez, Karol; Vásquez-Sánchez, Laura C; Quesada-Monge, Ruperto
Francisco (ed.). (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia, CR). Seminario avances
en el manejo del bosque secundario en Costa Rica. Memoria, San José CR11 Feb. 2000. Cartago: ITCR,
2000. p. 156-165. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: 634.92097286 S471 2000.
Publicación no.: 189 La valoración como proceso fundamental de los servicios ambientales /
Rodríguez-Hernández, Higinia; Valerio-Segura, Freddy; Vindas-Chaves, Danilo V. Heredia: Universidad
Nacional, 2000. 70 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional, Escuela de
Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca del CINPE (Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo
Sostenible): Tesis 3891. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis R696v.
Publicación no.: 190 Dióxido de carbono (CO2) como un proceso fundamental de los servicios
ambientales en Costa Rica / Bermúdez-Oconitrillo, Roxana; Díaz-Hernández, Arnulfo; EscribanoMontoya, Jorge. Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 2000. 102 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales,
Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis B516d.
Publicación no.: 191 Restauración de la cobertura vegetal en la Reserva Forestal Monte Alto,
Hojancha, Guanacaste / Fonseca-Méndez, Karol; Vásquez-Sánchez, Laura C. Heredia: Universidad
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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fuente de información.
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Junio 2012
Nacional, 1999. 97 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional, Escuela de
Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis F676re.
Publicación no.: 192 Fijación de carbono en plantaciones de melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), teca
(Tectona grandis L.f:) y pochote (Bombacopsis quinata Jacq.) en los cantones de Hojancha y Nicoya,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica / Cubero-Moya, José Alberto; Rojas-Piedra, Susana Raquel. (Fondo Nacional de
Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), Apdo. 594-2120, San José, CR <E-mail: jcubero@fonafifo.com>).
Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1999. 94 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales, Universidad
Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-8526.pdf
Los ecosistemas forestales ya sean bosques o plantaciones a través de los procesos de la fotosíntesis y
respiración toman el dióxido de carbono (CO2) de la atmósfera, incorporando el carbono (C) a su
estructura y liberan oxígeno (O2), convirtiéndose en medidas de mitigación para disminuir o mantener
los niveles actuales de CO2. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar en términos ambientales y
económicos la fijación y almacenamiento de carbono en plantaciones forestales. La investigación se
desarrolló en Hojancha y Nicoya, con plantaciones de Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis y Bombacopsis
quinata en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se realizó un muestreo por especie, edad y sitio para obtener la
fracción de carbono en la biomasa seca. Se tomaron 162 muestras en el campo, 54 por especie para
realizar la determinación de la fracción de carbono, mediante el método de calorimetría, el cual permite
obtener de cada muestra la cantidad de energía total en kcal/kg, transformadas a moles de carbono
potencial fijado mediante la relación de moles (g/peso molecular). Para Gmelina arborea a la edad de 4
a;os en el sitio A la fracción de carbono fue de 0,36 y en el sitio B 0,32, para los 8 años el sitio A presentó
una fracción de 0,40 y el sitio B de 0,36, a la edad de 10/12 años el sitio B presentó 0,35. Para Tectona
grandis a la edad de 5 años en el sitio A la fracción de carbono fue de 0,33 y en el sitio B 0,32, para los 8
años el sitio A presentó una fracción de 0,34 y el sitio B de 0,33, a la edad de 12 años el sitio A presentó
una fracción de 0,38 y el sitio B 0,36. Para Bombacopsis quinata, a la edad de 5 años, el sitio A presentó
una fracción de carbono de 0,33 , para los 8 años el sitio A presentó una fracción de 0,36, para estas
edades no se encontraron sitios B, a la edad de 15 años no se ubicaron plantaciones de sitios clasificados
como A y B, siendo esta especie una excepción, debido a que sólo se obtuvo información de sitios de
bajo rendimiento (C) por lo que se decidió incluir esta clasificación. La fracción de carbono determinada
en la investigación demostró que los sitios de alta productividad (A) presentaron fracciones más altas
con respecto a los sitios medios (B), así mismo se encontraron variaciones en las diferentes edades por
especie. El análisis financiero se hizo por especie, estudiando dos indicadores financieros el Valor Actual
Neto (VAN) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) incluyendo y excluyendo el pago por el servicio de fijación
de carbono para cinco diferentes escenarios, la inclusión por este pago es un aporte en el flujo de caja
del reforestador que va de $4,15 a $45,7 dependiendo de la especie y del precio de la tonelada de
carbono, convirtiéndose este pago en un complemento para el mantenimiento de la plantación durante
los años previos al período de turno o corta final. El uso de la madera proveniente de plantaciones
forestales debe ser destinada a productos duraderos, de largo plazo con el fin de retener más carbono
durante períodos más prolongados, convirtiéndose estos ecosistemas forestales en sistemas de fijación
y almacenamiento continuos. El Estado debe de incrementar el área anual a establecer en plantaciones
forestales con el fin de mantener un stock disponible de carbono para las negociaciones internacionales
de comercialización por el servicio de fijación de carbono.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: T470. NBINA-8526. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis C962f.
Publicación no.: 193 Propuesta de un sistema de compensación de servicios ambientales para los
robledales de la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica / Otárola-Guerrero, Marco; Venegas-Gamboa,
Isabel. Heredia: Universidad Nacional, 1999. 173 p. Tesis, Licenciatura en Ciencias Forestales,
Universidad Nacional, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Heredia (Costa Rica). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis O87pr.
Publicación no.: 194 Soil hydraulic controls over nitrogen oxide emissions and nitrogen cycling in
tropical agriculture [Controles hidráulicos del suelo sobre las emisiones de óxido de nitrógeno y el
reciclaje del nitrógeno en la agricultura tropical] / Weitz, A.M. (Max-Planck-Institute for
Biogeochemistry, 07701 Jena, DE <E-mail: aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de>). Durham, NH: University of New
Hampshire, 2000. 136 p. ISBN: 0-599-74011-6. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire,
Graduate School, Durham, NH (USA).
Soils are the major natural source of nitrous oxide (N2O). Intensive land use increased atmospheric
concentrations of this greenhouse gas. Soil microbes produce and consume nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O)
during the processes of nitrification (aerobic) and denitrification (anaerobic). Micro-scale variability of
controlling factors cause nitrification and denitrification to occur simultaneously in soils, resulting in high
spatial variability of nitrogen oxide emissions. Fertilization increases nutrient availability and thus N2O
fluxes. Forest soils in the humid tropics account for 20-50% of all N2O sources. Expansion and
intensification of tropical agriculture is expected to increase atmospheric N2O concentrations. We
measured N2O fluxes from secondary humid tropical forest soils at La Selva Biological Station in Costa
Rica, followed fluxes during forest conversion and studied emissions from unfertilized and fertilized
agricultural soils. We related fluxes to soil moisture dynamics and agricultural practice. Gases were
measured using manual and automated chamber techniques. Soil moisture content was measured using
manual (auger) and automated (Time Domain Reflectrometry; TDR) sampling techniques. A 3-phasemixing model was found suitable to calibrate TDR technique for the studied soils. The field experiment
was based on a split-plot design, comparing clay versus loam, each under fertilized and unfertilized
annual and perennial crop. Soils feature relatively low bulk density, high hydraulic conductivity and high
organic matter content. Mean soil moisture content was above 70% water-filled-pore-space (WFPS) in
both soils and land uses. N2O was emitted throughout the year. Fluxes from forest soils showed no
seasonality. Forest conversion caused fluxes to increase temporarily. Fertilization was the dominant
source for temporal variability under agricultural use, differences in flux dynamics were large between
individual post-fertilization phases. N2O -loss as % of applied fertilizer-N increased with soil moisture.
Spatial variability was generally high, especially post-fertilization. Repeated fertilization increased mean
and variation of fluxes. Emissions simulated by regression models and by the physically based
Denitrification-Decomposition model matched field measured fluxes well. Both modeling techniques
confirmed that nutrient availability and soil moisture content were the dominant flux controls. In
aggregated soils differences in soil structure between the surface layer and soil at 0.05 m depth may
affect moisture content and consequently soil N2O fluxes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8355.
Publicación no.: 195 Ecology and evolution of Phainoptila melanoxantha (Bombycillidae, aves) in the
highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama [Ecología y evolución de Phainoptila melanoxantha
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Junio 2012
(Bombycillidae, aves) en las tierras altas de Costa Rica y el occidente de Panamá] / Barrantes-Montero,
Gilbert. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Biología, Museo de Zoología, San José, CR <E-mail:
gbarrantes@biologia.ucr.ac.cr>). St. Louis, MO: University of Missouri, 2001. 175 p. ISBN: 0-599-990783. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Missouri, International Center for Tropical Ecology, St. Louis, MO
(USA).
Composition of species in a community is the result of historical and ecological events operating at
different temporal and spatial scales. Regional historical changes in geomorphology and climate
generally promote dispersal and speciation when new habitats are created and connectivity between
similar habitats change at regional and local scales. Biotic interactions, such as competition and
predation are also important factors in determining species membership in a given community. In this
study I examined the role of historical and ecological factors in determining species composition, and
speciation of the highland avifauna of Costa Rica and western Panamá. Then I analysed the ecology and
evolution of Phainoptila melanoxantha, a highland endemic species. In particular, I addressed aspects of
diet, reproduction, population dynamics, and causes of genetic and morphological divergence of this
species. I studied how historical (i.e, geological and climatic changes) and ecological (i.e., diet, altitudinal
distribution) factors determined species composition and distribution in the region. Results of this study
indicate that composition of this highland avifauna is the result of recurrent dispersal events from South
and North America, and likely lowland species that adapted to gradual changes in climatic conditions. I
studied the general aspects of P. melanoxantha ecology and population dynamics. The major goals were
(1) - to describe habitat use, diet, and reproductive behavior of this species; and (2) - to analyse the
dynamics (extinction - colonization events) of local populations of P. melanoxantha within the context of
a metapopulation framework. Results indicated that P. melanoxantha inhabits mainly subalpine, elfin,
and upper montane forests where it feeds on a large variety of fruit species with little overlap among
mountain ran. The main goal in Chapter 3 was to assess the effect of gene flow and altitudinal changes
in highland forests on the geographic distribution of haplotypes of P. melanoxantha, using mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA). Finally, I found that major haplotype divergence in the intraspecific phylogeny, as well as
in the cladistic nested analysis were congruent with observed morphological discontinuities. I studied
the effect of wind on shaping wing and tail morphology in the two subspecies of P. melanoxantha; P. m.
melanoxantha and P. m. parkeri.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8070.
Publicación no.: 196 Perception de l'environnement et des changements climatiques chez les leaders
de groupes verts du Quebec et du Costa Rica [Percepción del ambiente y de los cambios climáticos de
los líderes de grupos ambientalistas de Quebec y de Costa Rica] / Perron, B. (Université de Montréal.
Département de Sociologie, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre.ville, Montréal (Quebec) H3C 3J7, CA <E-mail:
benoit.perron@umontreal.ca>). Montreal: Université de Montreal, 2000. 250 p. ISBN: 0-612-52117-6.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Université de Montreal, Graduate School, Montreal (Canada).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-8371.pdf
Cette thèse, de nature exploratoire, s'inscrit dans ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler l'étude des dimensions
humaines des changements environnementaux globaux. Elle vise d'abord à saisir les différents schémas
attitudinaux de pensée "environnementale" qui animent les leaders de groupes verts, pour ensuite en
arriver é une meilleure compréhension de la perception du phénoméne des changements climatiques
chez ceux-ci. Trois études ont été réalisées afin d'atteindre ces objectifs généraux. Bien que ces études
adoptent chacune un cadre théorique spécifique é leurs problématiques respectives, des approches
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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générales s'en dégagent. D'une part, pour expliquer les attitudes environnementales, une approche
psychosociologique, qui tient compte de déterminants l'structurels; sociodémographiques (âge, lieu,
éducation, sexe, nationalité) et de déterminants cognitifs (attitudes gérales ne ciblant pas
nécessairement l'environnement), est privilégiée. D'autre part, la sociologie des mouvements sociaux
sert d'arriêre-plan conceptuel pour situer les sujets de recherche, c'est-à-dire les leaders de groupes
verts. Au point de vue méthodologique, ces trois études utilisent le même questionnaire standardisé. La
premiêre étude est réalisée auprês de leaders de groupes verts du Québec. Elle vise à en établir une
typologie. Trois types de leaders émergent des analyses effectuées. Les "écologistes', plus radicaux, sont
méfiants à l'égard de la science et de la technologie conventionnelle et acceptent que des sacrifices
économiques soient faits pour améliorer la qualité de l'environnement. Ils sont plus jeunes que les
autres et militent majoritairement à Montréal. Quant aux "environnementalistes nationalistes" et aux
"environnementalistes de marché", ils se distinguent principalement par des positions divergentes à
l'égard d'Hydro-Québec. Les premiers percoivent positivement cette société d'état, tandis que les
seconds la voient d'un mauvais oeil et en favorisent la privatisation. La deuxiême étude cherche à voir si
le problême global des changements climatiques constitue un dossier générateur d'une solidarité à
l'intérieur du mouvement vert international. Elle est réalisée auprês de leaders de groupes verts du
Québec et du Costa Rica afin d'incorporer une dimension Nord-Sud aux analyses. Les attitudes des
répondants à l'égard d'aspects-clés des changements climatiques sont comparées en fonction de deux
facteurs potentiellement discriminants: leur appartenance à un type d'orientation idéologique verte
("écologisme", "environnementalisme" ou "environnementalisme de marché") et leur nationalité. Enfin,
la dernière étude cherche à découvrir les déterminants de l'appui à sept (7) politiques de protection du
climat par les leaders de groupes verts du Québec et du Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8371.
Publicación no.: 197 Are tropical forests an important carbon sink? Reanalysis of the long-term plot
data [¿Son los bosques tropicales importantes almacenadores del carbono? Reanálisis de los datos a
largo plazo de parcelas] / Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological
Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 12, no. 1, p. 3-7. 2002.
In a recent (1998) publication of Science, data from a large number of forest inventory plots were used
to estimate biomass trends in old-growth tropical forests. Although no evidence was found of net
biomass change in mature Paleotropical forests, old growth of the humid Neotropics was inferred to
have been a substantial biomass carbon sink in recent decades. Methodological artifacts affected this
analysis, however. Many humid Neotropical plots were measured strictly at breast height, where
tropical trees frequently have buttresses and other protruberances. Because biomass allometric
equations are based on above-buttress tree diameters, and because bole irregularities show
disproportionately rapid radial increments, estimates of biomass and biomass increase must be based
on above-buttress measurements. In addition, some plots were on recent floodplains, where forests
undergo biomass accretion during primary succession. The data set includes 25 sites from the humid
lowland Neotropics that were measured above buttresses with standard techniques and that were not
on recent floodplains. Mean estimated biomass change for these sites was 0.3 Mg ha-1 -yr-1, with a 95%
confidence interval including 0.0 (-0.3 to +0.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1). While the Science study was a laudable
attempt to address an important aspect of the global carbon budget, the underlying data do not indicate
a significant biomass carbon sink in old-growth forests of the humid Neotropics.
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Junio 2012
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7732. NBINA-3833.
Publicación no.: 198 Estimation of tropical forest structural characteristics using large-footprint lidar /
Drake, Jason B; Dubayah, Ralph O; Clark, David B; Knox, R.G; Blair, J. Bryan; Hofton, Michelle A; Chazdon,
Robin L; Weishampel, J.F; Prince, S.D. (University of Georgia. Warnell School of Forest Resources,
Athens,
GA
30602-2152,
US
<E-mail:
jdrake@smokey.forestry.uga.edu>
<E-mail:
dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: bryan@avalon.gsfc.nasa.gov> <E-mail: mhofton@geog.umd.edu> <Email: chazdon@uconnvm.uconn.edu> <E-mail: jweisham@mail.ucfedu>).
En: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257), v. 79, no. 2/3, p. 305-319. 2002.
Quantification of forest structure is important for developing a better understanding of how forest
ecosystems function. Additionally, estimation of forest structural attributes, such as aboveground
biomass (AGBM), is an important step in identifying the amount of carbon in terrestrial vegetation pools
and is central to global carbon cycle studies. Although current remote sensing techniques recover such
tropical forest structure poorly, new large- footprint lidar instruments show great promise. As part of a
prelaunch validation plan for the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) mission, the Laser Vegetation Imaging
Sensor (LVIS), a large-footprint airborne scanning lidar, was flown over the La Selva Biological Station, a
tropical wet forest site in Costa Rica. The primary objective of this study was to test the ability of largefootprint lidar instruments to recover forest structural characteristics across a spectrum of land cover
types from pasture to secondary and primary tropical forests. LVIS metrics were able to predict fieldderived quadratic mean stem diameter (QMSD), basal area, and AGBM with R² values of up to .93, .72,
and .93, respectively. These relationships were significant and nonasymptotic through the entire range
of conditions sampled at the La Selva. Our results confirm the ability of large-footprint lidar instruments
to estimate important structural attributes, including biomass in dense tropical forests, and when taken
along with similar results from studies in temperate forests,, strongly validate the VCL mission
framework.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7733. NBINA-4297.
Publicación no.: 199 Bactris gasipaes agroecosystems for heart-of-palm production in Costa Rica:
changes in biomass, nutrient and carbon pools with stand age and plant density [Agroecosistemas
para la produción de palmito de Bactris gasipaes en Costa Rica: cambios en biomasa, nutrimentos y
carbono con la edad de la plantación y densidad de las plantas] / Ares, A; Boniche, J; Molina-Rojas, Eloy;
Yost, R.S. (University of Hawaii at Manoa. Departmet of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, 3190 Maile
Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, US <E-mail: aares@spa.ars.usda.gov> <E-mail: eamolina@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Field Crops Research (ISSN 0378-4290), v. 74, no. 1, p. 13-22. 2002.
Perennial tree crops develop through growth phases that differ in the rate of biomass and carbon buildup, and in the relative contribution of various pools and fluxes to nutrient cycles and nutrient supply for
plant growth. To define these phases in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) agroecosystems for heart-of-palm
production, we estimated biomass in stands up to 20 years of age in the humid tropical lowlands of
Costa Rica. Dry biomass of foliage, petioles and stems were estimated using allometric equations which
have been previously generated by applying nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression procedures to
data from harvests of peach palm plants. Total aboveground biomass trajectories through time were
fitted by a three-parameter logistic function with total biomass stabilizing at about 6.3 Mg/ha. There
were no differences in standing biomass between stands on Andisols and Ultisols. Trends in nutrient
pools through time were similar to those for biomass. The order in size of nutrient pools was N (up to
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approximately 120 kg/ha) K (up to 90 kg/ha) Ca (up to 45 kg/ha) Mg, S, P (all up to 15-17 kg/ha). Peach
palm plant bases and coarse roots are relatively large fractions of total plant biomass, and consequently
of sequestered carbon and nutrients. The amount of carbon per unit area in plant tissue in peach palm
agroecosystems in the Atlantic region of Costa Rica was about 8% of the carbon in forests of the same
region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-186.
Publicación no.: 200 Save the clouds, too [También salve las nubes] / Torres, A.
En: Environment (ISSN 0013-9157), v. 44, no. 3, p. 4. 2002.
Deforestation affects more than the forest and its inhabitants-it also changes weather patterns by
reducing the amount of water in the air for cloud formation. Researchers from the University of
Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) have found that logging in Costa Rica's lowland forests is changing the
region's weather. UAH scientists tracked the way clouds are formed in the lowlands and then swept into
the mountains by strong winds. Normally, trees distribute water into the air through transpiration. This
also cools the air, which keeps the cloud base low. The low-lying clouds are a vital source of water for
the mountain forests during the annual dry season, but when trees are cut down, the air warms and
pushes the clouds too high to provide enough water for the mountain forests. Ron Welch, chairman of
UAH's atmospheric science department, says, "We're seeing that if you deforest the lowlands it impacts
the environment several hundreds of kilometers away"-a discovery that may have serious implications
for conservation efforts in Central America. The researchers found that in the last 25 years, Costa Rica's
cloud base has risen, the dry season has become several weeks longer, and the amphibian population
has diminished. In addition, UAH biologist Robert Lawton points out, "Reduced cloud interaction with
the mountains might mean a substantially reduced supply of water".
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-202.
Publicación no.: 201 Tree cutting harms water supplies [La tala de árboles daña los suministros de
agua] / Johnson, D.
En: The Futurist (ISSN 0016-3317), v. 36, no. 2, p. 6-7. 2002.
Heavy logging in the forests of Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands is changing that country's weather
patterns, according to scientists studying cloud formations there. "We're seeing that if you deforest the
lowlands it impacts the environment several hundreds of kilometers away," reports Ron Welch,
chairman of the Atmospheric Science Department at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH).
Using satellite and on-site data sources, UAH researchers have created models that track the way clouds
are formed in Costa Rica's lowlands and then pushed into the mountains by strong trade winds. Low
clouds are a vital source of water for the country's mountain forests during the annual dry season. Costa
Rican lowland forests put water vapor into the air through transpiration, a process that is essential to
the formation of dense, lowlying clouds. Trees also cool the air in this region, keeping the cloud base
low. Cutting down the forests reduces the amount of water available for cloud formation and also
warms the air. Warmer air drives the cloud layer to a higher altitude and trade winds carry the clouds
into the mountains, but not at the low levels required to bring sufficient water to mountain forests. In
the past 25 years Costa Rica's cloud base has risen, according to UAH researchers. During the same
period the country's dry season has grown longer by several weeks and there has been a decline in the
amphibian population. Altering the cloud forest may also bring unwelcome economic and social changes
to the lowlands. Low clouds in Costa Rica are an essential water source for mountain forests during the
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dry season. In this valley near the Pacific coast, the clouds also provide enough water to support a
regional dairy industry. A model of simulated cloud cross sections in Cordillera de Tilarán, Costa Rica.
Above, the model shows smaller clouds at a higher altitude above a totally deforested lowland region.
Below, the model reveals large, low-level clouds over a completely forested landscape. "There are some
important potential hydrologic impacts. Dry season river flows might change. Reduced cloud interaction
with the mountains might mean a substantially reduced supply of water for urban water systems,
reduced water for irrigation, and reduced water for hydroelectric development," argues Robert Lawton,
a biologist at UAH. Deforestation in Costa Rica could have a significant impact on the prospects of
protecting Central America's biological "hot spots" fragmented regions that are especially rich in plant
and animal life--extending from Guatemala to Panama. Ongoing research may help determine the range
of climate effects related to Costa Rican deforestation. It could also guide conservation efforts and landmanagement practices in the future. "We have a chance here to develop a set of tools to allow us to
look anywhere, from Cameroon to Fiji or Ecuador, and find out what might happen under various landuse scenarios," concludes Welch.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7868. NBINA-201.
Publicación no.: 202 Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane fluxes from soils following clearing and
burning of tropical secondary forest [Flujos de óxido nitroso, óxido nítrico y metano de suelos luego de
la tala y quema de bosques secundarios tropicales] / Weitz, A.M; Veldkamp, Edzo; Keller, Michael; Neff,
J.C; Crill, P.M. (University of New Hampshire. Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,
Durham,
US
<E-mail:
aweitz@bgc-jena.mpg.de>
<E-mail:
eveldka@gwdg.de>
<E-mail:
michael.keller@unh.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 103, no. D21, p. 28.047-28.058.
1998.
Conversion of humid tropical forest to agriculture significantly alters trace gas emissions from soils. We
report nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), and methane (CH4) fluxes from secondary forest soils prior
to and during deforestation, and throughout the first agricultural cropping. Annual average nitrogen
oxide emissions from forest soils were 1.5 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O and 0.9 ng N cm² h-1 for NO. Forest
clearing increased the level of extractable nitrate in soils and average nitrogen oxides fluxes (2.7 no N
cm² h-1 for N2O, and 8.1 ng N cm² h-1 for NO). Immediately after biomass burning, short-term peaks of
N2O and NO (123 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O, and 41 ng N cm² h-1 for NO) were superimposed on generally
increased fluxes. Peak emissions declined within 3 days after burning. Postburn fluxes stayed higher
than measured on adjacent forest sites for 3-4 months (averages for postbum fluxes were 17.5 ng N cm²
h-1 for N2O, and 19.2 ng N cm² h-1 for NO). Increased N2O and NO emissions after clearing and until
cropping were probably due to a combination of increased rates of nitrogen cycling and higher gaseous
diffusion in drying soils. Compared to emissions from young pastures in the region, fluxes of nitrogen
oxides from unfertilized agricultural areas were low (3.9 ng N cm² h-1 for N2O and 3.4 ng cm² h-1 for NO),
probably due to nitrogen uptake by fast growing corn plants and losses by leaching with draining soil
water in the wet season. Variation in CH4 fluxes was high for all land use periods. Forest soils consumed
an average of 1.0 mg CH4 cm² h-1, which slightly increased in drier soils after clearing (1.2 mg CH4 cm² d1
). Postburn CH4 consumption by soils was slightly reduced (0.8 mg CH4 cm² d-1) compared to forest soils.
Unfertilized agricultural soils consumed less CH4 than forest soils.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7768.
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Publicación no.: 203 Accelerated Pleistocene coral extinctions in the Caribbean basin shown by
uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating [Extinciones aceleradas de corales durante el Pleistoceno en la cuenca del
Caribe demostrado mediante datación con uranio-plomo (U-Pb)] / Getty, S.R; Asmerom, Y; Quinn, T.M;
Budd, Ann F. (Colorado College. Department of Geology, Colorado Springs, CO 80903, US <E-mail:
sgetty@coloradocollege.edu> <E-mail: ann-budd@uiowa.edu>).
En: Geology (Boulder) (ISSN 0091-7613), v. 29, no. 7, p. 639-642. 2001.
Ages of corals and shallow-marine sequences define rates of marine invertebrate evolution, tectonic
uplift, and paleoclimate change, yet accurate ages are difficult to obtain prior to the Late Pleistocene.
We report a new approach for combining uranium-lead (U-Pb) and uranium-series dating for the Middle
Pleistocene corals from the Caribbean side of Costa Rica. Two corals have 230Th/238U in secular equil.,
small excesses in d234U, and 206Pb*/238U ages of 1.02±0.07 and 1.288±0.034 Myr. The latter coral age
dates a recognized geomagnetic event to ~ 1.3 Myr, a time at which no polarity events had been
identified. The new ages also show that the major coral extinction in the Caribbean Basin occurred
shortly after 1.0-0.9 Ma, much more recently than previously thought. This coral extinction now
coincides with the global change at 1.0-0.8 Ma to the current pattern of glacial-interglacial cycles and
amplified changes in sea level. These factors may have provided a new, strong environmental
mechanism for rapid habitat modification and coral extinction.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8590. NBINA-1200.
Publicación no.: 204 Late Holocene environment history and tephrostratigraphy in northwestern
Costa Rica: a 4000 year record from Lago Cote [Historia y tefrostratigrafía del ambiente en el Holoceno
Tardío en el noroeste de Costa Rica: un registro de 4000 años del Lago Cote] / Arford, M.R. (The
University of Tennessee. Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN
37996-09251420, US). Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee, 2001. 139 p. Thesis, M.Sc., The
University of Tennessee, Graduate School, Knoxville, TN (USA).
Paleoecological studies in the neotropics are revealing changes in past climate regimes and human use
of the landscape that where previously unknown. Few paleoecology studies have been conducted in
Costa Rica and, in most of these studies, strong evidence of prehistoric human impacts overwhelmed
evidence of climate signals. Lago Cote, in the Cordillera de Tilarán, is the largest natural lake in Costa
Rica (198 ha). Because of its size, Cote sediments reflect a more regional record of pollen and charcoal
accumulation. The sediments also preserve tephra layers from past eruptions of nearby Arenal Volcano.
In this thesis, I present an environmental history and tephrostratigraphy based on pollen, charcoal, and
tephra preserved in 3.6 m sediment core from Lago Cote. High amounts of grass charcoal and grass
pollen from the lower part of the core indicate a drier climate regime with frequent landscape fires from
~ 3900 cal. yr BP. After 2600 cal. yr BP, a dramatic decrease of grass pollen and charcoal reflects wetter
conditions that limited landscape fires and agriculture. This climate change occurred simultaneously
with an archaeological phase change documented in the nearby Arenal basin by the Proyecto
Prehistórico Arenal. Small peaks in pollen of lower montane pollen taxa at the base of this zone may
indicate forest regeneration. Comparison of Cote tephra to an earlier tephrochronology at the nearby El
Tajo site was not straighforward. Cote tephras, analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, show differences in
mineral composition when compared to the more proximal El Tajo tephras, and have lower levels of
silicon dioxide than found at El Tajo. Because of major differences in tephra chemistries, visual
comparison was a more effective way to compare tephra layers between the sites. Three tephra layers
reported from El Tajo are not present in the Cote sediments, including the most recent Arenal Eruption
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in 1968. Two tephra layers in the lower part of the Cote core are not part of the El Tajo
tephrochronology, and represent earlier eruptions from Arenal or the nearby and older Chato volcano.
In the Cote sediments, peaks in Cecropia pollen follow at least two tephra layers, most likely indicating
vegetation regeneration following eruptions of Arenal volcano.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 395.
Publicación no.: 205 Joint implementation in Costa Rica: a case study at the community level
[Realización conjunta en Costa Rica: un estudio de caso a nivel comunitario] / Segura-Bonilla, Olman;
Lindegaard, K. (Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional en Política Económica para el Desarrollo
Sostenible (CINPE), Heredia, CR <E-mail: osegura@una.ac.cr>).
En: Journal of Sustainable Forestry (ISSN 1054-9811), v. 12, no. 1/2, p. 61-78. 2001.
The policy of joint implementation (JI) is emerging as a new strategy for implementing global
environmental aims, especially with regard to regulating the climate change process, where emission
source and sink countries agree to develop a joint programme on a mixed argument of partnership and
cost effectiveness. Pros and cons have emerged during the development of this system. Costa Rica is the
first country, together with Norway, to launch such a programme jointly, and Costa Rica is also the first
country developing Carbon Tradable Offset bonds to be sold on the world market as a new commodity.
The JI projects should be viewed from many angles and considered with respect to the issues of cost
effectiveness, environmental effects, equity, linkage dynamics and the learning effects of the specific
projects. A project in the community of Junquillal de Santa Cruz in northern Costa Rica is described to
explore such questions and effects. Forestry projects are considered an especially complicated issue, in
that the forest provides a whole range of services and products and, accordingly involves a wide range
of actors and stakeholders. A JI programme in itself is not going to solve the problems at the community
level. However, if accompanied by public and private initiatives, it definitely can generate an important
change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9508. 333.750.97 C641.
Publicación no.: 206 La Selva un modelo de investigación y ecoturismo: Actividades de una Estación
Biológica en Costa Rica / Boyero, Luz; Bosch, J; Matlock, Robert B., Jr. (Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, ES <E-mail: luz@mncn.csic.es> <E-mail:
rmatlock@tulane.edu>).
En: Quercus (Revista de Observación, Estudio y Defensa de la Naturaleza) (ISSN 0212-0054), Cuaderno
191, p. 43-47. 2002.
Las estaciones biológicas facilitan notablemente el trabajo de campo a los investigadores y han
proporcionado buena parte de la información disponible sobre ecosistemas tropicales. Una de las más
veteranas y productivas es la Estación Biológica La Selva, en pleno bosque tropical de Costa Rica, por
donde han pasado cientos de especialistas, algunos de ellos españoles, desde que fue fuera inaugurada
en el año 1954.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S7974.
Publicación no.: 207 The effects of climate on the growth and physiology of tropical rainforest trees
[Los efectos del clima en el crecimiento y fisiología de árboles del bosque lluvioso tropical] / O'Brien,
Joseph J. (USDA. US Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30601, US <E-
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mail: jjobrien@fs.fed.us>). Miami: Florida International University, 2001. 120 p. ISBN: 0-493-43978-1.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Florida International University, Graduate School, Miami, FL (USA).
Tropical rainforests account for more than a third of global net primary production and contain more
than half of the global forest carbon. Though these forests are a disproportionately important
component of the global carbon cycle, the relationship between rainforest productivity and climate
remains poorly understood. Understanding the link between current climate and rainforest tree stem
diameter increment, a major constituent of forest productivity, will. be crucial to efforts at modeling
future climate and rainforest response to climate change. This work reports the physiological and stem
growth responses to micrometeorological and phenological states of ten species of canopy trees in a
Costa Rican wet tropical forest at sub-annual time intervals. I measured tree growth using band
dendrometers and estimated leaf and reproductive phenological states monthly. Electronic data loggers
recorded xylem sap flow (an indicator of photosynthetic rate) and weather at half-hour intervals. An
analysis of xylem sap flow showed that physiological responses were independent of species, which
allowed me to construct a general model of weather driven sap flow rates. This model predicted more
than eighty percent of climate driven sap flow variation. Leaf phenology influenced growth in three of
the ten species, with two of these species showing a link between leaf phenology and weather. A
combination of rainfall, air temperature, and irradiance likely provided the cues that triggered leaf drop
in Dipteryx panamensis and Lecythis ampla. Combining the results of the sap flow model, growth, and
the climate measures showed tree growth was correlated to climate, though the majority of growth
variation remained unexplained. Low variance in the environmental variables and growth rates likely
contributed to the large amount of unexplained variation. A simple model that included previous growth
increment and three meteorological variables explained from four to nearly fifty percent of the growth
variation. Significant growth carryover existed in six of the ten species, and rainfall was positively
correlated to growth in eight of the ten species. Minimum nighttime temperature was also correlated to
higher growth rates in five of tile species and irradiance in two species. These results indicate that
tropical rainforest tree trunks could act as carbon sinks if future climate becomes wetter and slightly
warmer.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 393. NBINA-9258.
Publicación no.: 208 Predicted regional impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution and
diversity of tropical forests in Costa Rica [Predicción de impactos regionales causados por el cambio
climático en la distribución geográfica y diversidad de los bosques tropicales en Costa Rica] / Enquist,
Carolyn A.F. (University of New Mexico. Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, US <Email: cafinn@unm.edu>).
En: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 29, no. 4, p. 519-534. 2002.
Aim: Spatial models generated in a geographical information system (GIS) are utilized to predict shifts in
the distribution and diversity of tropical forests in Costa Rica in response to climate change. Location:
Analyses were conducted using the Holdridge life zone classification system for the Central American
country of Costa Rica. Methods: Mean annual precipitation and temperature ranges were varied to
reflect different magnitudes of climate change and then used to predict the distributions of nineteen
forest types (life zones). Holdridge et al.'s (1971) field survey data of species richness and endemism for
ten Costa Rican life zones were also analyzed and considered in view of the climate change scenarios.
Results: The scenarios indicated that shifts in the distribution of tropical forest life zones are likely to
occur as a result of climatic changes. High elevation life zones were shown to be more sensitive to
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changes in temperature, while lower elevation life zones tended to be more sensitive to changes in
precipitation. Regional life zone diversity was greatly reduced in an extreme wet and warm climate
scenario. Three elevation-associated life zones (lower montane rain forest, montane rain forest, and
premontane rain forest) ranked in the top four in percentage number of endemic species. The lowland
seasonally dry forest life zone ranked second in this group, suggesting that this life zone has a unique
species composition in comparison with other lowland Holdridge life zones. On the nineteen life zones,
these four life zones displayed particular sensitivity to the climate changes modelled here. Main
conclusions: Elevation-associated life zones may be particularly vulnerable to future climatic changes.
This is also true of lowland seasonally dry forest. Geographical regions in Costa Rica that contain these
life zones are likely to warrant special management and conservation attention in the event of predicted
climate change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6735.
Publicación no.: 209 Stocks and flows of coarse woody debris across a tropical rain forest nutrient and
topography gradient [Los saldos y flujos de residuos lenosos forestales a través de un gradiente
nutrientes y topografía del bosque húmedo tropical] / Clark, David B; Clark, Deborah A; Brown, S;
Oberbauer, Steven F; Veldkamp, Edzo. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station,
Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: oberbaue@fiu.edu> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 164, no. 1/3, p. 237-248. 2002.
Large pieces of standing or fallen dead wood, known as coarse woody debris (CWD), play important
roles intemperate forest carbon and nutrient cycles, and affect the abundance and distribution of many
classes of organisms. CWD biomass and inputs are poorly documented in tropical rain forests (TRF), and
the causes for their variation at landscape- scales in this biome have not been studied. We quantified
standing and fallen CWD stocks and inputs in upland (non-swamp) old-growth TRF at the La Selva
Biological Station, Costa Rica. We used a network of 18 0.5 ha plots sited in three edaphic conditions to
analyze soil nutrient effects on CWD stocks and inputs controlling for topography, and to examine
topographic effects controlling for soil nutrients. The edaphic conditions were flat inceptisols, flat
ultisols, and steep ultisols. Chemical analyses confirmed the existence of an almost three-fold gradient
in total P and K in the upper 1 m of soil. We also annually censused all live woody stems 10 cm diameter
above buttresses in each plot in September/October from 1997 to 2000 to obtain data on stand
structure and dynamics. Fallen CWD stocks averaged 46.3 Mg ha-1 (22.3 Mg C ha-1), while standing CWD
averaged 6.5 Mg ha-1 (3.1 Mg C ha-1). There were no significant differences in volume or mass of
standing or fallen CWD among edaphic conditions. Annual inputs of CWD averaged 4.9 Mg ha-1 (2.4 Mg
C ha-1). Turnover time of fallen CWD was ca. 9 year. Neither stocks nor inputs were correlated with
stand structure (number of trees per plot, plot basal area, or plot estimated above-ground biomass).
Potential differences in CWD stocks and inputs among sites with different edaphic conditions may have
been obscured by a 10-fold variation in tree mortality among plots and a two-fold variation in mean
CWD input among years. Analysis of sample variance showed that stocks of CWD were adequately
sampled with the 18 0.5 ha plot design, but that inputs were measured with low precision. At La Selva
fallen and standing CWD stocks together equaled ca. 33% of estimated above-ground live woody
biomass. Tropical rain forest CWD and its associated carbon are intermediate in pool size and turnover
rate between fine litter and live trees. Our results show that scaling up TRF CWD estimates to larger
spatial scales maybe more constrained by the quality of data obtained over single landscapes than by
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variation due to zonal soil nutrient and topographic conditions. Both the magnitude and vagility of TRF
CWD pools are likely to change with global climate change, but the overall direction of change is
uncertain.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5999.
Publicación no.: 210 Potential effects of climate change on canopy communities in a tropical cloud
forest: an experimental approach [Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las comunidades del
dosel en un bosque nuboso tropical: un enfoque experimental] / Nadkarni, Nalini M; Solano, R. (The
Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, US <E-mail: nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>).
En: Oecologia (ISSN 0029-8549), v. 131, p. 580-586. 2002.
Global climate change models predict reduced cloud water in tropical montane forests. To test the
effects of reduced cloud water on epiphytes, plants that are tightly coupled to atmospheric inputs, we
transplanted epiphytes and their arboreal soil from upper cloud forest trees to trees at slightly lower
elevations that are naturally exposed to less cloud water. Control plants moved between trees within
the upper site showed no transplantation effects, but experimental plants at lower sites had significantly
higher leaf mortality, lower leaf production, and reduced longevity. After the epiphytes died, seedlings
of terrestrial gap-colonizing tree species grew from the seed banks within the residual mats of arboreal
soil. Greenhouse experiments confirmed that the death of epiphytes can result in radical compositional
changes of canopy communities. Thus, tropical montane epiphyte communities constitute both a
potentially powerful tool for detecting climate changes and a rich arena to study plant/soil/seed
interactions under natural and manipulated conditions. This study also provides experimental evidence
that the potential effects of global climate change on canopy and terrestrial communities can be
significant for cloud forest biota. Results suggest there will be negative effects on the productivity and
longevity of particular epiphytes and a subsequent emergence of an emerging terrestrial component
into the canopy community from a previously suppressed seed bank.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9442. NBINA-309.
Publicación no.: 211 Climate change and forest management in the Western Hemisphere [Cambio
climático y manejo forestal en el hemisferio occidental] / Dore, M.H.I. (Brock University, St. Catherines,
Ontario, L2T 2M5, CA <E-mail: dore@brocku.ca>).
En: Journal of Sustainable Forestry (ISSN 1054-9811), v. 12, no. 1/2, 191 p. 2001.
After an introduction by the editor (pages 1-5), this special issue presents a collection of 8 papers on
various aspects of forest policy in relation to climate change and to forest management in South, Central
and North America. The papers are arranged in 3 parts. Part I, Integrated forest management, has 3
papers covering obstacles to comprehensive integration, forest management for timber production in
relation to concern over biodiversity in Argentina and Costa Rica, and the impact of the regulation of
climate change through new international initiatives such as policies designed to fulfil emission
reduction targets by adopting bilateral policies (as exemplified by joint implementation in Costa Rica).
Part II, Amazonia forests, has 2 papers addressing the role of the Brazilian rain forest in the global
carbon cycle and the implications for the sustainable use of the rain forests. Part III, North American
forests, has 3 papers focusing on the carbon cycle and the valuation of Canadian forests for carbon
sequestration, the sustainable management of forests in British Columbia, and deforestation and land
use change in Mexico.
Localización: No disponible.
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Publicación no.: 212 Emisión de gases con efecto invernadero y fijación de carbono en el sistema de
producción de café (coffea arabica) en Costa Rica [Gas emission with the greenhouse effect and
nitrogen fixation in the system of coffee (Coffea arabica) production in Costa Rica] / MontenegroBallestero, Johnny; Abarca-Monge, Sergio. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de
Protección Fitosanitaria, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Boletín de Promecafé (ISSN 1010-1527), no. 89, p. 9-17. 2001.
Investigations were conducted to determine the pattern of emission of N2O and CO2 in soils under coffee
in Costa Rica, to determine a possible relationship between emissions and soil types, to determine the
quantity of fixed nitrogen in soil under coffee. Data are presented on soil fertility under shaded coffee in
Cartago and coffee fully exposed to the sun in Heredia, Costa Rica, in 1999, as well as total N2O and CO2
emissions, and N and C emissions in 1990, 1996 and 1997. Information is provided on materials and
methods used in relation to crop management in the shade and full sun position, sampling of gas
emissions, temperature and humidity of soil, N-NH4 and N-NO3 content in soil, soil density and soil
fertility.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 213 Heads in the clouds [Cabezas en las nubes] / Holmes, B. (151 Wardour St, London,
W1F 8WE, GB <E-mail: news@newscientist.com>).
En: New Scientist (ISSN 0262-4079), v. 162, no. 2185, p. 32-36. 1999.
The effects of global warming on the cloud forest ecosystems of Costa Rica are discussed. The author
describes the depletion of the frog populations and the change in the bird and lizard fauna. One
researcher, Alan Pounds, a conservation biologist affiliated with the University of Miami, Florida, set out
to study why the frogs were disappearing from the Monteverde cloud forest. Twenty of the 50 frog
species in his 30-square-kilometer study site vanished after a population collapse in 1987, and other
population crashes followed in 1994 and 1998. The key to the mystery of what was causing these
crashes was the steady increase from 1973 to 1998 in the number of dry days in each winter dry season,
and the frequency of dry spells lasting five or more days. The solution to the one puzzle brought on
another. During this same time there was a trend toward cooler days and warmer nights, making
cloudier than usual conditions. This may support the idea that a fungal infection has killed frogs from
Central America to Australia and that the climate change may be an underlying factor. Fungus is typically
not infectious, but when an animal is stressed from some other factor, it is more likely to become
infected. The findings at Monteverde also fit with the growing belief that the first effects of climate
warming should be observed at high-elevation sites, particularly in the tropics.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8317.
Publicación no.: 214 Ecología y conservación de bosques neotropicales [Ecology and conservation of
neotropical forests] / Guariguata-Urbano, Manuel R (ed.); Kattan, G.H (ed.). (Centro Agronómico Tropical
de Investigación y Enseñanza. Unidad Manejo Bosques Naturales, Apdo. 7170, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
mguarigu@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: gukattan@cali.cetcol.net.co>). Cartago: Libro Universitario Regional
(EULAC-GTZ), 2002. 692 p. ISBN: 9968-801-11-9.
El presente volumen ofrece una visión general del conocimiento actual sobre la ecología de los bosques
húmedos y lluviosos del neotrópico. Nuestra intención ha sido la de seleccionar los temas más
representativos para ilustrar la compleja dinámica de estos bosques, pero necesariamente se han
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quedado algunos temas importantes por fuera. Además, algunos capítulos presentan revisiones básicas,
mientras que otros ofrecen un análisis quizás más profundo de un tema en particular. El libro está
organizado en seis secciones. Las dos primeras secciones presentan una descripción básica del escenario
sobre el cual se desarrolla el bosque neotropical. En la Sección I se describe la evolución del bosque,
comenzando con los fenómenos geológicos y de cambio climático global que han dictado la distribución
y estructura de este ecosistema a gran escala espacial y temporal, terminando con los factores históricos
que han operado a escalas espacio-temporales menores. La Sección II discute algunos de los factores
abióticos más importantes en la biología del bosque, como son la luz, el agua y los nutrimentos, y su
interacción con la vegetación. En conjunto, estas dos secciones presentan una visión comprensiva de los
factores que determinan los patrones de distribución, estructura y diversidad de los bosques húmedos y
lluviosos neotropicales a múltiples niveles de organización biológica. La Sección III se enfoca
principalmente a nivel de organismo y presenta algunos procesos ecofisiológicos esenciales como son la
adquisición de carbono atmosférico por parte de las plantas y los patrones de flujo de agua a través de
ellas, y examina en particular la ecofisiología de epífitas y hemiepífitas, las cuales constituyen una parte
importante del bosque, en términos de diversidad de especies y en el control de ciertos procesos del
ecosistema. En la Sección IV se enfatizan algunos aspectos de la dinámica poblacional de organismos
como árboles y mamíferos, y cómo esta dinámica se traduce en patrones a nivel de comunidad. La
Sección V se centra en las interacciones entre organismos que modulan algunos de los principales
procesos bióticos del bosque neotropical, como son las interacciones entre microorganismos y plantas,
la herbivoría y las defensas de las plantas, la polinización y la frugivoría. Estas interacciones representan
la quintaesencia de este ecosistema y han sido tema de intenso estudio por varias décadas. Finalmente,
el libro cierra con una sexta sección que explora ciertos aspectos de la interacción contemporánea entre
la población humana y la ecología del bosque. El primer capítulo de esta sección ilustra las
consecuencias de la fragmentación de los bosques sobre la diversidad biológica, mientras que el
segundo describe cómo se recuperan la estructura y la función del bosque por medio de la sucesión
secundaria luego de la deforestación. El último capítulo expone de manera resumida el desarrollo de
una importante técnica de estudio, la teledetección, la cual puede ser de gran ayuda para evaluar, a
gran escala, los procesos de deforestación y, a la vez, para intentar mitigar los efectos de esta
deforestación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 574.52642 E19ec.
Publicación no.: 215 Pago por servicios ambientales en Costa Rica [Payment for environmental services
in Costa Rica] / Rodríguez-Zúñiga, J.M; Sáenz-Faerron, Alexandra. (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento
Forestal (FONAFIFO), Apdo. 594-2120, San José, CR <E-mail: jrodriguez@fonafifo.com> <E-mail:
asaenz@fonafifo.com>).
En: Revista Forestal Centroamericana (ISSN 1021-0164), no. 37, p. 68-71. 2002.
Costa Rica has implemented a system of payment for forest environmental services provided by small
and medium-sized forest owners, operated through the PSA (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, the
Payments for Environmental Services programme). The PSA is executed by FONAFIFO (Fondo Nacional
de Financiamiento Forestal), and since its inception in 1997, the scheme has increased the competitivity
of the of the forest sector. It operates through contracts for forest protection, forest management, and
reforestation and afforestation activities. Details are tabulated of the areas (in hectares) involved in
each of these 4 categories for the period 1997-2001, and of the total number of beneficiaries (contracts)
involved. Details are also tabulated of the comparative amounts of payment assigned under the PSA
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scheme and under the earlier CAF (Certificados de Abono Forestal, the Forest Credit Certificate
programme) scheme (where it involved environmental services) for the same period (1997-2001).
Achievements so far are discussed, including the creation and implementation by the PSA of CSAs
(Certificados de Servicios Ambientales, certificates of Environmental Services) and the REFORESTA
(Reactivacion de la Reforestacion Comercial en Costa Rica) project.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R.
Publicación no.: 216 Geographic and vertical patterns of stable carbon isotopes in tropical rain forest
soils of Costa Rica [Patrones geográficos y verticales de los isótopos estables del carbón en suelos de
bosques lluviosos tropicales de Costa Rica] / Powers, Jennifer S; Schlesinger, W.H. (University of
Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: powers@umn.edu>).
En: Geoderma (ISSN 0016-7061), v. 109, no. 1/2, p. 141-160. 2002.
Understanding the natural variability in the stable carbon isotope composition of vegetation and soils
can aid studies of soil carbon dynamics, and is a prerequisite for using C-13 as a natural tracer when
vegetation communities change from one photosynthetic pathway to another (e.g. C4 pasture grasses
replacing C3 forests). To examine the geographic and vertical patterns of δ13C under mature rain forest
vegetation, we measured the isotopic composition of leaf litter, roots, and mineral soil profiles in 35
plots located in a 140,000-ha study region in northeastern Costa Rica. We hypothesized that soil carbon
isotopic composition would be closely coupled to the signature of detrital inputs (the average δ13C of
forest floor and fine-root biomass) and that the increase in δ13C with depth would be related to abiotic
variables that influence soil carbon turnover rates. The correlations between surface soil isotopic
composition (0-10 cm) and biophysical factors varied across the landscape. In multiple regression
analyses, combinations of soil particle-size distribution and soil C/N ratio explained between 60% and
82% of the variation in surface soil isotopic composition for different regions in the landscape, but the
isotopic composition of litter and roots did not explain any additional variation. The isotopic
composition of litter, roots, and surface soils (0-20 cm) was fairly similar over large, regional gradients of
elevation and edaphic properties (the range of variation was 2.6 parts per thousand), but diverged
considerably at depths below 20 cm (up to 5.8 parts per thousand differences). These large regional
differences in the isotopic composition of soil C at depth are attributed to variation in soil carbon
turnover rates across the landscape.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-495.
Publicación no.: 217 Evolution of the Organization for Tropical Studies [Evolución de la Organización
para Estudios Tropicales] / Burlingame, Leslie J. (Franklin and Marshall College. Science, Technology, and
Society Program; P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, US <E-mail: leslie.burlingame@fandm.edu>).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 50, no. 2, p. 439-472. 2002.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2263.pdf
The Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS)/Organización para Estudios Tropicales (OET) has evolved in
many ways since its founding in 1963 as a non-profit consortium offering graduate courses and
facilitating research in tropical ecology in Costa Rica. By 2002, its international membership included
about 65 institutions, including four from Costa Rica. It had developed three Costa Rican field stations
(La Selva, Las Cruces, and Palo Verde) with excellent facilities for teaching and research, and itwas
constructing a new Costa Rican office at the University of Costa Rica. Combinations of internal and
external pressures influenced OTS to develop in new directions in the 1980s and 1990s. It became more
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diversified and more concerned with applied science in its traditional areas of graduate education and
research facilitation. The Organization also evolved into new niches: more applied biology, professional
education, environmental education and policy, conservation efforts, and an expanded geographic
distribution to other Latin American countries. OTS was composed of changing combinations of people
(Boards, members, staff) with evolving and competing priorities for limited financial resources. External
environmental changes also shaped OTS's evolution. New problems of increased tropical deforestation,
the emergence of the biodiversity "crisis" and conservation biology, global climate change, and calls for
sustainable development affected OTS constituents and funding priorities of governments and
foundations. Both internal and external pressures have in some cases demanded for OTS to improve its
relationship with: Costa Rican biologists and their institutions, the Costa Rican government, and Costa
Ricans living around the three OTS field stations.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8485. NBINA-2263.
Publicación no.: 218 Relationships among soil carbon distributions and biophysical factors at nested
spatial scales in rain forests of northeastern Costa Rica [Relaciones entre la distribución del carbono del
suelo y los factores biofísicos en escalas espaciales anidadas en bosques lluviosos del noreste de Costa
Rica] / Powers, Jennifer S; Schlesinger, W.H. (University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water &
Climate, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: powers@umn.edu>).
En: Geoderma (ISSN 0016-7061), v. 109, no. 3-4, p. 165-190. 2002.
Forested soils in the tropics contain a large carbon pool that may respond to global environmental
changes such as climate warming and land-use change. A better understanding of the distribution of
tropical soil carbon (C) pools is necessary in order to manage soil C as well as to predict its potential
responses to global change. The goals of this study were to quantify the relationships among soil C and
environmental variables for 35 forest plots in a 140,000-ha landscape in northeastern Costa Rica, and to
identify variables that can predict soil C storage at unsampled sites. The biophysical variables included
indices of net primary productivity (forest floor mass, root biomass, and an index of productivity derived
from satellite imagery), soil particle-size distribution and mineralogy, elevation, and slope. Soil carbon
storage in these volcanic soils was relatively high, ranging from 51.1 to 138.6 Mg C ha-1 in the top 30 cm
of mineral soil. The relationships among forest soil C and biotic and abiotic variables were different for
low-elevation (120 m) and high-elevation (120-800 m) sites, and elevation explained much of the
variability in soil C concentrations. Soil particle-size distribution and mineralogical variables are
correlated in this landscape and co-vary in predictable ways along the elevation gradient. Thus,
elevation represents a weathering gradient with younger, allophanic soils at higher elevations and older
soils with gibbsite, goethite, and kaolinite as dominant clay minerals in the lowlands. We propose two
mechanisms of C stabilization: soil C concentrations and contents are positively correlated to the
amount of noncrystalline clays (e.g. Allophane, imogolite, and ferrihydrite) in the high elevation soils,
and positively correlated to aluminum in organo-metal complexes in the low elevation sites. The strong
correlations among soil C concentrations, contents, and elevation (mediated through effects on soil
mineralogy) indicate that it is possible to predict soil C in this landscape using variables that are easily
mapped in a geographic information system.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-626.
Publicación no.: 219 Efecto de la variación estacional en la cantidad de luz y de las interacciones
planta-herbívoro sobre la fenología inversa de Jacquinia nervosa (Theophrastaceae) / Chaves-Badilla,
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Oscar M. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 2002. 95 p. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Biología, Universidad de
Costa Rica, Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, San José (Costa Rica).
Entender el efecto de los diferentes factores bióticos y abióticos sobre los patrones fenológicos de las
plantas neotropicales es crítico para comprender el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas tropicales.
Durante las últimas cuatro décadas se ha realizado un nomero considerable de investigaciones en este
campo, aunque sesgadas hacia unos pocos bosques lluviosos y con frecuencia limitadas a aspectos
descriptivos. Los bosques secos, pese a tener un mayor número de plantas endémicas que los bosques
lluviosos, han recibido relativamente poca atención. La marcada estacionalidad que caracteriza a estos
bosques afecta considerablemente el comportamiento cíclico de las plantas y, por ende, la
productividad primaria y las interacciones planta-animal. Los escasos estudios realizados en los bosques
secos muestran que la mayoría de las especies arbóreas son caducifolias durante la estación seca,
debido a los efectos adversos de la prolongada sequía (finales de noviembre a abril. Sin embargo, existe
un reducido grupo de especies que presenta un patrón fenológico inverso al anterior, en el cual todas
las hojas sufren abscisión al llegar la estación lluviosa. Estas especies presentan una fenología estacional
bien marcada, lo cual facilita el estudio de los factores proximales y evolutivos que determinan su
patrón fenológico. En Costa Rica, la única especie con fenología inversa es el arbusto freatofítico de
sotobosque Jacquinia nervosa (Theophrastaceae), el cual se encuentra restringido a la provincia de
Guanacaste, donde es muy común. Hasta ahora se desconoce la importancia relativa de los factores que
regulan su fenología. En este estudio, examiné el efecto de la variación estacional en la disponibilidad de
luz, medida como densidad de flujo fotónico (DFF), como posible factor proximal en la fenología de J.
nervosa, y el efecto de la presión de herbivoría como posible causa evolutiva. Desde octubre deð 2000
hasta agosto del 2001, realicé censos quincenales del número de hojas, flores y frutos en una muestra
de 36 plantas reproductivas de entre 1.2 y 5.5 m de altura. Medí la cantidad de luz directa e indirecta
que llegaba a cada individuo en diciembre del 2000, febrero, mayo y julio del 2001 mediante análisis de
fotografías hemisféricas del dosel. Analicé el peso foliar específico (PFE), la expansión foliar, la filotaxia y
la anatomía foliar para determinar el grado de especialización de J. nervosa a las condiciones
prevalecientes en la estación seca, especialmente al ambiente lumínico. Medí el daño por herbivoría de
las hojas con un método longitudinal, en el cual seleccionó aleatoriamente 6 ramas por planta, cuyas
hojas, una vez marcadas, fueron censadas cada 15 días para medir la pérdida acumulativa de área foliar,
y para establecer el tipo de herbívoros presentes. Para determinar la depredación pre-dispersión de
semillas a lo largo del período de fructificación, recolecté mensualmente 15 frutos por planta y conté el
total de semillas sanas y dañadas, así como el tipo y número de frugívoros presentes. El pico de
producción de hojas ocurrió en forma simultánea con la producción de yemas florales y coincidió con el
pico en la DFF durante el mes de febrero. La caída de hojas aumentó progresivamente conforme
disminuía la DFF entre mayo y julio. Por su parte, el peso foliar específico no varió significativamente con
la DFF. La expansión foliar completa se alcanzó en 20.5 días (D.E.= 5.7, n = 150). El análisis anatómico de
las hojas reveló características típicas de especies esclerofíticas perennifolias (p. ej., una hipodermis
esclerenquimatosa y el mesófilo de empalizada moltiple). La antesis empezó en la primera semana de
febrero y se extendió hasta marzo. En estos meses se formaron los primeros frutos inmaduros. La
fructificación alcanzó un pico principal a mediados de febrero y un pico secundario a finales de marzo
del 2001. El desarrollo y la maduración de estos frutos comprendió cuatro meses de la estación seca (de
enero a abril del 2001) y los tres primeros meses de la estación lluviosa (de mayo a julio del 2001). Sin
embargo, solamente un 3% de las flores llegaron a formar frutos; esto fue afectado de forma
significativa por el nivel de sincronía floral, pero no por la sincronía foliar ni por el tamaño de la planta.
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Así, una mayor sincronía floral permite atraer mayor número de polinizadores, lo que se traduce en un
incremento de la polinización y la fructificación. La sincronía poblacional en la producción de hojas fue
alta (88 % +- D.E. = 6 %), mientras que en la floración (38 % +- 26 %) y en la fructificación (18% +- 18 %)
fue mucho menor. La mayor parte de la herbivoría follar estuvo concentrada en las hojas jóvenes, con
una pérdida de áÿrea foliar promedio de 37% (D.E.= 34%, n = 195). Los escarabajos masticadores
Epicauta sp. fueron los principales herbívoros de estas hojas. En las hojas maduras los daños más
evidentes fueron causados por el escarabajo raspador Coptopycla rufonotata. La herbivoría promedio de
semillas en los primeros frutos inmaduros, producidos en marzo, fue de 1.04 % (D.E. = 5.43, n = 85),
mientras que al final de la estacion de crecimiento fue de 42.3% (D.E.= 47.2, n = 122); esta herbivoría fue
causada principalmente por una especie no identificada de la familia Tortricidae. La estrecha relación
entre la variación de la DFF y la producción y la abscisión foliar, las ramas agrupadas en la parte externa
de la copa (con hojas orientadas verticalmente), la anatomía foliar interna y la gran inversión de
biomasa en el sistema radical de las plántulas (y probablemente de los adultos), así como el
considerable daño causados por insectos fitófagos en hojas, frutos y semillas, en conjunto reflejan una
adaptación a condiciones de sequía. Todo esto sugiere que la fenología de J. nervosa representa una
adaptación para explotar la mayor disponibilidad de luz directa durante la estación de sequía del bosque
seco, pero no un escape temporal de la herbivoría. Las condiciones sombreadas prevalecientes en el
sotobosque durante la estación lluviosa probablemente hacen que en J. nervosa los costos respiratorios
de mantener las hojas sean mayores que los beneficios de la fijación de carbono. Por esta razón, la
fenología inversa se convierte en una respuesta adaptativa, que le permite a la planta lidiar con las
fluctuaciones estacionales en la disponibilidad de luz y optimizar la ganancia de carbono en el período
cuando la luz en el sotobosque no es limitante. Esto demuestra que, al menos en algunas plantas de los
bosques tropicales más estacionales, los factores climáticos podrían tener una mayor importancia en la
regulación de los patrones fenológicos que la presión de herbivoría u otros factores bióticos.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 405.
Publicación no.: 220 Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest
in Costa Rica [Emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles biogénicos desde un bosque húmedo tropical
de tierras bajas en Costa Rica] / Geron, C; Guenther, A; Greenberg, J; Loescher, Henry William; Clark,
Deborah A; Baker, B. (US EPA. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle PK, NC
27711, US <E-mail: geron.chris@epa.gov> <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 36, no. 23, p. 3793-3802. 2002.
Twenty common plant species were screened for emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds
(BVOCs) at a lowland tropical wet forest site in Costa Rica. Ten of the species examined emitted
substantial quantities of isoprene. These species accounted for 35-50% of the total basal area of oldgrowth forest on the major edaphic site types, indicating that a high proportion of the canopy leaf area
is a source of isoprene. A limited number of canopy-level BVOC flux measurements were also collected
by relaxed eddy accumulation (REA). These measurements verify that the forest canopy in this region is
indeed a significant source of isoprene. In addition, REA fluxes of methanol and especially acetone were
also significant, exceeding model estimates and warranting future investigation at this site. Leaf
monoterpene emissions were non-detectable or very low from the species surveyed, and ambient
concentrations and REA fluxes likewise were very low. Although the isoprene emission rates reported
here are largely consistent with phylogenetic relations found in other studies (at the family, genus, and
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species levels), two species in the family Mimosaceae, a group previously found to consist largely of
non-isoprene emitters, emitted significant quantities of isoprene. One of these, Pentaclethra macroloba
(Willd.) Kuntze, is by far the most abundant canopy tree species in the forests of this area, composing
30-40% of the total basal area. The other, Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Britton & Rose is a common
riparian species. Our results suggest that the source strength of BVOCs is important not only to tropical
atmospheric chemistry, but also may be important in determining net ecosystem carbon exchange.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-686.
Publicación no.: 221 Los servicios ambientales de los bosques: el caso de cambio climático [The forests
environmental services: The case of the climatic change] / Castro-Salazar, René. (Instituto
Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas, Apartado Postal 960-4050, La Garita de Alajuela, CR).
Cambridge, MS: PNUD, 2000. 142 p.
Like many tropical countries, Costa Rica is losing its forests: private landowners, cut down forests to
grow crops and the government cannot afford to buy land for conservation. However, foreign countries
can help, preserving tropical forest is theirmost cost-effective option for reducing carbon emissions. This
thesis investigates this possibility using Costa Rica's state-owned Wildlife Conservation Areas (WCAs) as
a case study. Finding cost-effective ways to sequester carbon or reduce carbon emissions is important
because reducing global warming is both urgent and costly: possibly 2% of the world's GDP.
Deforestation increases carbon emissions into the atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
Reducing deforestation and growing trees can help to sequester carbon, and reduce emissions. Various
studies suggest that forest carbon sequestration may be a cost-effective way of reducing cost. According
to the literature reducing emissions in the energy sector in industrialized countries will exceed $100 per
ton. By contrast, the cost of sequestering carbon in US forests will cost from $10 to $100 per ton of
carbon depending on the scale of the forestry projects and on the increasing opportunity cost of the
land. The cost of sequestering carbon in permanent forests is even lower in Costa Rica than in the
United States. The estimates developed in this thesis suggest that 92% of the carbon sequestered in the
proposed expansion of the WCAs will cost less than $50 per ton. Moreover, some landowners inCosta
Rica may be willing to preserve private natural forests or switch from traditional crops or cattle-raising
to forest plantations if the price of sequestered carbon were to rise to as little, as $10 per ton.
Therefore, using tropical forest as a carbon sink may have economic, ecological, and social benefits.
Economically, it may reduce mitigation costs and facilitate capital transfer from industrialized to
developing nations. Society benefits because forests are often located in the poorest rural areas; the
ecological benefits come from keeping forest cover, especially primary forest, which is crucial to
conserving tropical biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca Carlos Monge A.: 363.738.74 C355s. Biblioteca del INCAE: COS 333.75.09.728.6
C355E.
Publicación no.: 222 Contenido de carbono en el bosque seco tropical / Watson-Céspedes, Vicente;
Kauffman, B; Hughes, R.F; Tosi-Olin, Joseph A., Jr; Jobse, Judith C; Hughes, A; Kauffman, D. (Tropical
Science Center, Apdo. 8-3870, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail: vwatson@cct.or.cr> <E-mail:
hughesf@terra.colorado.edu> <E-mail: jtosi@cct.or.cr>). Seminario sobre ecosistemas forestales de
bosques secos mesoamericanos. I, Heredia CRNov. 13-15, 2002.
En: Ecosistemas forestales de bosque seco tropical: investigaciones y resultados en Mesoamérica
Heredia: Universidad Nacional / INISEFOR, 2002. p. 111-118. ISBN: 9968-9996-1-X.
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Introducción: El Centro Científico Tropical está participando en una investigación colaborativa con un
conjunto de organizaciones de Estados Unidos, Nueva Zelanda y Canadá, sobre el secuestro [captura] de
carbono por los ecosistemas terrestres de Costa Rica. El análisis a realizar por el Proyecto incluye la
determinación del contenido de carbono en los bosques primarios, así como el carbono almacenado en
los diferentes sistemas de usos de la tierra actual y su tasa de acumulación para pasar de lo actual a
lopotencial. Sin embargo, en este artículo se expondrá solamente lo relacionado con el muestreo
realizado para el bosque primario y específicamente para los sitios de la Zona de Vida Bosque seco
Tropical sensu Holdridge (1947, 1967). La determinación del contenido de carbono en los bosques
primarios es importante, por un lado, para saber la cantidad almacenada en este tipo de ecosistemas y,
por otro lado, porque éstos constituyen el máximo potencial de almacenamiento de carbono en un sitio.
Este dato interesa desde el punto de vista ecológico y también económico sobre todo para proyectos de
secuestro de carbono que entrarían a funcionar de aprobarse el protocolo de Kyoto. En este sentido, si
entrara a funcionar dicho protocolo requerirá de la existencia de herramientas prßcticas que puedan
predecir fácilmente y con un grado bueno de exactitud la cantidad de carbono que se puede acumular
en los ecosistemas terrestres, de ahí que sean importante tambiÚn poder predecir estos datos. El
método del balance hídrico basado en Zonas de Vida es explicado en ONERN 1976. Se basa en que
evapotranspiración es igual al factor 58,93 por la biotemperatura entendida ésta como la suma de los
valores entre 0 °C y 30 °C. También se considera que la capacidad de retención de agua del suelo es igual
a un décimo de la precipitación y que en condiciones de faltante de agua, el suelo es capaz de
suministrar hasta un 50% del agua que tiene almacenada. Por otro lado, se considera un mes
efectivamente seco cuando el suelo al final del mes tiene menos agua que el punto de tensión de agua.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 634.92 E19e. PV.
Publicación no.: 223 Spatial and temporal dynamics of a Costa Rican tropical dry forest [Dinámica
espacial y temporal de un bosque seco tropical costarricense] / Enquist, Carolyn A.F. (University of New
Mexico. Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, US <E-mail: cafinn@unm.edu>). Las
Cruces, NM: The University of New Mexico, 2002. 55 p. ISBN: 0-493-55249-9. Dissertation, Ph.D., The
University of New Mexico, Las Cruces, NM (USA).
Long-term data from tropical dry forest communities are needed to understand the factors that
influence tree species composition and forest dynamics, information critical to the conservation and
management of this biome. The San Emilio tropical dry forest study area in the Area de Conservación
Guanacaste (ACG), Sector Santa Rosa in northwestern Costa Rica offered the opportunity to investigate
these unique tropical forests. Chapter two is a study that describes the tree species abundance,
composition and biomass of the San Emilio tropical dry forest based on over 30,000 individual trees that
were mapped and measured in 1976 and 1996. During the 20 years, total stem density per ha deceased
by 27%, yielding a forest-wide annual mortality rate of 3.52%. However, forest-wide annual recruitment
was lower (3.05%), signaling that the forest was not in a steady state but was in a transitional phase.
Above-ground forest biomass decreased by 3.5%, most likely caused by a long-term decrease in rainfall.
Chapter three investigates the effect of physical heterogeneity on the community dynamics of the San
Emilio tropical dry forest. Analyses of vegetation surveys conducted in 1976 and 1996 showed that rates
of change in stem density and biomass across the forest were related to variation in seasonal soil
moisture and topography. The more xeric and highly variable areas showed the greatest change in stem
density. The study suggests that the non-random heterogeneity found within the physical landscape of
the San Emilio tropical dry forest contributed to local forest dynamics. Furthermore, on both spatial and
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temporal scales, these findings support previous work suggesting that neotropical dry forest dynamics
are responsive to seasonal climates and the resulting microtopographic availability of soil moisture.
Chapter four explores the effects of heterogeneity on tree species and plant functional groups found in
the San Emilio forest. While responding to this physical heterogeneity, the spatial and temporal
variability in species abundance patterns reflect a forest on a successional trajectory that maybe
affected by shifts in regional climate.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5619.
Publicación no.: 224 Climatic impact of lowland deforestation on tropical montane cloud forests in
Costa Rica [Impacto climático de la deforestación de las tierras bajas en los bosques nubosos montanos
tropicales en Costa Rica] / Nair, Udaysankar S. (University of Alabama. National Space Sciences &
Technology Center, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35806, US <E-mail:
nair@nsstc.uah.edu>). Boulder, CO: Colorado State University, 2002. 129 p. ISBN: 0-493-68602-9.
Dissertation, Ph.D., Colorado State University at Boulder (USA).
Tropical montane cloud forests depend on predictable, frequent, and prolonged immersion in clouds.
Recent studies have shown that there has been a reduction in dry season moisture input from direct
interception of cloud water and wind blown mist at the lee edge of the Monteverde cloud forest, Costa
Rica, since the mid 1970s. This reduction of moisture could be responsible for the population crashes of
anurans observed in the region. It has been hypothesized that this behavior is a result of increases in
cloud base height, linked to increased sea surface temperatures. This study presents a complementary
hypothesis, that deforestation upstream of the Monteverde cloud forest preserve is responsible for the
observed changes in cloud base height. An automated cumulus cloud classification scheme is used to
extract monthly spatial maps of the frequency of occurrence of cumulus cloudiness over Costa Rica from
GOES-8 visible channel satellite imagery. It is found that cumulus cloud formations in the morning hours
over deforested regions are suppressed compared to forested areas. The degree of suppression appears
to be associated with the extent of deforestation. This difference in cloud formation between forested
and deforested areas is a clear signal of land-use change influencing the regional climate. The Regional
Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) simulations are used to explore the differences in cloud field
characteristics over the lowland pasture and forest surfaces. Statistically significant differences in cloud
base height and cloud thickness are found between the forest and pasture simulations, clouds having
higher base heights and being thinner over pasture surfaces compared to forest surfaces. There are
enhanced sensible heat fluxes over pasture surfaces compared to forest surfaces, while forest surfaces
have higher latent heat fluxes. RAMS is also used to examine the impact of lowland deforestation on
orographic cloud formation. Numerical modeling simulations of orographic cloud formation is examined
for three types of deforestation scenarios where the most recent estimate of forest cover for the Costa
Rican region is used. Numerical modeling suggests that deforestation shrinks the areal extent of the
orographic cloud banks and elevates its base to higher altitudes. The increase in cloud base height is on
the order of 200 m for complete deforestation and 100 m for partial deforestation. Increases in cloud
base height of this magnitude may significantly impact the hydrology of the cloud forest regions.
Deforestation results in a decrease of the orographic cloud cover, with the decrease being proportional
to the amount of deforestation. The results from this study suggest that land use in tropical lowlands
has serious impacts on ecosystemsin adjacent mountains. Deforestation in the Costa Rican lowlands
may have a detrimental effect of increased frequency of mist free days upstream at Monteverde Cloud
Forest Preserve.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8396.
Publicación no.: 225 Internalising the externalities' of tropical forestry: a review of innovative
financing and incentive mechanisms [Internalización de las externalidades' de la silvicultura tropical:
estudio de los mecanismos innovadores de financiación e incentivación] / Richards, M. (Overseas
Development Institute. Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, GB). London: ODI, 1999. 45 p. (European Union
Tropical Forestry; Paper 1). ISBN: 0-850003-402-7.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-179.pdf
The main objective of this paper, commissioned by the European Commission, is to review the potential
of 'innovative' financing and financial incentive mechanisms (IFIMs) for 'sustainable' forestry in the
tropics, and to attempt to provide policy guidance for donors and other decision makers. The approach
taken is to examine the key problems that IFIMs seek to overcome. It was found that the issues of
financing and how to create positive financial incentives are not easy to separate. It is argued that the
main problem is not a lack of finance per se, but that forestry is unattractive compared to alternative
land uses, primarily due to market and policy failures which either depress the value of forest products
and services, or make other land uses more profitable. Policy failures in particular cause negative or
perverse incentives for forestry. Thus the key challenge is to find ways of modifying market incentives so
that forestry becomes more attractive than alternative land uses, including forestexploitation. This can
result either from improving returns to forestry or by reducing its opportunity cost. A key aspect of this
is forestry's time or discounting problem: forest managers can rarely afford to wait for the benefits of
long-term management when alternative land uses provide much quicker returns. For ease of analysis,
the IFIMs are classified into four main approaches: those based on a transfer payments approach,
comprising domestic fiscal 'market-based instruments' and international transfer payments; those that
try to build markets for forestry's global public good values; the channelling of private and public
investment flows towards forestry; and the modification, clarification or creation of property rights.
Other approaches with a high potential impact on user incentives, notably the regulatory approach, are
integrated into the discussion of these four approaches. There have been a few relatively isolated
successes with fiscal market-based instruments like 'polluter or beneficiary' pays taxes and differential
land use taxation. Market-based instruments can be used to tackle perverse incentives and bring private
costs and benefits closer to social costs and benefits, so that the resulting financial incentives make
forestry a case of 'enlightened self-interest'. However the taxes have generally been set too low to
achieve the necessary impact on user incentives. Similarly, forest pricing policies (royalties, concession
rents, etc.) have generally underpriced the resource and encouraged rent-seeking behaviour. Bidding for
forest concessions could help establish optimal timber prices, and performance bonds have the
potential to overcome the crucial discounting problem of forest management, but face the same public
sector implementation problems as other instruments. International transfer payment mechanisms like
the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and debt-for-nature swaps are blunt (not tied to a specific forest
value) and limited because there is little impact on user incentives, although conservation trust funds
provide an important institutional basis for channelling innovative finance. International taxes, including
a tax on the tropical timber trade, face severe technical and national sovereignty problems in ensuring
the money is effectively spent. This is a drawback for any mechanism which does not 'internalise' the
benefits by modifying user returns directly. Carbon trading, timber certification, bioprospecting deals,
fair trade and marketable 'Forest Protection and Marketing Obligations' involve market mechanisms for
capturing the global 'externality' benefits of forestry. Of these, carbon trading has most potential since it
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is linked to the international regulatory process of establishing emission limits, but faces major technical
and political problems. Also the market for tropical forestry carbon offsets may be smaller than
previously thought (although there is a divergence of views here); and it is by no means certain forestry
will be included in the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. Timber certification suffers
from both a demand and supply problem: the market is thin, and temperate countries are best placed to
take advantage of it. As with other attempts to capture global externalities, international environmental
regulations are essential for creating demand and willingness to pay. Considerable hope has been
expressed in channelling private international capital flows towards sustainable forestry, but with the
underlying market incentives increased private capital flows could exacerbate the problems. One hope is
that ethically-based equity shareholders might influence institutional portfolio priorities, while if
forestry-based carbon trading takes off, a range of carbon mitigation investmentscould emerge. Some
argue that creating, clarifying or modifying property rights will encourage long-term investment, but this
is unlikely if the underlying financial incentives are unaltered. But donors might be more active in
promoting international legislation on intellectual property rights, and encouraging international
environmental NGOs to experiment with tradeable development rights (TDRs) - possibly through GEF
funds. At present there is insufficient global willingness to pay for TDRs. The main reason deforestation
occurs is because people find it profitable. At the same time, and by definition, 'sustainability' demands
that the underlying problems be tackled. IFIMs should therefore counter market and policy failures as
far as possible. These factors point to a high potential for carbon trading, 'polluter and beneficiary pays'
taxes and other market-based instruments, appropriate forest pricing and performance bonds, always
accompanied by appropriate regulatory measures. However the opportunity costs of promoting IFIMs
also need to be considered if this means under-investing in (arguably) more effective policies for
arresting forest degradation, particularly those that counter the so-called extra-sectoral causes of
deforestation. An essentialcomplement to attempts to make sustainable forestry more attractive (which
many see as a losing battle anyway) is to make forest degradation less attractive. For example, measures
to discourage land speculation in frontier areas have major potential. Another set of actions or policies
can reduce the pressure on the forest by increasing the opportunity cost of forest-degrading activities,
for example, by increasing the attractiveness of alternative non-forestry livelihoods. Priorities include
investing in human capital (for example, rural education) and increasing the productivity of labourintensive agriculture away from the frontier.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-179.
Publicación no.: 226 Geo Costa Rica: una perspectiva sobre el medio ambiente / MINAE / PNUMA,
Apartado Postal 10104-1000, San José, CR E-mail: prensas.minae.go.cr. San José: Universidad de Costa
Rica / Observatorio del Desarrollo, 2002. 162 p. ISBN: 9977-50-043-6.
Introducción: La publicación de este primer informe GEO Costa Rica: una perspectiva ambiental por
parte del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) de la República de Costa Rica, responde a dos
objetivos principales. En primer lugar, se busca establecer un mecanismo de rendición de cuentas ante
la sociedad costarricense, en el campo de las políticas ambientales. En segundo lugar, responde a una
recomendación del Foro de Ministros de Ambiente de América Latina y el Caribe para elaborar
evaluaciones ambientales integradas de orden nacional y regional como instrumento en el proceso de
diseño e implementación de políticas en este campo. Ante la decisión ministerial de elaborar el informe,
el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), Oficina Regional para América
Latina y el Caribe (ORPALC), en su calidad de organismo de coordinación técnica del Foro de Ministros,
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solicitó al Observatorio del Desarrollo de la Universidad de Costa Rica (OdD-UCR) colaborar con el
MINAE brindando asesoramiento técnico y facilitando el proceso de elaboración del informe. El OdD es
centro colaborador para Mesoamérica del PNUMA en el proyecto GEO (Global Environment Outlook),
ocupado desde 1995 de la elaboración de evaluaciones ambientales integradas de ámbito global,
regional y nacional. Las evaluaciones ambientales integradas propuestas por el PNUMA en su proyecto
GEO suponen un análisis consultado sobre el estado del ambiente y las políticas de respuesta a este
estado, incluyendo una consideraciónde las presiones que determinan el estado ambiental, y los
impactos que resultan de ellas, tanto en el orden social como natural. El análisis se centra en los
diferentes recursos que constituyen el acervo natural de un país o región: la tierra, los bosques, la
biodiversidad, las aguas, las zonas costeras y marinas, así como la atmósfera. Se incluye igualmente una
consideración específica de la situación ambiental en las áreas urbanas, así como el tema de los
desastres (en lo relativo a sus causas e impactos relacionados con el ambiente natural) y, finalmente, el
análisis especial de los impactos del estado del ambiente en la salud humana. También es fundamental
en el enfoque GEO la elaboración de un conjunto de escenarios sobre tendencias previsibles odeseables
en la evolución futura de la situación ambiental, que permita orientar la toma de decisiones en este
campo. En este primer ejercicio para Costa Rica, la disponibilidad de recursos técnicos y financieros
permitió una aproximación razonable en laaplicación del enfoque GEO. Partiendo de la finalidad de
apoyar las funciones de rectoría del MINAE en el campo de la información y asistencia en la toma de
decisiones, los objetivos específicos se centraron en establecer una "línea base" -es decir, un punto de
referencia para evaluaciones posteriores- que contribuyera al establecimiento de un sistema nacional de
información ambiental y un conjunto básico inicial de series estadísticas en este campo. Para acercarnos
a estos objetivos, el proceso de elaboración del informe empezó por el establecimiento de un grupo de
puntos focales temáticos dentro del MINAE, con el cometido de promover y facilitar las acciones
necesarias -entre ellas, identificar las variables e indicadores fundamentales para la evaluación
ambiental integrada, así como los expertos relevantes en la elaboración del análisis y, finalmente,
acometiendo en buena medida la redacción inicial de informes temáticos que constituyen la base de
esta publicación. El grupo de puntos focales logró desarrollar de manera muy satisfactoria las acciones
encomendadas, convirtiéndose en el principal acervo humano para esfuerzos posteriores en este campo
por parte del MINAE, y avanzando la finalidad de construcción de capacidades institucionales que anima
al PNUMA con su proyecto GEO. La lista de puntos focales del MINAE se encuentra en el apéndice de
Reconocimientos. Un segundo paso importante en la elaboración del informe fue la convocatoria del
grupo de expertos identificado por los puntos focales delMINAE, quienes contribuyeron a perfilar mejor
los problemas existentes en el campo ambiental en el país, así como las variables más importantes para
su análisis. El resultado de su trabajo se ha presentado en un primer informe técnico de avance, editado
en octubre de 2001; la lista completa de personas que colaboraron en esta fase también se encuentra
en el apéndice de Reconocimientos. Por su parte, al Observatorio del Desarrollo de la Universidad de
Costa Rica le correspondió aportar insumos conceptuales y metodológicos, recopilar los datos
necesarios y construir las series históricas correspondientes, así como coordinar la elaboración y edición
de los informes. La revisión atenta de los borradores del informe por parte del equipo de
ORPALC-PNUMA en México, así como por parte de la Ministra de Ambiente y Energía, Licda. Elizabeth
Odio Benito, resultaron invaluables en esta fase final del proceso. El resultado de estos esfuerzos está a
la vista. En el capítulo 1, sobre el estado del ambiente, se pasa revista a la situación actual de los
principales recursos naturales en el país: tierra, bosques, biodiversidad, agua, costas y mares, así como
atmósfera. Las secciones inicialmente previstas sobre áreas urbanas y desastres no pudieron
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completarse y quedan pendientes para próximos esfuerzos. En el capítulo 2 se realiza un recuento de las
principales acciones de política emprendidas en los últimos años en el país, con énfasis en los cuatro
años correspondientes a la Administración Rodríguez Echeverría. Noobstante la amplitud del análisis
presentado en este capítulo, las limitaciones de este primer ejercicio impidieron avanzar
suficientemente en la valoración crítica de las políticas impulsadas, así como de la organización general
de la gestión ambiental en el país (tanto pública como privada); queda ello pendiente también para el
futuro. Finalmente, el ejercicio de elaboración de escenarios, contemplado inicialmente, no pudo
intentarse, y pasa a formar parte de la agenda futura.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6723.
Publicación no.: 227 The carbon cycle and the value of forests as a carbon sink: a tropical case study
[El ciclo del carbono y el valor de los bosques como almacenadores de carbono: estudio de caso tropical]
/ Ramírez, Octavio A; Dore, M.H.I. ed.); Guevara, R (ed.). (Texas Tech University. Department of
Agricultural and Applied Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail:
octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu>).
En: Sustainable forest management and global climate change: selected case studies from the Americas
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2000. p. 107-147. ISBN: 1-84064-161-4.
This paper reviews the different types of carbon sink services provided by forests and addresses the
issue of placing economic values on them. The concept of joint implementation is discussed in more
detail and an example of its application is presented. Various methods to estimate the magnitude and
economic value of the carbon sink services rendered by each of the three main types of tropical forests
in Costa Rica: natural primary, naturally regenerating secondary, and artificial plantations are also
presented and illustrated.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 228 Estimating the greenhouse gas benefits of forestry projects: a Costa Rican case
study [Estimando los beneficios de los proyectos forestales de gases invernadero: estudio de caso
costarricense] / Busch, C.B; Sathaye, J.A; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (Lawrence Energy
Technologies Division. Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Energy Analysis Department,
Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>). Berkeley, CA: Ernest Orlando Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 2000. 119 p. (LBNL; no. 42289).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6588.pdf
If the Clean Development Mechanism proposed under the Kyoto Protocol is to serve as an effective
means for combating global climate change, it will depend upon reliable estimates of greenhouse gas
benefits. This paper sketches the theoretical basis for estimating the greenhouse gas benefits of forestry
projects and suggests lessons learned based on a case study of Costa Rica's Protected Areas Project,
which is a 500,000 hectare effort to reduce deforestation and enhance reforestation. The Protected
Areas Project in many senses advances the state of the art for Clean Development Mechanism-type
forestry projects, as does the third-party verification work of SGS International Certification Services on
the project. Nonetheless, sensitivity analysis shows that carbon benefit estimates for the project vary
widely based on the imputed deforestation rate in the baseline scenario, e.g. the deforestation rate
expected if the project were not implemented. This, along with a newly available national dataset that
confirms other research showing a slower rate of deforestation in Costa Rica, suggests that the use of
the 1979-1992 forest cover data originally as the basis for estimating carbon savings should be
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reconsidered. When the newly available data is substituted, carbon savings amount to 8.9 Mt (million
tones) of carbon, down from the original estimate of 15.7 Mt. The primary general conclusion is that
project developers should give more attention to the forecasting land use and land cover change
scenarios underlying estimates of greenhouse gas benefits.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6588.
Publicación no.: 229 Environmental controls on net ecosystem-level carbon exchange and productivity
in a Central American tropical wet forest [Controles ambientales sobre el intercambio de carbono y
productividad a nivel de ecosistema en un bosque húmedo tropical centroamericano] / Loescher, Henry
William; Oberbauer, Steven F; Gholz, H.L; Clark, David B. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest
Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu> <Email: oberbaue@fiu.edu> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 9, no. 3, p. 396-412. 2003.
Difficulty in balancing the global carbon budget has lead to increased attention on tropical forests, which
have been estimated to account for up to one third of global gross primary production. Whether tropical
forests are sources, sinks, or neutral with respect to their carbon balance with the atmosphere remains
unclear. To address this issue, estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) were made for 3
years (1998-2000) using the eddy-covariance technique in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica.
Measurements were made from a 42 m tower centred in an old-growth forest. Under unstable
conditions, the measurement height was at least twice the estimated zeroplane height from the ground.
The canopy at the site is extremely rough; under unstable conditions the median aerodynamic
roughness length ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 m. No relationship between NEE and friction velocity was found
using all of the 30-min averages. However, there was a linear relationship between the nighttime NEE
and averaged u* (R2 = 0.98). The diurnal pattern rn of flux was similar to that found in other tropical
forests, with mean daytime NEE ca. - 18 µmol CO2 m2 s-1 and mean nighttime NEE 4.6 µmol CO2 m2 s-1.
However, because - 80% of the nighttime data in this forest were collected during laminar flow
conditions (< 0.2 m2 s-1), nighttime NEE was likely underestimated. Using an alternative analysis, mean
nighttime NEE increased to 7.05 µmol CO2 m2 s-1. There were interannual differences in NEE, but
seasonal differences were not apparent. Irradiance accounted for - 51% of the variation in the daytime
fluxes, with temperature and vapour pressure deficit together accounting for another - 20%. Light
compensation points ranged from 100 to 207 µmol PPFD m2 s-1. No was relationship was found between
30-min nighttime NEE and tower-top air temperature. A weak relationship was found between hourly
nighttime NEE and canopy air temperature using data averaged hourly over the entire sampling period
(Q10 = 1.79, R2 = 0.17). The contribution of below-sensor storage was fairly constant from day to day.
Our data indicate that this forest was a slight carbon source in 1998 (0.05 to -1.33 t C ha-1 yr-1), a
moderate sink in 1999 (-1.53 to -3.14 t C ha-1 yr-1), and a strong sink in 2000 (-5.97 to -7.92 t C ha-1 yr-1).
This trend is interpreted as relating to the dissipation of warm-phase El Niño effects over the course of
this study.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8985. NBINA-4304.
Publicación no.: 230 Arrecifes y ambientes coralinos de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico de Costa Rica: aspectos
biológicos, económico-recreativos y de manejo [Coral reefs and environments of Culebra Bay, Pacific
coast of Costa Rica: biology, economic and recreational considerations, management] / Jiménez-
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fuente de información.
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Centeno, Carlos E. (Universidad de Costa Rica. CIMAR y Escuela de Biología, San José, CR <E-mail:
carlos.jimenez@zmt.uni-bremen.de>).
En: Revista de Biología Tropical (ISSN 0034-7744), v. 49, Suppl. 2, p. 215-231. 2001.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-8200.pdf
The coral reefs (AC) and coral communities on basalts (CCB) or sand (CCA) of Bahia Culebra (Golfo de
Papagayo, northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica), were compared with descriptors such as cover
percentage, diversity, substrate topographical heterogeneity (I-H), associated organisms and frequency
of recreational-commercial diving activities on them. Sea urchin abundance and IH were similar among
the three reefal environments. The AC had higher coral cover (ca. 40%) and total live cover (50%). The
CCB had higher macro and calcareous algae (5%) and sponges (2%). Associated organisms (2%) and
general diversity (0.6) were higher in the CCA. Branching coral species (Pocillopora spp.) accounted for
40% of total coral cover in the reefs, followed by massive species (ca. 30%). In the CCB, branching
species contributed ca. 80% and massive ca. 19%, whilst in the CCA ca. 68% and ca. 29% respectively.
These differences could be related with the substrate consolidation and ample depth range of coral
communities. Most of the recreational dives were conducted at the CCB; only occationally the CCA and
AC are visited. Interviewed divers had a principal interest on fish and it is precisely at the CCB where
highest fish diversity and biomass are observed. Comercial divers tend to prefer the CCB because of
their abundance and distribution in the bay. At the outer littoral of Bahia Culebra, diversity of all taxa
and live coral cover zonal distribution are generally higher. In addition to these descriptors, indexes that
indicate the regional value of a particular reef or coral community are recommended. Coastal
infrastructure is mainly concentrated at three areas of the bay; one of them harbors a rare Leptoseris
papyracea reef (the only reported so far in the eastern Pacific) and the solely Costa Rican living
population of the free living coral Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata. A resort marina will be built over this reef.
A protection plan for this and other reefal environments of Bahia Culebra is urgent and must include the
monitoring of environmental variables and coral health.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: R. NBINA-8200.
Publicación no.: 231 The United States Initiative on Joint Implementation: forest sector projects [La
Iniciativa de los Estados Unidos sobre la Implementación Conjunta: proyectos del sector forestal] / Dixon,
R.K; Young, C.E.F; Palo, M (ed.); Uusivuori, J (ed.); Mery, G. (U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Power
Technologies, Deputy Assistant Secretary, 1000 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20585, US).
En: World forests, markets and policies Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. p. 121-134. ISBN:
0-7923-7171-2.
Flexible economic instruments, such as joint implementation (JI), the Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) and emissions trading, offer a concomitant means to facilitate economic, energy, and
environmental security. The United States Initiative on JointImplementation (USIJI) was established as a
pilot programme to facilitate voluntary project investments by US entities to reduce greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions worldwide. In addition to sharing the worldwide environmental and societal benefits of
GHG emission reduction, the USA will gain improved market access, achieve lower cost of green
technologies, and strengthen international credibility for its efforts in addressing a global threat. USIJI,
working under guidelines established by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), has
developed a set of operational criteria for evaluating project proposals. To date, USIJI has received more
than 150 project proposals, of which 36 have been accepted into the pilot programme. The 36 USIJI
projects span four principal sectors: forestry, energy, waste and agriculture. This project portfolio
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includes a diverse set of forest sector conservation and carbon (C) sequestration practices and activities
in 8 countries (Belize, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Indonesia, Mexico and Russia). Preliminary
estimates suggest that cumulative C sequestration potential of this project portfolio may exceed 75 Tg
C. Methodological and technical issues concerning forest sector project baselines, boundaries and
monitoring will need to be improved in the future. While the forest sector C offset industry is growing
worldwide, human and institutional capacity building is required to realize meaningful, long-term
environmental protection and economic security. In addition to the main paper by Dixon (pp. 121-132),
there is a discussion of the subject by Young (pp. 133-134).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 232 Spatial organization of diversity in tropical montane forest avifaunas:
Implications for persistence of endemic species [Organización espacial de la diversidad en las avifaunas
en el bosque montano tropical: Implicaciones para la persistencia de especies endémicas] / Rabenold,
Kerry N; Jankowski, Jill E. (Purdue University. Department of Biological Sciences, Lilly Hall, 915 W State
St, W Lafayette, IN 47907, US <E-mail: rabenold@purdue.edu> <E-mail: jjankow2@ufl.edu>). Annual
Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. 87th, and Annual International Conference of the Society
for Ecological Restoration. 14Th, abstracts, Tucson, AR USAugust 04-09, 2002.
En: Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 87, p. 242. 2002.
(Abstract only). We investigate the rate of change in species composition of bird communities across a
variety of scales in the mountain forests of Costa Rica. Understanding how high regional biodiversity of
areas like Central America is partitioned between local (alpha) diversity of small areas (10-100 ha) within
particular habitat types, and landscape (beta) diversity over larger areas encompassing multiple
habitats, is a longstanding conceptual goal in ecology and an important guide for conservation planning.
If species are sufficiently specialized for particular forest types along an altitudinal gradient, beta
diversity will be high and regionally endemic species may be further limited spatially on a local scale. We
ask whether habitat specialization is associated with rarity within habitat types, resulting in a syndrome
of vulnerability for regional endemics that are rare at all scales. We find strong similarity of species
composition at a particular altitude (lower montane rainforest), both within the Monteverde
Cloudforest Reserve, and between neighboring reserves in the Tilarán range. Using comparisons with
other studies, we find differences increasing with distance among mountain ranges. Species composition
changes rapidly with altitude on tropical mountains, especially on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica, and our
data show surprisingly rapid change even within recognized life zones. At the highest elevations, where
the impact of climate change is greatest, species with geographically limited ranges tend to also have
narrow ecological tolerances and to be rare within their habitats. This accumulation of risk factors
makes these endemics particularly vulnerable to extinction.
Publicación no.: 233 Twenty years of change and development in a tropical dry forest, Guanacaste,
Costa Rica [Veinte años de cambio y desarrollo en un bosque seco tropical, Guanacaste, Costa Rica] /
Enquist, Carolyn A.F. (University of New Mexico. Department of Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091,
US <E-mail: cafinn@unm.edu>). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. 86th, Madison, WI
USAugust 05-10, 2001.
En: Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, v. 86, p. 86. 2001. (Abstract only).
Localización: No disponible.
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Publicación no.: 234 Los sistemas silvopastoriles y el calentamiento global: un balance de emisiones
[Silvopastoral systems and global warming: a gas emission balance] / Montenegro-Ballestero, Johnny;
Abarca-Monge, Sergio. (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. Dirección de Protección Fitosanitaria,
Turrialba, CR <E-mail: jmonte@guayabo.sa.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Agronomía Costarricense (ISSN 0377-9424), v. 26, no. 1, p. 17-24. 2002.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-12150.pdf
A gas emission balance was carried out in SPS located in the Montano Low Forest (MLF), Wet
Premontain Forest (WPF), and Tropical Wet Forest (TWF) of Costa Rica. The methane emission from
cattle, N2O and CO2 emission from soil, temperature, humidity, carbon, ammonium and nitrate contents,
and soil compaction were determined in SPS as well as in natural forest ecosystems. In the SPS located
at the MLF and TWF emissions were higher than in natural ecosystems. In both, the N-NH4 soil
concentration positively influenced the nitrous oxide gas emission. In the WPF ecosystem, the net
emission showed a favorable N20 balance (-1.58 kg of N ha-1 year-1) for the SPS but the natural forest
emitted less C (3.51 kg of C ha-1 year-1). The methane emission factor determined was 654 kg CH4 ha-1
year-1 in the WPF, 183 kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 in the TWF and 360 kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 in the MLF. The emission
efficiency expressed as g of CH4kg-1 of produced milk was MLF: 19, WPF: 22 and TWF: 31. The carbon in
the soil was higher in the SPS than in the natural forest ecosystems. The annual amount of C per land
unit in the arboreal component was higher in the SPS of the WPF and TWF than in the MLF. The lowest
balance value (418 kg of C ha-1 year-1) was estimated for the SPS inthe TWF and the highest (3911 kg of
C ha-1 year-1) for the SPS in the WPF; an intermediate range was estimated for the SPS located in the
MLF (2418 kg of C ha-1 year-1). The total emission of N2O was higher in the bovine production systems
than in the natural ecosystem, with the exception of the SPS located in the WPF. The emission of carbon
dioxide was always higher in the SPS. The total carbon amount stored in the soil profile was higher in the
SPS. The balance indicated that all farms eva-luated act as originators of greenhouse gases, methane
being the main gas affecting the final balance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: A. NBINA-12150.
Publicación no.: 235 Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to
interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000 [Crecimiento del bosque lluvioso tropical y
dinámica del carbono atmosférico ligados a la variación de la temperatura en diferentes años durante
1984-2000] / Clark, Deborah A; Piper, S.C; Keeling, C.D; Clark, David B. (Organization for Tropical Studies.
La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 5852-5857),
v. 100, no. 10, p. 5852-5857. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4303.pdf
During 1984-2000, canopy tree growth in old-growth tropical rain forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, varied 2fold among years. The trees' annual diameter increments in this 16-yr period were negatively correlated
with annual means of daily minimum temperatures. The tree growth variations also negatively covaried
with the net carbon exchange of the terrestrial tropics as a whole, as inferred from nearly pole-to-pole
measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) interpreted by an inverse tracer-transport model.
Strong reductions in tree growth and large inferred tropical releases of CO2 to the atmosphere occurred
during the record-hot 1997-1998 El Niño. These and other recent findings are consistent with decreased
net primary production in tropical forests in the warmer years of the last two decades. As has been
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Junio 2012
projected by recent process model studies, such a sensitivity of tropical forest productivity to on-going
climate change would accelerate the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8984. NBINA-4303.
Publicación no.: 236 Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and
pasture landscapes in Costa Rica [Estimando los flujos de óxido nitroso y metano de la estación lluviosa
a través del paisaje del bosque y potreros en Costa Rica] / Reiners, William A; Keller, Michael; Gerow,
Kenneth G. (University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071, US <E-mail:
reiners@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: gerow@uwyo.edu>). International
Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior. Third, Villanova, PE USJune 21-25, 1997.
En: Biogeochemical investigations at watershed, landscape, and regional scales. Wieder, R.K; Novak, M;
Cerny, J, (eds.) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. p. 117-130. ISBN: 0792351673.
The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH4 and N2O, both radiatively active gases,
between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa Rica;
and to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly terrain.
Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of both
actively grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were
significantly different for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not
significantly different for CH4, but were significantly different for N2O. The forest landscape was
partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop, slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas
for each of these were multiplied by their respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the
entire forested area ofH4 flux ranged from -6,201 to -6,658 g CH4 d-1. Errors associated with both
estimating mean emission rates for each hillslope position and judgmental errors in partitioning the
landscape into hillslope positional classes are important tomaking landscape-scale estimates of flux.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 237 An intimate knowledge of trees [Un conocimiento íntimo de los árboles] / Kaiser, J.
En: Science (ISSN 0036-8075), v. 300, p. 566-567. 2003.
A husband-wife ecologist team whose 20-year study of tropical rainforests has yielded a wealth of
insights now suggests that global warming could be worse than expected.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S8986. NBINA-4305.
Publicación no.: 238 Below-ground carbon dynamics as a function of climate variability in undisturbed
soils of a neotropical rain forest [Dinámica del carbono en el suelo como una función de la variabilidad
del clima en suelos no perturbados del bosque lluvioso neotropical] / Schwendenmann, Luitgard C.
(Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: lscwen@gwdg.de>). (ISSN 0939-1347) Göttingen: Universität Göttingen /
Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, 2002. 132 p. Dissertation, Dr., Universität Göttingen,
Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, Göttingen (Germany).
A través de un estudio llevado a cabo durante varios años se investigó el efecto de la temperatura y del
contenido de agua en el suelo sobre la dinámica del carbono en un bosque húmedo tropical. La región
de estudio, Estación Biológica La Selva, se ubica en la vertiente atlántica de Costa Rica. El clima está
caracterizado por altas precipitaciones. Los suelos de la región son de origen volcánico. El experimento
se llevó a cabo sobre viejas terrazas aluviales ('old alluvium') así como también sobre suelos residuales
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fuertemente meteorizados ('residual'). Los objetivos de la investigación fueron: (i) Cuantificación de la
respiración del suelo en dos diferentes tipos de suelo, (ii) Cálculo de las tasas de producción de CO2 en
diferentes profundidades de suelo, (iii) Investigación de la influencia de la temperatura y del contenido
de agua en el suelo sobre la producción de CO2 y la respiración del suelo, (iv) Descripción de los procesos
que influyen en la distribución vertical de la concentración de CO2 y (v) Cuantificación de la porción
disuelta del carbono y del nitrógeno orgánico, así como la caracterización biológica y química en relación
con la profundidad del suelo. Para esto fueron llevadas a cabo desde abril de 1998, en un total de 6
parcelasexperimentales, con intervalos de dos semanas, las siguientes mediciones. Para la
caracterización de la respiración del suelo fueron instaladas en cada parcela experimental un total de 8
'cámaras de la respiración'. Se utilizó un aparato de gas infravermelho LiCor portátil para las mediciones
de la respiración en el campo. Paralelamente se llevaron a cabo las mediciones de la temperatura y de la
humedad del suelo. En cada parcela experimental se estableció una calicata de 3 hasta 4 m de
profundidad. En diferentes profundidades se instalaron sondas para la toma de pruebas de gases,
sensores de temperatura, instrumentos para medir humedad y lisímetros para sacar muestras de agua.
Los coeficientes de difusión que dependen de la profundidad del suelo fueron estimados a través de
fórmulas empíricas y comparados contra un perfil de Radon (222Rn). El cálculo de las tasas de
producción de CO2 se llevó a cabo tomando como base los coeficientes de difusión estimados y los
perfiles de CO2 medidos. Los resultadosmás importantes son: 1. La respiración del suelo (11 Mg ha-1 a-1)
en los sitios experimentales sobre las viejas terrazas aluviales fue 20 % menor con respecto a los sitios
ubicados sobre suelos residuales (14 Mg ha-1 a-1). La variabilidad espacial pudo ser aclarada a través del
contenido de carbono en el suelo, la biomasa de raíces finas y la concentración de fosfato. La dinámica
anual mostró dependencia del contenido de agua en el suelo. Bajas emisiones de CO2 fueron medidas
tanto para bajas como para altas concentraciones de agua en el suelo. Las tasas más altas de respiración
fueron determinadas para contenidos de agua entre 0.35 y 0.50 cm3. La influencia de la temperatura del
suelo sobre la respiración ha sido atribuida probablemente a la dependencia entre el contenido de agua
en el suelo y la temperatura del suelo. 2. Las concentraciones de CO2 en las capas más cercanas a la
superficie del suelo mostraron una fuerte variación temporal. Para valores muy altos del contenido de
agua subió el contenido de CO2 en el aire del suelo hasta en un 3 %. En las capas de suelo más
profundas, el porcentaje de CO2 en el aire del suelo fue 10 %. Por debajo de 1 m de profundidad se
disolvió el 90 % del contenido total de dióxido de carbono en el agua del suelo. 3. La producción de CO2
se concentra en los primeros 0.5 m del perfil del suelo (85 - 90 %) y estuvo influenciado por el contenido
de agua en el suelo. La producción en capas de suelo más profundas estuvo correlacionada con el
contenido de agua en el suelo y la radiación solar. En los sitios sobre las viejas terrazas aluviales ('old
alluvium') se comprobó una fuerte dependencia de la temperatura del suelo en profundidades entre 2 3 m. 4. El registro del carbono orgánico disuelto es bajo (< 10 %) encomparación con las cantidades de
carbono que se producen en forma de caída de hojarasca. A través de la alta capacidad de absorción de
los suelos arcillosos se retiene en el suelo 80 % del DOC producido.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 413. LS. LC.
Publicación no.: 239 Historical and future land use effects on N2O and NO emissions using an
ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica´s Caribbean lowlands as an example [Efectos del uso
histórico y futuro en las emisiones de N2O y NO utilizando un enfoque de modelaje conjunto: Las tierras
bajas caribeñas de Costa Rica como ejemplo] / Reiners, William A; Liu, Shuguang; Gerow, Kenneth G;
Keller, Michael; Schimel, Davis S. (University of Wyoming. Department of Botany, Laramie, WY 82071-
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3165, US <E-mail: reiners@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov> <E-mail: gerow@uwyo.edu>
<E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <E-mail: schimel@ucar.edu>).
En: Global Biogeochemical Cycles (ISSN 0886-6236), v. 16, no. 4, p. 1068-1085. 2002.
The humid tropical zone is a major source area for N2O and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Local
emission rates vary widely with local conditions, particularly land use practices which swiftly change
with expanding settlement and changing market conditions. The combination of wide variation in
emission rates and rapidly changing land use make regional estimation and future prediction of biogenic
trace gas emission particularly difficult. This study estimates contemporary, historical, and future N2O
and NO emissions from 0.5 million ha of northeastern Costa Rica, a well-documented region in the wet
tropics undergoing rapid agricultural development. Estimates were derived by linking spatially
distributed environmental data with an ecosystem simulation model in an ensemble estimation
approach that incorporates the variance and covariance of spatially distributed driving variables. Results
include measures of variance for regional emissions. The formation and aging of pastures from forest
provided most of the past temporal change in N2O and NO flux in this region; future changes will be
controlled by the degree of nitrogen fertilizer application and extent of intensively managed croplands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9005. NBINA-6095.
Publicación no.: 240 Soil microbial dynamics and biogeochemistry in tropical forests and pastures,
southwestern Costa Rica [Dinámica microbiana del suelo y biogeoquímica en bosques y potreros
tropicales, suroeste de Costa Rica] / Cleveland, Cory C; Townsend, Alan R; Schmidt, S.K; Constance, B.C.
(The University of Colorado. Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, Campus Box 450, Boulder, CO 80309,
US <E-mail: cory.cleveland@colorado.edu> <E-mail: alan.townsend@colorado.edu>).
En: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 13, no. 2, p. 314-326. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3725.pdf
Tropical rain forest ecosystems are currently undergoing unprecedented rates of land conversion and
land use change. Recent research suggests these activities profoundly influence nutrient cycling, but the
principal mechanisms driving variation in nutrient status following land conversion are still not well
understood. In this study, we used soils of varying fertility (oxisols and mollisols) in Costa Rica to
investigate how conversion of tropical rain forest to cattle pasture affects the size and function of the
microbial community, and to explore possible relationships between microbial dynamics and
biogeochemistry. Our pasture sites are relatively lightly managed, and total pools, of carbon (C),
nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were not significantly different from their forest counterparts.
However, pools of available elements were different; most notably, plant available forms of P were
significantly lower in the oxisol pasture than in the oxisol forest site. In addition, we found that land
conversion led to fundamental changes in the size and activity of the soil microbial community.
Microbial biomass was consistently higher in forests than in pastures, particularly in the oxisol sites,
where it was more than twice the pasture value. Forest sites were also characterized by a microbial
community that was more active, responded more rapidly to carbon substrate additions, and showed
strong seasonal variation. Our results provide evidence that changes in biogeochemical cycling following
land conversion observed here and elsewhere may be directly related to changes in microbial
community structure and function.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9041. NBINA-3725.
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Junio 2012
Publicación no.: 241 Substantial labile carbon stocks and microbial activity in deeply weathered soils
below a tropical wet forest / Veldkamp, Edzo; Becker, A; Schwendenmann, Luitgard C; Clark, Deborah A;
Shulte-Bisping, H. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Soil Sciences & Forest Nutrition; Busgenweg 2, D37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: lscwen@gwdg.de> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 9, p. 1171-1184. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-922.pdf
Contrary to large areas in Amazonia of tropical moist forests with a pronounced dry season, tropical wet
forests in Costa Rica do not depend on deep roots to maintain an evergreen forest canopy through the
year. At our Costa Rican tropical wet forestsites, we found a large carbon stock in the subsoil of deeply
weathered Oxisols, even though only 0.04-0.2% of the measured root biomass (> 2 mm diameter) to 3 m
depth was below 2 m. In addition, we demonstrate that 20% or more of this deep soil carbon
(depending on soil type) can be mobilized after forest clearing for pasture establishment. Microbial
activity between 0.3 and 3 m depth contributed about 50% to the microbial activity in these soils,
confirming the importance of the subsoil in C cycling. Depending on soil type, forest clearing for pasture
establishment led from no change to a slight addition of carbon in the topsoil (0-0.3 m depth). However,
this effect was countered by a substantial loss of C stocks in the subsoil (1-3 m depth). Our results show
that large stocks of relatively labile carbon are not limited to areas with a prolonged dry season, but can
also be found in deeply weathered soils below tropical wet forests. Forest clearing in such areas may
produce unexpectedly high C lossesfrom the subsoil.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-922.
Publicación no.: 242 Spatial and temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux in an old-growth neotropical rain
forest, La Selva, Costa Rica [Variación espacial y temporal en el flujo de CO2 en un bosque lluvioso
neotropical de viejo crecimiento, La Selva, Costa Rica] / Schwendenmann, Luitgard C; Veldkamp, Edzo;
Brenes, T; O'Brien, Joseph J; Mackensen, J. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department
of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: lscwen@gwdg.de> <E-mail:
eveldka@gwdg.de> <E-mail: jjobrien@fs.fed.us>).
En: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 64, p. 111-128. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-921.pdf
Our objectives were to quantify and compare soil CO2 efflux of two dominant soil types in an old-growth
neotropical rain forest in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, and to evaluate the control of environmental
factors on CO2 release. We measured soil CO2 efflux from eight permanent soil chambers on six Oxisol
sites. Three sites were developed on old river terraces ('old alluvium') and the other three were
developed on old lava flows ('residual'). At the same time we measured soil CO2 concentrations, soil
water content and soil temperature at various depths in 6 soil shafts (3 m deep). Between 'old alluvium'
sites, the two-year average CO, flux rates ranged from 117.3 to 128.9 mg C m-2 h-1. Significantly higher
soil CO2 flux occurred on the `residual' sites (141.1 to 184.2 mg C m2 h-1. Spatial differences in CO2 efflux
were related to fine root biomass, soil carbon and phosphorus concentration but also to soil water
content. Spatial variability in CO2 storage was high and the amount of CO2 stored in the upper and lower
soil profile was different between `old alluvial' and `residual' sites. The major factor identified for
explaining temporal variations in soil CO2 efflux was soil water content. During periods of high soil water
content CO2 emission decreased, probably due to lower diffusion and CO2 production rates. During the
2-year study period inter-annual variation in soil CO2 efflux was not detected.
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Junio 2012
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-921.
Publicación no.: 243 Above ground carbon sequestration potential in mixed and pure tree plantations
in the humid tropics [Potencial de acumulación de carbono en plantaciones mixtas y puras en el trópico
húmedo] / Shepherd, D; Montagnini, Florencia. (Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail:
florencia.montagnini@yale.edu>).
En: Journal of Tropical Forest Science (ISSN 0128-1283), v. 13, no. 3, p. 450-459. 2001.
The use of tree plantations for carbon sequestration can contribute to the mitigation of the increasing
levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Proper design and management of plantations can increase
biomass accumulation rates, making them more effective carbon sink. The purpose of this study was to
compare above ground biomass production (and subsequently carbon sequestration potential) after six
years of growth between three different native tree plantations composed of pure- and mixed-species
plots in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. In plantation 1, Vochysia guatemalensis, Jacaranda
copaia and the four-species mixed stands had similar total biomass values, but Calophyllum brasiliense
was significantly lower. In plantation 2, themixed-species and the Dipteryx panamensis pure-species
plots had higher values than the others. In plantation 3, Hyeronima alchorneoides, V. ferruginea and the
four-species mixture had similar total biomass. Based on carbon ton-year calculations, J. copaia had the
highest value, followed by V. guatemalensis, the four-species mix in plantation 1 and then by the fourspecies mix in plantation 2. The results of this research suggest that several native tree species in the
region have a varying potential for carbon accumulation and that altering species in plantation design
can influence the above ground biomass accumulation rates of tree plantations.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10068.
Publicación no.: 244 Linking carbon inputs to sustainable agriculture in Canadian and Costa Rican
agroforestry systems [Relación entre el aporte de carbono y la agricultura sustentable en sistemas
agroforestales en Canadá y Costa Rica] / Oelbermann, Maren. (University of Waterloo. Department of
Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: moelberm@fes.uwaterloo.ca>).
Guelph, ON: University of Guelph, 2002. 208 p. ISBN: 0-612-71747-X. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of
Guelph, Ontario (Canada).
Alternative land management practices, including agroforestry, can rejuvenate marginal soils and
increase soil C sequestration to help mitigate atmospheric CO2 emissions. The objective of this study was
to quantify C inputs in temperate and tropical alley cropping systems. In Costa Rica 18, 9 and 3-year old
Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook and G. sepium (Jacq.) Walp. were combined with maize and
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and in Canada 12-year old hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN
177) was alley cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [(Glycine max L. (Merr.)]. The 18 and 9year old tropical system, with either tree species, had an input of 2365 and 3960 kg C ha-1 from maize
and bean residues, where maize roots contributed approximately 14% of total residue C input and bean
roots contributed 12%. Comparatively crop C input in Canada was 2118 kg C ha-1 for maize and 826 kg C
ha-1 for soybeans, where roots contributed 10 to 14% of the total C inputs. A higher C input from crop
residues in the tropical biome results from two cropping seasons per year compared to a single crop in
the temperate system. Carbon input from 18-year old tree prunings was 4003 kg C ha(-1), and 1038 and
1038 kg C ha-1 for 9 and 3-year old trees. Annual C input from hybrid poplar prunings was 1407 kg C ha-1
with an additional contribution of 816 kg C ha-1 from autumnal litterfall within 3.5 m of the tree row.
Soil organic C (SOC) ranged from 139, 101 to 96 Mg C ha-1 for 18, 9 and 3-year old tropical systems,
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whereas the temperate system SOC pool was 125 Mg C ha(-1). The proportion of C derived from C4
plants to a 20 cm depth in tropical alley crops was 35% (18-yr) and 24% (9-yr), with similar values (23%)
in the temperate system. These results suggest that the rate of SOC turnover in tropical soils (14 yrs) is
greater than that of temperate soils (45 years).
Localización: Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis O28.
Publicación no.: 245 Ecosystem-level responses of carbon and energy from a tropical wet forest in
Costa Rica [Respuestas a nivel de ecosistema del carbono y energía de un bosque húmedo tropical en
Costa Rica] / Loescher, Henry William. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321
Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu>). Gainesville, FL:
University of Florida, 2002. 93 p. ISBN: 0-493-85051-1. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL (USA).
Whether tropical forests are sources, sinks, or neutral with respect to their carbon balance with the
atmosphere remains unclear. To address this issue, estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon and
energy (NEE) were made for 3 years (1998 - 2000) using the eddy-covariance technique in a tropical wet
forest in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Mean daytime NEE was ca. ± 18 µmol CO2 m2 s-1 and
mean nighttime NEE 4.6 µmol CO2 m2 s-1 (efflux). However, because - 80% of the nighttime data in this
forest were collected during laminar flow conditions (< 0.2 m2 s-1), nighttime NEE was likely
underestimated. Using an alternative analysis, mean nighttime NEE increased to 6.9 µmol CO2 m2 s-1.
Incident radiation accounted for - 51% of the variation in the daytime fluxes, with temperature and
vapor pressure deficit together accounting for another - 20%. This forest was a slight negative carbon
sink in 1998 (- 0.08 to - 1.42 t C ha-1 yr-1), a moderate sink in 1999 (-1.65 to - 3.21 t C ha-1), and a strong
sink in 2000 (- 6.1 to - 8.1 t C ha-1). This trend is interpreted as relating to the dissipation of warm-phase
El Niño effects over the course of this study. The effects of net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit
(VPD), and surface conductances on energy balance and evapotranspiration (ET) were also determined
for this forest. Sensible (H) and latent heat (lambda E) fluxes were estimated as the sum of above
canopy eddy-covariance fluxes and changes in below-canopy heat profiles. Albedowas about 12% of
incident radiation and did not differ seasonally. Rn was significantly different among years, explaining
about 79% of the variation in each of the H and lambda E fluxes. The effects of VPD did not explain any
additional variation in heat fluxes. Lambda E was always greater than H (when Rn exceeded 40 W m2).
The dimensionless decoupling coefficient, Omega; was always 0.5 and peaked at 0.7, suggesting that ET
for this the forest was generally decoupled from physiological controls. Therewas better precision in
estimating lambda E flux using the Priestly-Taylor model rather than using the more physiologicallybased Penman-Monteith model. Annual ET was 54 - 66% of bulk precipitation and utilized 88 - 97% of
available energy (R n).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5634.
Publicación no.: 246 Policy innovations for private forest management and conservation in Costa Rica
[Innovaciones en política para el manejo y conservación forestal en Costa Rica] / Snider, A.G; Pattanayak,
Subhrendu K; Sills, Erin O; Schuler, J.L. (University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Resources, 115
Green Hall, 1530 Cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail: asnider@umn.edu> <E-mail:
spattan@ncsu.edu>).
En: Journal of Forestry (ISSN 0022-1201), v. 101, no. 5, p. 18-23. 2003.
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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Costa Rica is a leader in innovative forest conservation and management policies, including a program of
direct payments to private forest landowners for environmental services. This approach is widely
advocated but rarely implemented, and thus the Costa Rican experience constitutes a valuable realworld policy experiment. We discuss the motivation for this program, its domestic and international
funding sources, and the structure of contracts with landowners. The successes and challenges facing
the Costa Rican program offer insights for other countries-both developed and developing-regarding
policies for private forest management.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1034.
Publicación no.: 247 Belowground carbon allocation in forests estimated from litterfall and IRGAbased soil respiration measurements / Davidson, E.A; Savage, K; Bolstad, P; Clark, Deborah A; Curtis,
P.S; Ellsworth, D.S; Hanson, P.J; Law, B.E; Luo, Y; Pregitzer, K.S; Randolph, J.C; Zak, D.R. (The Woods Hole
Research Center, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543-0296, US <E-mail: edavidson@whrc.org> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (ISSN 0168-1923), v. 113, p. 39-51. 2002.
Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of the most important, yet least well quantified
fluxes of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literature review of mature forests worldwide, Raich and
Nadelhoffer (1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated from
the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze new
measurements of soil respiration and litterfall, including data from the Ameriflux network. Our results
generally agree with Raich and Nadelhoffer's previous work. A regression analysis of data from mature
forests produced the following relationship: annual soil respiration = 287 + 2.80 × annual litterfall. This
regression slope indicates that, on average, soil respiration is roughly three times aboveground litterfallC, which further implies that TBCA is roughly twice annual aboveground litterfall-C. These inferences are
based on the uncertain assumption of soil C stocks being at steady state. Nevertheless, changes in soil C
would have to be very large to modify the conclusion that TBCA is generally much larger than litterfall.
Among only mature temperate hardwood forests, however, the correlation between litterfall and soil
respiration was poor, and the correlation among years for a single site was also poor. Therefore, the
regression cannot be relied upon to provide accurate estimates of soil respiration or TBCA for individual
sites. Moreover, interannual variation in TBCA, short-term changes in C stocks, or different temporal
scales controlling leaf litter production and soil respiration may cause important deviations from the
global average. The regression slope for data from young forests is steeper, possibly indicating
proportionally greater TBCA, but the steady-state assumption is more problematic for young forests.
This method Allocation of C to belowground plant structures is one of the most important, yet least well
quantified fluxes of C in terrestrial ecosystems. In a literaturereview of mature forests worldwide, Raich
and Nadelhoffer (1989) suggested that total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) could be estimated
from the difference between annual rates of soil respiration and aboveground litterfall. Here we analyze
new measurements of soil respiration and litterfall, including data from the Ameriflux network. Our
results generally agree with Raich and Nadelhoffer's previous work. A regression analysis of data from
mature forests produced the following relationship: annualsoil respiration = 287 + 2.80 × annual
litterfall. This regression slope indicates that, on average, soil respiration is roughly three times
aboveground litterfall-C, which further implies that TBCA is roughly twice annual aboveground litterfallC. Theseinferences are based on the uncertain assumption of soil C stocks being at steady state.
Nevertheless, changes in soil C would have to be very large to modify the conclusion that TBCA is
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generally much larger than litterfall. Among only mature temperate hardwood forests, however, the
correlation between litterfall and soil respiration was poor, and the correlation among years for a single
site was also poor. Therefore, the regression cannot be relied upon to provide accurate estimates of soil
respiration or TBCA for individual sites. Moreover, interannual variation in TBCA, short-term changes in
C stocks, or different temporal scales controlling leaf litter production and soil respiration may cause
important deviations from the global average. The regression slope for data from young forests is
steeper, possibly indicating proportionally greater TBCA, but the steady-state assumption is more
problematic for young forests. This method for estimating TBCA may be most appropriate where
interannual variation is averaged over several years of observations and where a near-steady-state
assumption of soil, litter, and root C stocks is least problematic.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-964.
Publicación no.: 248 Evaluación del impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles sobre la recuperación de
pasturas degradadas y su contribución en el secuestro de carbono en lecherías de altura en Costa Rica
[Evaluation of the impact of silvopastoral systems on soil recovery in degraded pastures and on carbon
sequestration in high altitude dairy cattle farms in Costa Rica] / Villanueva-Najarro, Cristóbal; Ibrahim,
Muhammad A. (CATIE. Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, Turrialba, CR <E-mail:
villanu@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 1022-7482), v. 9, no. 35, p. 35-36. 2002.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-5362.pdf
The impact of the silvopastoral systems (SPS) Alnus acuminata with Pennisetum clandestinum on the
recovery of degraded pasture soils and its contribution to C sequestration was evaluated. The systems
were monoculture pastures (MP); pastures with two year old A. acuminata (SPS2); with three year old A.
acuminata (SPS3); and with four year old A. acuminata (SPS4). Bulk density, resistance to penetrometer,
total N and soil C were higher in the SPS compared to the MP, and improved with the age of the trees.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5362. Biblioteca Museo Nacional: SD19 A3.
Publicación no.: 249 El cambio climático y los humedales en Centroamérica: Implicaciones de la
variación climática para los ecosistemas acuáticos y su manejo en la región / Rojas-Araya, Manrique;
Campos-Ortiz, Max; Alpízar-Vaglio, Edwin; Bravo-Chacón, Juan; Córdoba-Muñoz, Rocío. (Unión Mundial
para la Naturaleza (UICN). Oficina Regional para Mesoamérica, Apdo. Postal 146-2150 Moravia CR <Email: ealpizar@cedarena.org> <E-mail: jbravo@una.ac.cr> <E-mail: rocio.cordoba@orma.iucn.org>). San
José: UICN, 2003. 40 p. ISBN: 9968-743-78-X.
Introducción: Centroamérica está formada por un angosto istmo ubicado en el cinturón tropical, donde
la interacción entre el predominante viento alisio y la compleja topografia hacen que se presenten
contrastes climáticos importantes entre las vertientes Caribe y Pacífico. La región del Gran Caribe donde
se localiza Centroamérica es una zona de interacciones climáticas entre los hemisferios norte y sur. En
esta región la zona de convergencia intertropical, el movimiento de los ciclones tropicales, las ondas del
este y el desplazmiento de los frentes fríos, son algunas manifestaciones climáticas que hacen que la
zona sea climáticamente compleja. Otros factores de escalas inter-anuales como los eventos de El Niño
y la Niña, hacen que los fenómenos climáticos puedan alcanzar niveles extremos, produciendo desastres
y afectando las actividades productivas, los asentamientos humanos y los recursos naturales. El cambio
en el clima que enfrenta hoy día el planeta, producto del aumento de las emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero, hace que los escenarios futuros y las proyecciones para el Istmo no sean muy favorables.
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Estudios regionales y nacionales referenciados en las comunicaciones nacionales ante el Convenio
Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (UN-FCCC) evidencian variaciones importantes en
elementos del clima regional como la temperatura, la precipitación, la nubosidad y la escorrentía. Los
estudios hechos en Centroamérica demuestran la sensibilidad de los sistemas productivos y la fragilidad
de los recursos naturales ante variaciones en el clima actual (PCCC, 1995; MARENA, 2000; MINAE-IMN,
2000). Las proyecciones globales indican que uno de los sistemas más afectados por la variabilidad
climática y los eventos extremos son los ecosistemas de humedales. A pesar que no existen estudios
específicos en Centroamérica que relacionen el cambio climático con los humedales, es de esperarse
que bajo las condiciones descritas en los escenarios de cambio climático presentados en las
comunicaciones nacionales, estos ecosistemas sufrirán alteraciones significativas, con sus consecuencias
directas e indirectas en las poblaciones humanas que de ellos dependen para subsistir. Esto lo confirman
estudios específicos hechos en Estados Unidos (LeRoy et. al., 2002), que permiten realizar
comparaciones sobre los impactos en los ecosistemas de Centroamérica. En la mayoría de las regiones
del planeta el cambio climático produce un aumento en la temperatura atmosférica, que a su vez causa
un aumento en la temperatura del agua que tiende a alterar los procesos ecológicos y la distribución
geográfica de las especies acuáticas. Para la región del Pacífico Centroamericano es de esperarse que la
temperatura promedio anual sea aproximadamente 3 °C mayor que la actual. (MARENA, 2000; MINAEIMN, 2000). A pesar de que algunas especies podrían adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones, las barreras
que hoy día antepone el ser humano, limitan los correcdores de migración de las especies y aumenta la
probabilidad de extinción y la pérdida neta de biodiversidad. Además de un incremento en la
temperatura, se prevé que el cambio climático en la región también tendrá incidencia en el aumento del
nivel medio del mar debido al calentamiento del océano, tanto por expansióntérmica o aumento de
volumen por fusión de los hielos. El presente documento pretende hacer una breve descripción de la
importancia de los humedales y documentar la experiencia regional sobre los riesgos del cambio
climático en el agua y en el manejo de los humedales. De este modo, brinda recomendaciones que
conduzcan a establecer un proceso de diálogo regional y de información a los actores, que permitan
definir políticas para aumentar el nivel de preparación y adaptación al cambio climático, en función de
los recursos hídricos y el manejo de los humedales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 505.
Publicación no.: 250 Age and long-term growth of trees in an old-growth tropical rain forest, based on
analyses of tree rings and 14C [Edad y crecimiento y crecimiento a largo plazo de los árboles en un
bosque lluvioso tropical de viejo crecimiento, con base al análisis de los anillos de crecimiento y
radiocarbono (14C)] / Fichtler, Esther; Clark, Deborah A; Worbes, Martin. (Universtaet Goettingen.
Institut für Forstbotank, Buesgenweg 2, Goettingen, DE <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 35, no. 3, p. 306-317. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2073.pdf
In an old-growth tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, we combined radiocarbon (14C) dating and
tree-ring analysis to estimate the ages of large trees of canopy and emergent species spanning a broad
range of wood densities and growth rates. Wecollected samples from the trunks of 29 fallen, dead
individuals. We found that all eight sampled species formed visible growth rings, which varied
considerably in distinctiveness. For five of the six species for which we combined wood anatomical
studieswith 14C-dates (ring ages), the analyses demonstrated that growth rings were of annual
formation. The oldest tree we found by direct ring counting was a Hymenolobium mesoamericanum
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Lima (Papilionaceae) specimen, with an age of ca. 530 years at the time of death. All other sampled
individuals, including very large trees of slow-growing species, had died at ages between 200 and 300
years. These results show that, even in an everwet tropical rain forest, tree growth of many species can
be rhythmic, with anannual periodicity. This study thus raises the possibility of extending tree-ring
analyses throughout the tropical forest types lacking a strong dry season or annual flooding. Our findings
and similar measurements from other tropical forests indicate that the maximum ages of tropical
emergent trees are unlikely to be much greater than 600 years, and that these trees often die earlier
from various natural causes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-2073.
Publicación no.: 251 Nitrous oxide flux from dry tropical forests [Flujo de óxido nitroso de bosques seco
tropicales] / Matson, Pamela A; Vitousek, Peter M; Volkmann, Carol; Maass, J. Manuel; García, Georgina.
(NASA. Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, US). Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of
America on Perspectives in Ecology: Past, Present, and Future. 75th, Snowbird, UT USJuly 29-August 2,
1990.
En: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America (ISSN 0012-9623), v. 71, no. 2 (Suppl.), p. 241-242. 1990.
[Abstract only]. Fluxes of nitrous oxide were determined in several sites in drought-deciduous tropical
forest, an extensive but little-studied biome. N2O-N fluxes from eight sites within intact Mexican forest
averaged 0.91 ng cm-2 h-1 during the wet season; they were virtually absent in the dry season. Two
subsistence maize fields yielded increasec soil N2O-N fluxes, while five pastures were more variable.
Watering during the dry season caused a substantial but short-lived pulse of N2O. Similar fluxes were
observed in less-intensive sampling of dry-forest sites in Hawaii and Costa Rica. Overall, N2O fluxes from
soils of dry tropical forests appear to be similar to those from moist tropical forests during the wet
season and very low during the dry season.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B.
Publicación no.: 252 Annual variation in tree growth in a tropical wet forest: impact of climate
variability [Variación annual del crecimiento de árboles en un bosque húmedo tropical: impacto de la
variabilidad climática] / Clark, Deborah A; Clark, David B. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva
Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>
<E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>). Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology held at the
AIBS (American Institute of Biological Sciences), San Antonio, TX US, August 4-8, 1991. St. Louis, MO:
Association for Tropical Biology, 1991. no pagination. (Sin resumen).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 253 Analysis of alternative methods for estimating carbon stock in young tropical
plantations [Métodos de análisis alternativos para estimar el almacenamiento de carbono en
plantaciones tropicales jóvenes] / Losi, Christopher J; Siccama, Thomas G; Condit, Richard; Morales, Juan
E. (Allegheny National Forest, Bradford District, HC 1 Box 88, Bradford, PA 16701, US <E-mail:
closi@fs.fed.us>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 184, no. 1/3, p. 355-368. 2003.
Estimates of carbon stock in forest plantations are generally based on allometric equations relating
either carbon or biomass to diameter at breast height (DBH). These equations are usually based on
measurement of the fresh mass of each tree with sub-samples taken to determine moisture content to
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
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convert to dry weight. However, drying time and the number of sub-samples varies between studies.
Furthermore, the carbon concentration of different tree parts is rarely measured directly, but generally
assumed to be 50% of dry weight. This study analyzed those assumptions and determined their effect on
regression equations and on species-specific stand level estimates of carbon stock for Anacardium
excelsum and Dipteryx panamensis growing in 7-year-old mixed-species plantations in Panama. Four
methods were used to develop aboveground carbon estimates for the same sample of trees. Results
indicated that the drying time, the number of sub-samples taken, and whether or not carbon was
measured directly had only a small effect on the estimate of carbon stock for the entire cohort of trees.
None of the methods developed using the same sample of Panamanian trees gave stand level estimates
of carbon stock that differed by more than 10% from the best estimate for either species. Another
sample of slightly larger D. panamensis trees growing in 5- and 6-year-old mixed-species plantations in
Costa Rica (J. Trop. For. Sci. 13 (3) (2001) 450) was used to develop a second set of regression equations.
We hypothesized that a regression equation would give a more accurate estimate of carbon stock if the
range of tree sizes used to produce the regression more closely matched the range of sizes that the
regression was being applied to. When the Costa Rican equation developed using the full range of trees
was compared to a Panamanian equation developed using the full range of tree diameters that we
sampled, the estimates of carbon stock for the Panamanian plantation differed by 10.2%. However,
when two additional regression equations were created using the range of tree diameters that
overlapped, the estimates of carbon stock for the Panamanian plantation differed by only 5.2%,
supporting our hypothesis.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1117.
Publicación no.: 254 Carbon dynamics and land-use choices: Building a regional-scale multidisciplinary
model [Dinámica del carbono y elecciones del uso de la tierra: construyendo un modelo multidisciplinario
de escala regional] / Kerr, Suzi; Liu, Shuguang; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Hughes, R.F. (Motu Economic and
Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail: suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz>).
En: Journal of Environmental Management (ISSN 0301-4797), v. 69, no. 1, p. 25-37. 2003.
Policy enabling tropical forests to approach their potential contribution to global-climate-change
mitigation requires forecasts of land use and carbon storage on a large scale over long periods. In this
paper, we present an integrated modeling methodology that addresses these needs. We model the
dynamics of the human land-use system and of C pools contained in each ecosystem, as well as their
interactions. The model is national scale, and is currently applied in a preliminary way to Costa Rica
using data spanning a period of over 50 years. It combines an ecological process model, parameterized
using field and other data, with an economic model, estimated using historical data to ensure a close
link to actual behavior. These two models are linked so that ecological conditions affect land-use choices
and vice versa. The integrated model predicts land use and its consequences for C storage for policy
scenarios. These predictions can be used to create baselines, reward sequestration, and estimate
thevalue in both environmental and economic terms of including C sequestration in tropical forests as
part of the efforts to mitigate global climate change. The model can also be used to assess the benefits
from costly activities to increase accuracy and thus reduce errors and their societal costs.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1112.
Publicación no.: 255 The social meaning of carbon dioxide emission trading: Institutional capacity
building for a green market in Costa Rica [El significado social de la comercialización de la emisión de
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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dióxido de carbono: Construyendo la capacidad institucional para un mercado verde en Costa Rica] /
Miranda-Quirós, Miriam; Dieperink, Carel; Glasbergen, P. (Universidad Nacional. Centro Internacional en
Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible, P.O. Box 555-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
mmiranda@una.ac.cr>).
En: Environment, Development and Sustainability (ISSN 1387-585X), v. 4, no. 1, p. 69-86. 2002.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6506.pdf
Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified
by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of
this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too
simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing
countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It
must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more
encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as
a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement
between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities
Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we
study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons
can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that
have made this type of agreement successful.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6506.
Publicación no.: 256 Quantifying mortality of tropical rain forest trees using high-spatial-resolution
satellite data [Cuantificación de la mortalidad de árboles del bosque lluvioso tropical utilizando datos de
satélites de alta resolución espacial] / Clark, David B; Soto-Castro, C; Alfaro-Alvarado, Luis Diego; Read,
J.M. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes
de Oca, CR <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: jaread@maxwell.syr.edu>).
En: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-0248), v. 7, p. 52-59. 2004.
Assessment of forest responses to climate change is severely hampered by the limited information on
tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales, particularly in tropical forests. We used 1-m
resolution panchromatic IKONOS and 0.7-m resolution QuickBird satellite data, acquired in 2000 and
2002, respectively, to evaluate tree death rates at the La Selva Biological Station in old-growth Tropical
Wet Forest in Costa Rica, Central America. Using a calibration factor derived from ground inspection of
tree deaths predicted from the images, we calculated a landscape-scale annual exponential death rate
of 2.8%. This corresponds closely to data for all canopy-level trees in 18 forest inventory plots, each of
0.5 ha, for a mostly-overlapping 2-yearperiod (2.8% per year). This study shows that high-spatialresolution satellite data can now be used to measure old-growth tropical rain forest tree death rates,
suggesting many new avenues for tropical forest ecology and global change research.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9822. NBINA-1106.
Publicación no.: 257 Phyllobates vittatus (Golfodulcean dart frog) / Ryan, Michael J. (Southern Illinois
University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL, 62901, US).
En: Herpetological Review (ISSN 0018-084X), v. 33, no. 4, p. 318. 2002.
Costa Rica: San José: Tres Piedras, 15 km NW of Platanillo, 26 km SW of San Isidro de General (9°
19'30"N, 83°52'00"W), Quebrada Terciopelo. 25 January 2001. Mason Ryan. Verified by Federico
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Bolaños and Gerardo Chavez. Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (MZUCR). MZUCR
15981. This colorful, secretive dendrobatid is endemic to the Golfo Dulce region of southwestern Costa
Rica. Herein 1 report a 75 km extension north of the Golfo Dulce region, and a new provincial record for
San Jose. An unsubstantiated observation was made 17 km N of Dominical in Matapalo (9°19'45"N,
83°80'00"W) on 21 February 2001. A male was observed calling along a stream, but 1 did not have the
landowner's permission to collect animals. These extensions are especially interesting because the
climate changes from very humid to sub-humid from south to north (Campbell 1999. In W. E. Duellman
[ed.], Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: A Global Perspective, pp.lll-210, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press,
Baltimore, Maryland), and Tres Piedras and Matapalo are roughly in the middle of the moist southern
and drier northern life zones, respectively. These new localities suggest that P. vittatus is able to occupy
a slightly drier life zone than previously thought.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9795.
Publicación no.: 258 Impact of global changes on the reproductive biology of trees in tropical dry
forests [Impacto de los cambios globales en la biología reproductiva de árboles en los bosques secos
tropicales] / Bawa, Kamaljit S. (University of Massachusetts. Department of Biology, 100 Morrissey Blvd,
Boston, MA 02125-3393, US <E-mail: kamal.bawa@umb.edu>).
En: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W;
Mata-Jiménez, A; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 38-47. ISBN: 0520-24103-7. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 259 An ultrasonically silent night: the tropical dry forest without bats [Una noche
ultrasónicamente silenciosa: el bosque tropical seco sin murciélagos] / LaVal-Bugg, Richard K. (Santa
Elena de Monteverde, Apdo. 24-5655 Monteverde CR <E-mail: rlaval@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Biodiversity conservation in Costa Rica: learning the lessons in a seasonal dry forest. Frankie, G.W;
Mata-Jiménez, A; Vinson, S.B., (eds.) Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004. p. 160-176. ISBN:
0-520-24103-7. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 333.9516097286 b615.
Publicación no.: 260 Sources or sinks? The responses of tropical forests to current and future climate
and atmospheric composition [¿Fuentes o sumideros? Las respuestas de los bosques tropicales al clima
actual y futuro y a la composición atmosférica] / Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La
Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences (ISSN 09628436), v. 359, p. 477-491. 2004.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1251.pdf
How tropical rainforests are responding to the ongoing global changes in atmospheric composition and
climate is little studied and poorly understood. Although rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) could
enhance forest productivity, increased temperatures and drought are likely to diminish it. The limited
field data have produced conflicting views of the net impacts of these changes so far. One set of studies
has seemed to point to enhanced carbon uptake; however, questions have arisen about these findings,
and recent experiments with tropical forest trees indicate carbon saturation of canopy leaves and no
biomass increase under enhanced CO2. Other field observations indicate decreased forest productivity
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and increased tree mortality in recent years of peak temperatures and drought (strong El Niño
episodes). To determine current climatic responses of forests around the world tropics will require
careful annual monitoring of ecosystem performance in representative forests. To develop the
necessaryprocess-level understanding of these responses will require intensified experimentation at the
whole-tree and stand levels. Finally, a more complete understanding of tropical rainforest carbon cycling
is needed for determining whether these ecosystems are carbon sinks or sources now, and how this
status might change during the next century.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9595. NBINA-1251.
Publicación no.: 261 A global problem for a global movement? An exploratory study of climate change
perception by green groups' leaders from Quebec (Canada) and Costa Rica [¿Un problema global para
un movimiento global? Estudio exploratorio de la percepción del cambio climático por parte de líderes de
grupos ecologistas de Quebec (Canada) y Costa Rica] / Perron, B; Vaillancourt, J.G; Durand, C. (Université
de Montréal. Départment of Sociologie, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal,Quebec H3C 3J7, CA <Email: benoit.perron@umontreal.ca> <E-mail: vaillje@poste.umontreal.ca>).
En: Society and Natural Resources (ISSN 0894-1920), v. 14, p. 837-855. 2001.
This article examines the possible unifying effect of climate change on leaders of green groups. The main
goal is to identify ideological or North/South differences in attitudes on key aspects of climate change
among them. Attitudinal data obtained with a standardized questionnaire administered to leaders from
Quebec and Costa Rica are used to generate a typology. Three types of green orientations emerge:
"ecologists," "mainstream environmentalism," anti "market environmentalism." General perceptions
toward climate change and specific opinions about policy options related to global warming are
compared on the basis of these orientations and of national origin. Results show that green leaders are
divided on all measured attitudes concerning climate change. Most differences are explained hip
diversity in ideological orientation, mainly by divergent viewpoints held by ecologists. The differences
based on national origin are mainly explained by contrasted contextual features between Quebec and
Costa Rica. The results do not provide convincing evidence of cognitive solidarity in the green movement
concerning climate change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S4077.
Publicación no.: 262 Impact of global warming and locally changing climate on tropical cloud forest
bats [Impacto del calentamiento global y los cambios climáticos locales sobre los murciélagos del bosque
nuboso tropical] / Laval, R.K. (Santa Elena de Monteverde, Apdo. 24-5655 Monteverde CR <E-mail:
rlaval@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Journal of Mammalogy (ISSN 0022-2372), v. 85, no. 2, p. 237-244. 2004.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1310.pdf
Significant changes in local climate and correlated changes in non mammalian vertebrate populations
have been documented in the Monteverde cloud forest in the Tilarán Mountains of northern Costa Rica,
leading to the prediction that corroborative changes should occur in bat populations. Habitat changes
resulting from development for ecotourism, including a 19% increase in forest, might also be expected
to impact bat populations. Analysis of data collected between 1973 and 1999 in Monteverde supports
the hypothesis, although changes are less dramatic than those shown for birds, reptiles, and amphibians
in earlier studies. Capture rates did not change significantly during the 27 year sample period, but
relative species abundance increased, and at least 24 new species (of mostly lowland distribution) were
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recorded in the study area during the 1980s, 1990s, and through early 2002. These changes are likely a
consequence of climatic change following global warming, forest clearing, and an increase in amount of
secondary forest. This latter factor is a result of changes in land use due to development for tourism.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1310.
Publicación no.: 263 Estimating soil carbon fluxes following land-cover change: a test of some critical
assumptions for a region in Costa Rica / Powers, Jennifer S; Read, J.M; Denslow, Julie Sloan; Guzmán,
S.M. (University of Minnesota. Department of Soil, Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108, US <E-mail:
powers@umn.edu> <E-mail: jaread@maxwell.syr.edu> <E-mail: julie.denslow@gte.net>).
En: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 10, no. 2, p. 170-181. 2004.
Changes in soil carbon storage that accompany land-cover change may have significant effects on the
global carbon cycle. The objective of this work was to examine how assumptions about preconversion
soil C storage and the effects of land-cover change influence estimates of regional soil C storage. We
applied three models of land-cover change effects to two maps of preconversion soil C in a 140 000 ha
area of northeastern Costa Rica. One preconversion soil C map was generated using values assigned to
tropical wet forest from the literature, the second used values obtained from extensive field sampling.
The first model of land-cover change effects used values that are typically applied in global assessments,
the second and third models used field databut differed in how the data were aggregated (one was
based on land-cover transitions and one was based on terrain attributes). Changes in regional soil C
storage were estimated for each combination of model and preconversion soil C for three time periods
defined by geo-referenced land-cover maps. The estimated regional soil C under forest vegetation (to
0.3 m) was higher in the map based on field data (10.03 Tg C) than in the map based on literature data
(8.90 Tg C), although the range of values derived from propagating estimation errors was large (7.6712.40 Tg C). Regional soil C storage declined through time due to forest clearing for pasture and crops.
Estimated CO2 fluxes depended more on the model of land-cover change effects than on preconversion
soil C. Cumulative soil C losses (1950-1996) under the literature model of land-cover effects exceeded
estimates based on field data by factors of 3.8-8.0. In order to better constrain regional and global-scale
assessments of carbon fluxes from soils in the tropics, future research should focus on methods for
extrapolating regional-scale constraints on soil C dynamics to larger spatial and temporal scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S9649. NBINA-1400.
Publicación no.: 264 Temperature effects on metamorphic rates in the tropical poison frog,
Dendrobates auratus: Implications for global warming [Efectos de la temperatura sobre las tasas
metamórficas en la rana tropical venenosa Dendrobates auratus: Implicaciones para el calentamiento
global] / McRobert, S.P; Korbeck, R.G., Jr. (Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, US). National
Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and Science Innovation
Exposition. 166th, Washington, D.C. USFeb. 17-22, 2000. , 2000. p. A75.
We examined the effects of temperature on developmental rate and survival in tadpoles of the poison
frog Dendrobates auratus. Tadpoles reared at 26.2 and 29.4°C reached metamorphosis significantly
faster, and had significantly higher rates of survival, than tadpoles raised at 22.3 and 30.9°C. Field
studies showed that the mean temperature of bodies of water utilized by D. auratus tadpoles in La
Suerte, Costa Rica was 26.2°C. Information such as this may aid efforts to maintain and breed tropical
frog species in captivity.
Localización: No disponible.
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Publicación no.: 265 Decline of a tropical amphibian fauna [Disminución de la fauna tropical de anfibios]
/ Lips, Karen R. (Southern Illinois University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501, US <Email: klips@zoology.siu.edu>). National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) and Science Innovation Exposition. 166th, Washington, D.C. USFeb. 17-22, 2000. , 2000.
p. A34. (Sin resumen).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 266 Paying for forest environmental services: the Costa Rican experience [Pagando
por los servicios ambientales forestales: la experiencia costarricense] / Rodríguez-Zúñiga, J.M. (Fondo
Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), Apdo. 594-2120, San José, CR <E-mail:
jrodriguez@fonafifo.com>).
En: Unasylva (ISSN 0041-6436), v. 54, no. 212, p. 31-33. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2241.pdf
This paper describes the measures done in Costa Rica in restoring and conserving its natural resources
by introducing innovative mechanisms by which smallholder owners of natural forests and forest
plantations receive direct payments for the environmental services that these forests provide to the
society. These services include: mitigation of greenhouse gases (carbon sequestration); protection of
water for rural, urban or hydro-electric purposes; protection of biodiversity for conservation,
sustainable scientific and pharmaceutical purposes, research, genetic improvement and protection of
ecosystems and life forms; and preservation of natural scenic beauty particularly for tourism.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2241.
Publicación no.: 267 Carbon sequestration: An underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry
systems [Captación de carbono: Un beneficio ambiental subexplotado de los sistemas agroforestales] /
Montagnini, Florencia; Nair, P.K. Ramachandran. (Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail:
florencia.montagnini@yale.edu> <E-mail: pknair@ufl.edu>).
En: Agroforestry Systems (ISSN 0167-4366), v. 61, no. 1, p. 281-295. 2004.
Agroforestry has importance as a carbon sequestration strategy because of carbon storage potential in
its multiple plant species and soil as well as its applicability in agricultural lands and in reforestation. The
potential seems to be substantial; but it has not been even adequately recognized, let alone exploited.
Proper design and management of agroforestry practices can make them effective carbon sinks. As in
other land-use systems, the extent of C sequestered will depend on the amounts of C instanding
biomass, recalcitrant C remaining in the soil, and C sequestered in wood products. Average carbon
storage by agroforestry practices has been estimated as 9, 21, 50, and 63 Mg C ha-1 in semiarid,
subhumid, humid, and temperate regions. For smallholder agroforestry systems in the tropics, potential
C sequestration rates range from 1.5 to 3.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Agroforestry can also have an indirect effect
on C sequestration when it helps decrease pressure on natural forests, which are the largest sink of
terrestrial C. Another indirect avenue of C sequestration is through the use of agroforestry technologies
for soil conservation, which could enhance C storage in trees and soils. Agroforestry systems with
perennial crops may be important carbon sinks, while intensively managed agroforestry systems with
annual crops are more similar to conventional agriculture. In order to exploit this vastly unrealized
potential of C sequestration through agroforestry in both subsistence and commercial enterprises in the
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tropics and the temperate region, innovative policies, based on rigorous research results, have to be put
in place.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1458.
Publicación no.: 268 Something missing in fragile cloud forest: the clouds [Algo perdido en el frágil
bosque nuboso: las nubes] / Yoon, C.K.
En: The New York Times (ISSN 0362-4331), Nov. 20, 2001, Sec. F, p. 4. 2001.
An article by R.O. Lawton and colleagues in a recent issue of Science 294:584-587. 2001, reports that the
Monteverde cloud forest in the mountains of Costa Rica is under threat. Cloud forests, which are found
throughout the Tropics, are usually rich in biodiversity and often provide a final refuge of biodiversity in
places where the lowlands have been cleared and developed. Lawton and colleagues found that, in spite
of Monteverde's tens of thousands of protected acres, the forest may be at risk because the clouds that
bathe the mountains appear to be disappearing. Deforestation in the lowlands is raising the mountains'
curtain of life-enriching fog and mist over the forest, leaving increasing areas of the forest without cloud
cover. Researchers believe that the disappearance of the cloud, together with the effects of global
warming, may explain some recent ecological changes observed in Monteverde.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3305.
Publicación no.: 269 The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane
cloud forests [Impactos negativos potenciales del cambio climático global sobre los bosques nubosos
montanos] / Foster, P.N. (Stanford University. Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford, CA 943055020, US).
En: Earth-Science Reviews (ISSN 0012-8252), v. 55, no. 1/2, p. 73-106. 2001.
Nearly every aspect of the cloud forest is affected by regular cloud immersion, from the hydrological
cycle to the species of plants and animals within the forest. Since the altitude band of cloud formation
on tropical mountains is limited, the tropical montane cloud forest occurs in fragmented strips and has
been likened to island archipelagoes. This isolation and uniqueness promotes explosive speciation,
exceptionally high endemism, and a great sensitivity to climate. Global climate change threatens all
ecosystems through temperature and rainfall changes, with a typical estimate for altitude shifts in the
climatic optimum for mountain ecotones of hundreds of meters by the time of CO2 doubling. This alone
suggests complete replacement of many of the narrow altitude range cloud forests by lower altitude
ecosystems, as well as the expulsion of peak residing cloud forests into extinction. However, the cloud
forest will also be affected by other climate changes, in particular changes in cloud formation. A number
of global climate models suggest a reduction in low level cloudiness with the coming climate changes,
and one site in particular, Monteverde, Costa Rica, appears to already be experiencing a reduction in
cloud immersion. The coming climate changes appear very likely to upset the current dynamic
equilibrium of the cloud forest. Results will include biodiversity loss, altitude shifts in species' ranges and
subsequent community reshuffling, and possibly forest death. Difficulties for cloud forest species to
survive in climate-induced migrations include no remaining location with a suitable climate, no pristine
location to colonize, migration rates or establishment rates that cannot keep up with climate change
rates and new species interactions. We review previous cloud forest species redistributions in the paleorecord in light of the coming changes. The characteristic epiphytes of the cloud forest play an important
role in the light, hydrological and nutrient cycles of the cloud forest and are especially sensitive to
atmospheric climate change, especially humidity, as the epiphytes can occupy incredibly small eco-
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niches from the canopy to crooks to trunks. Even slight shifts in climate can cause wilting or death to the
epiphyte community. Similarly, recent cloud forest animal redistributions, notably frog and lizard
disappearances, may be driven by climate changes. Death of animals or epiphytes may have cascading
effects on the cloud forest web of life. Aside from changes in temperature, precipitation, and cloudiness,
other climate changes may include increasing dry seasons, droughts, hurricanes and intense rain storms,
all of which might increase damage to the cloud forest. Because cloud forest species occupy such small
areas and tight ecological niches, they are not likely to colonize damaged regions. Fire, drought and
plant invasions (especially non-native plants) are likely to increase the effects of any climate change
damage in the cloud forest. As has frequently been suggested in the literature, all of the above factors
combine to make the cloud forest a likely site for observing climate change effects in the near future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1499.
Publicación no.: 270 Economic value of the carbon sink services of tropical secondary forests and its
management implications [Valor económico de los servicios de almacenamiento de carbono de los
bosques tropicales secundarios e implicaciones en su manejo] / Ramírez, Octavio A; Carpio, Carlos E;
Ortiz, Rosalba; Finegan, Bryan. (Texas Tech University. Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Box 42132, Lubbock, TX 79409-2132, US <E-mail: octavio.ramirez@ttu.edu> <E-mail:
bfinegan@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Environmental and Resource Economics (ISSN 0924-6460), v. 21, no. 1, p. 23-46. 2002.
This paper explores the economic feasibility of secondary forest regeneration and conservation as an
alternative in the campaign addressing the problem of global warming. Detailed measurements of
tropical secondary forests over time, in different ecological zones of Costa Rica, are used to evaluate
carbon storage models. The paper addresses key issues in the international discussion about cross- and
within-country compensation for carbon storage services and illustrates a method to compute/predict
their economic value over time under a variety of scenarios. The procedure is applicable to other
developing countries where secondary forest growth is increasingly important.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1484.
Publicación no.: 271 The environmental consequences of tax differentiation by vehicle age in Costa
Rica [Consecuencias ambientales de la diferenciación de impuestos a los vehículos por su edad en Costa
Rica] / Johnstone, N; Echeverría-Bonilla, Jaime; Porras, Ina T; Mejías-Esquivel, Ronald. (<E-mail:
economia@cct.or.cr> <E-mail: ina.porras@iied.org> <E-mail: rmejias@cct.or.cr> ).
En: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management (ISSN 0964-0568), v. 44, no. 6, p. 803-814.
2001.
This paper provides an overview of the potential environmental benefits in Costa Rica of increasing the
relative tax rate on imported used cars. Analysis of this policy instrument has been chosen because
Costa Rican fiscal policy has traditionally favoured the import of used cars. Moreover, a tax which
differentiates between new and used cars can be a good proxy for taxes based directly upon emission
levels. The results of the simulation reveal considerable environmental benefits in terms of nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1478.
Publicación no.: 272 Poblaciones de anfibios en declive ¿Un fenómeno global? / Márquez, R; Lizana, M.
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En: Quercus (Revista de Observación, Estudio y Defensa de la Naturaleza) (ISSN 0212-0054), Cuaderno
94, p. 6-10. 1993.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 273 Population growth and sustainable development [Crecimiento de la población y
desarrollo sostenible] / West, S. , 2004. 4 pp.
The global human population is approaching 6.4 billion, with 80 million people added each year. This
staggering growth reflects an average of 4.1 births and 1.8 deaths each second. Fortunately, such rapid
growth is not expected to continue forever due to declining family sizes in most nations. Depending on
the level of optimism assumed, the United Nations predicts that the population will level out at 7.7 to
11.2 billion people between 2030 and 2100. Humans have an enormous impact on the Earth and its
resources. It was recently estimated that we have altered 39-50% of the Earth's surface, with 16-23% of
the world's land area converted for agriculture. Although it is difficult to measure land conversion
precisely, it is clear humans have altered a large portion of the planet's land surface. Furthermore, we
divert 70% of the readily available fresh water for agricultural and other human uses. The exploitation of
land and fresh water by the human population means that there are fewer resources and less habitat
available to other species. Humans also deplete species directly through harvest. For example, roughly
two-thirds of fish species are being harvested at unsustainable rates. Humans exert additional pressures
on the environment in the form of pollution, introduction of species to areas outside their natural range
(upsetting natural population dynamics), and deforestation and desertification (causing global food
shortages and climate change). Fossil fuel combustion, soil cultivation, biomass burning, and tropical
deforestation have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, causing more heat to be trapped in the
atmosphere and resulting in a 0.6°C increase in mean global temperature over the last century. The
human population is not evenly distributed across the globe; 80% of the world's population is found in
less developed countries. Projected future population growth is also expected to be concentrated in
those nations. In particular, the United Nations Population Reference Bureau calculates that the
population of less developed countries will increase by 57% before 2050, whereas more developed
countries are expected to increase by only 3%. The areas with the most rapid human population growth
and highest population density generally harbor the highest diversity of species. For example, the areas
of highest species diversity (biodiversity hotspots, such as the Mediterranean Basin, the Tropical Andes,
and the Caribbean) have a human population growth rate 1.8 times higher than the worldaverage, and a
population density 71% greater than the world average. The fact that population density and future
growth are highest in the most biodiverse regions will likely accelerate the ongoing extinction crisis.
Consumption of resources is also notdistributed evenly throughout the world. However, the global
distribution of consumption is virtually opposite that of population growth, with the vast majority of
resource use occurring in more developed nations. For example, roughly 16% of the world's population
is responsible for using 80% of the available resources, and an American citizen uses 30 times more
resources on average than a citizen of India. As poorer countries continue to develop, their consumption
is projected to increase dramatically.Given that human populations will continue to grow and that
individuals in poorer nations will likely increase their per capita consumption of resources over time, it is
critical to assess potential ways to minimize the impact that current and future human populations will
exert on the environment. A variety of strategies are currently being used to balance population growth,
economic development, and environmental health. These strategies for sustainable development
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include such diverse goals as changing farming practices, providing new kinds of tourist experiences, and
designing more environmentally friendly cities. There are currently 3 billion people living on the
equivalent of less than $2 US per day. Poverty often promotes environmental destruction, as poorer
people rely heavily upon extraction of natural resources. At the same time, environmental degradation
worsens poverty, resulting in a vicious cycle of environmental degradation and human suffering.
Combating poverty is clearly an important step in the struggle to preserve the environment and
ecosystems. In 1992, participants at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
drafted the Rio Declaration, which established that although individual countries are entitled to use
their natural resources for economic development, each nation should ensure that those resources and
a healthy environment will be available for both current and future generations. Below are examples of
how the concept of sustainable development has beenused to help reduce the impacts of human
societies and promote conservation. Each year, 500 million tons of pesticides are utilized worldwide. At
the same time, nearly 800 million people suffer from a lack of nourishment. Sustainable agriculture
seeks tobolster food production while reducing the environmental degradation associated with
conventional farming methods. Sustainable farming emphasizes the prevention of erosion, conservation
of water resources, and retention of soil nutrients. It also advocates decreased dependence on synthetic
fertilizers and pesticides and fossil fuels to reduce both environmental toxicity and farmer expense. To
achieve these goals, some farmers have adopted intercropping, which involves growing multiple species
of crop ornoncrop plants intermixed in a single field. The presence of additional plant species can reduce
water loss and erosion. Another strategy involves planting cover crops during nongrowing seasons.
Cover crops can prevent erosion, improve soil quality and nutrient levels, and improve crop
performance during the growing season. For the control of insect pests and plant diseases, sustainable
agriculture emphasizes the use of natural pesticides and the attraction or release of predatory insects.
As human populations grow, environmental problems associated with agriculture also increase. For
example, the amount of land dedicated to food production has increased 400% since 1700. Shifting to
more sustainable growing methods can help us to balance environmental health with the nutritional
demands of future generations. As poorer nations are beginning to industrialize and acquire
consumptive habits similar to those of developed nations, there is an increasing need to shift toward
sustainable sources of energy. Currently, national economies are largely dependent on nonrenewable
sources of energy, especially fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas), which make up 86% of world
consumption. An important goal of sustainable development is to help societies shift to renewable
sources of energy, particularly those that minimize pollution.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1544.
Publicación no.: 274 Diversity and composition of tropical soil nitrifiers across a plant diversity
gradient and among land-use types [Diversidad y composición de los nitrificadores del suelo tropical a
través de un gradiente de diversidad de plantas y entre diferentes tipos de uso del suelo] / Carney, K.M;
Matson, Pamela A; Bohannan, B.J.M. (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, POB 28, Edgewater,
MD 21037, US <E-mail: karen.carney@gmail.com>).
En: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-023X), v. 7, no. 8, p. 684-694. 2004.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1546.pdf
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) perform the rate-limiting step of nitrification, a key ecosystem
process that in part determines the fate of nitrogen in ecosystems. However, little is known about the
factors that determine soil AOB diversity or composition, especially in tropical systems. Using a set of
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study systems in Costa Rica, we examined whether plant diversity or land-use influenced AOB diversity
or composition and whether AOB diversity or composition were associated with nitrification rates. We
characterized the molecular diversity and composition of AOB via polymerase chain reaction
amplification, cloning, and sequencing of 16S rDNA. We found that AOB diversity or composition did not
change significantly across plant diversity treatments. In contrast, AOB differed among land-use types in
some measures of diversity and in composition, and differences in AOB composition among land-use
types were correlated with potential rates of nitrification. Our results suggest that anthropogenic
changes of ecosystems can alter microbial communities in ways that may affect the processes they
mediate.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1546.
Publicación no.: 275 The Forest in the Clouds: Nobody knew that tree cutting 30 miles away would
jeopardize Costa Rica's delicate jewel [El bosque en las nubes: Nadie sabía que cortar árboles a 30
millas de distancia puede poner en peligro una delicada joya de Costa Rica] / Margolis, M.
En: Newsweek (New York) (ISSN 0028-9604), Oct. 29, p. 58. 2001.
When he first visited the wind-swept Monteverde cloud forest in the 1970s, University of Alabama
biologist Robert O. Lawton "fell in love." No wonder. It is a luxuriant patch of tropical forest tucked away
in the Tilarán mountain range, a great greenwall rising dramatically to 1,800 meters above the coastal
lowlands of Costa Rica. Pilots recognize it by the permanent veil of cumulus clouds. Every year 70,000
tourists walk among the dripping forests, where relative humidity routinely reaches 100 percent, and
marvel at the wealth of wildlife, from the ruby red-eyed tree frog to the sonorous blue-crowned
motmot. Tourists for the most part tread lightly on the delicate cloud- forest habitat. But the nature
they seek in the highlands is facing a threat from afar. Developers, ranchers and small farmers have for
decades been steadily slashing and burning their way deep into the lowlands of Costa Rica, near the
coasts. Today only 1,200 square kilometers, or 18 percent of the original lowland forest, remains
untouched. Nobody ever suspected that cutting forests at sea level would influence weather patterns on
Tilarán, 30 miles downwind, but it does. As Lawton and colleagues wrote in last week's Science
magazine, the results could prove disastrous for thisaerie in the clouds and the rich nature it supports.
Scientists collected satellite images and field observations and then ran their data through a climatechange model from Colorado State University. Their initial findings are disturbing. As the trade winds
pass over the now barren coastal forests, they pick up less moisture than they did when the forests were
lush. When the hotter, drier air reaches the Tilarán mountains, it must climb higher before it yields
enough moisture for clouds to form. Although the mountainside is still green, its life-giving mantle of
clouds has been steadily shrinking. Just what this means for the ecology of the Monteverde preserve is
still an open question. A lot is at stake. The dense, dripping cloud forest regulates temperatures and
contributes to rainfall in the surrounding tropics. Its leafy canopy is home to an empire of animals and
microorganisms, and more epiphytes--plants that live off other plants--than anywhere else on earth.
Scientists are especially concernedover the fate of many cloud-forest birds, such as the resplendent
quetzal, with its streaming tail feather, and the three- wattled bellbird, so named for its patented
clanging call. Botanists have also cataloged 475 species of orchids. Environmental scientists first
suspected something amiss in the late 1970s, when they observed a change in the habits of Monteverde
wildlife. As clouds receded, birds and bats were forced to fly ever higher up the slopes. Scientists
suspect that some reptiles have fled their old habitats altogether, leading to a general collapse of the
reptile population. The splendid golden toad (Bufo periglenes), named after the male's bright gilded
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hue, has been declared extinct; it was unique to Monteverde. "Lose a cloud forest and you lose a whole
family of species, some of which may be unique," says Lawton. It's not too late, he says, to restore the
clouds. Slowing deforestation along the coasts and replanting cleared areas with fruit trees could help
restore moisture to the air. It will take years of work before scientists know just how severe the damage
will be to Monteverde. But by then, many more species may have gone by the wayside.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 276 Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain world? [¿Importa
la planificación de la conservación en un mundo dinámico e incierto?] / Meir, E; Andelman, S.J;
Possingham, H.P. (University of California at Santa Barbara. National Center of Ecology Analysis & Synth,
Santa Barbara, CA 93101, US <E-mail: andelman@nceas.ucsb.edu>).
En: Ecology Letters (ISSN 1461-023X), v. 7, no. 8, p. 615-622. 2004.
Loss of biodiversity is one of the world's overriding environmental challenges. Reducing those losses by
creating reserve networks is a cornerstone of global conservation and resource management.
Historically, assembly of reserve networks has been adhoc, but recently the focus has shifted to
identifying optimal reserve networks. We show that while comprehensive reserve network design is
best when the entire network can be implemented immediately, when conservation investments must
be staged over years, such solutions actually may be sub-optimal in the context of biodiversity loss and
uncertainty. Simple decision rules, such as protecting the available site with the highest irreplaceability
or with the highest species richness, may be more effective when implementation occurs over many
years.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2027.
Publicación no.: 277 Plant vulnerability to climate change [Vulnerabilidad de las plantas al cambio
climático] / Berry, P, 2004. 4 pp.
En: AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.YB040225,
last modified: March 4, 2004
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1554.
Publicación no.: 278 Responses of tropical forests to global warming and increased drought: the
evidence to date and critical research needs [Respuestas de los bosques tropicales al calentamiento
global e incremento de la sequía: la evidencia actual y necesidades críticas de investigación] / Clark,
Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de
Montes de Oca 2050, CR <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The
Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City
PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 20.
(Abstract only). Recent process model studies indicate that increasing temperatures and associated
decreases in rainfall in much of the tropics will decrease net carbon uptake of tropical forests through
impacts on both photosynthesis and respiration. A recent inversion model based on atmospheric data
indicates that large carbon emissions from the terrestrial tropics have already occurred in years of peak
temperatures and rainfall minima during 1978-1999. New evidence from ground-based studies supports
these trends. In old-growth rain forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, annual tree growth was strongly
negatively related to annual temperatures during 1984-2000, and forest-wide inventory plots showed a
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39% reduction in biomass increment in the record-hot1997/98 El Niño. Long-term monitoring studies
around the tropics indicated significantly increased tree mortality associated with that mega-Niño.
Although the prevalence of still-air nights in tropical forests makes eddy covariance measurements
problematic for estimating whole-forest carbon balance, lines of evidence from such studies in the
Amazon and in Costa Rica suggest that carbon uptake by these forests is sensitive to even small
temperature increases. Forest dry-down experiments in Amazonia show pervasive ecosystem impacts
from increased drought. There is a pressing need to monitor annual forest performance in
representative old-growth tropical forests worldwide, with standardized methods and publiclyaccessible data and metadata. Until such data are available, the effects of climate change on tropical
forests will remain poorly understood.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 279 What are we learning from experiences with markets for environmental services
in Costa Rica?: a review and critique of the literature [¿Qué hemos aprendido de experiencias con
mercados para servicios ambientales en Costa Rica?: revisión y crítica de la literatura] / Rojas, Manrique;
Aylward, Bruce A. (Eco-Asesores Integrados, Apartado 72-4400 Ciudad Quesada, CR <E-mail:
manrique@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: bruce@radel.com>, ). London: International Institute for Environment
and Development, Environmental Economics Programme, 2003. 102 p. (Series: Markets for
environmental services; no. 2). ISBN: 1843694557.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4513.pdf
Introduction: The use of markets and payments for environmental services is a topic gaining increasing
attention amongst policy-makers and environment and development practitioners around the globe.
Simply put, the term 'environmental services' can be taken to refer to the overall concept of natural
systems providing a continuous flow of valuable goods and services to society. This is in contrast to
similar services provided by man-made physical infrastructure and technological capital (i.e. water
treatment, artificial fertilization, genetic modification) for which these environmental services are a
substitute. The use of market mechanisms as a means of incorporating the economic value of these
environmental services into the financial decision-making of producers and consumers is an additional
tool that can be employed to resolve longstanding market failures that lead to less than desirable
economic outcomes - i.e. having fewer environmental services and paying more for their man-made
substitutes. In the developing world, Costa Rica has led efforts to experiment with the application of
these mechanisms, many of which were simply ideas on paper just a few years ago. A survey of markets
for environmental services by IIED highlights the formative role Costa Rica has played and provides a rich
characterization of the economics of these initiatives in a global context (Landell-Mills and Porras 2002).
As a complementary effort, this paper digs deeper into the literature regarding the Costa Rica
experience in an effort to see what we are learning from the experience: how has technical, scientific
and economic information on environmental services fed into these initiatives? To what extent are
these initial experiences being monitored and evaluated? Is there a feedback loop that connects these
experiences with learning about environment and development issues, particularly in the local context
of policy-making within the country? The principal objective of the literature review is to identify and
review documents and other material that address the following: 1. the local origins of the concept of
payments and markets for environmental services and how they have developed over time, particularly
in relation to the broader international development of the concept and local necessities/realities
(historical and trend analysis); 2. the types of existing initiatives related to markets for environmental
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services, and who is participating in such initiatives (descriptive work); 3. the knowledge base that
underpins market development, i.e. the extent to which markets are based on specific scientific and
technical knowledge regarding the biophysical, economic and social relationships involved as opposed
to general views on the subject (critical assessment); 4. the initiatives undertaken and underway to date
with respect to the monitoring and evaluation of the experience with payments and markets for
environmental services and to what extent (and with what results) the literature assesses these
initiatives in terms of economic efficiency, environmental effectiveness, and social equity and/or
poverty reduction. Where written material is not available or does not provide comprehensive coverage,
interviews with those involved in these initiatives were used to supplement the documentary evidence.
Given that IIED has undertaken a thorough review of the global literature on this topic and identified the
examples emerging from Costa Rica, objectives 1 and 2 draw heavily on the existing IIED work by
attempting to cross-check, confirm and, where possible, expand the coverage (in number and depth) of
existing cases of markets and payments. The added value of the literature review will be in the
deepening of the knowledge base and analysis of its content with respect to objectives 3 and 4. This in
turn provides a basis for charting a way forward. The paper is organized to cover the objectives one by
one. In the first chapter the local origins of the concept of markets and payments for environmental
services in Costa Rica is explored. The paper then turns to the experiences (or market cases) gained so
far in the country, providing in each of the succeeding chapters a description and review of each of the
cases, an assessment of the role of knowledge in the development and formulation of the initiatives and
a report on monitoring and evaluation underway to date. The paper concludes by drawing out some of
the lessons learned and making recommendations regarding practical steps that other countries,
researchers and financing organizations might take to improve the process of launching such initiatives
in the future.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4513.
Publicación no.: 280 Paleoclimate records from Central American cave calcite (Speleothem) deposits:
results and progress [Registros paleoclimáticos de los depósitos de calcita de cuevas centroamericanas:
resultados y progreso] / Lachniet, M.S; Asmerom, Y; Burns, S.J; Patterson, W.P; Seltzer, G.O; Wurster, C;
Piperno, D. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Apartado 202, Balboa, PA <E-mail:
matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical
Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, PA, July 29-Aug. 3, 2002.
Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 60.
(Abstract only). We present paleoclimate proxy records from Central American speleothems that 1)
constrain climate changes on millennial time scales, and 2) provide evidence for climate variability over
decadal to centennial time scales. Stable isotope values in tropical precipitation reflect both the
temperature of condensation and precipitation amount of an air mass, such that increased precipitation
amount and decreased temperature result in lower delta ?18O values. Speleothems contain oxygen
derived from precipitation, and if formed in isotopic equilibrium, provide a direct paleoprecipitation
proxy record. Our speleothems from Costa Rica and Panamá, dated by precise U/Th methods, provide
the first terrestrial stable isotopic records from the region. Stalagmite V1 from Costa Rica began growth
before 10,140 yr BP and ceased about 5,200 yr BP. The oldest calcite has delta ?18O values 1), higher
than the early and mid Holocene periods, suggesting some combination of cooler and/or drier
conditions.During the early and mid Holocene, delta ?18O values vary by ?0.75?sigma, on decadal to
centennial time scales, suggesting variations in dripwater delta ?18O values, which are related to
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precipitation amount associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Additional records are being
generated for Panamanian stalagmites, and hold promise for providing longer, more continuous
paleoclimate records for the region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 281 The geography of cloud formation and the biogeography of cloud forests:
development of a quantitative approach [Geografía de la formación de nubes y la biogeografía de los
bosques nubosos: desarrollo de un enfoque cuantitativo] / Lawton, Robert O; Nair, Udaysankar S; Welch,
Ronald M. (University of Alabama. Department of Biological Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35899, US <E-mail:
lawton@email.uah.edu> <E-mail: nair@nsstc.uah.edu>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The
Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City
PAJuly 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 64.
(Abstract only). Cloud forests, distinctive elements of montane vegetation throughout the tropics, are
dependent upon predictable, frequent and prolonged immersion in cloud. Cloud forests are of interest
in conservation and regional hydrological planning. However, we know little about how cloudy cloud
forests are, or about the extent to which orographic cloud formation is influenced by natural climatic
fluctuations, global warming, or regional land use. We present the initial steps, using ground
observation, satellite imagery and atmospheric modeling, toward describing a quantitative geography of
cloud forest cloudiness. Compiled data from GOES satellite imagery provides quantitative data on the
proportion of time sites are covered by cloud. This approach reveals diurnal, seasonal, and between
year variation in orographic cloud coverage at individual Central American cloud forest sites, and
considerable between site variation as well. Such quantitative assessments of cloud cover and
immersion should enhance between site comparisons in biogeographic and ecological analyses. Regional
atmospheric modeling of the Cordillera de Tilarán and the associated lowlands of northern Costa Rica
(with CSU RAMS) suggests that deforestation of lowland forests upwind of cloud forest sites can
influence convective and orographic cloud formation, reducing cloud cover and raising the base of
orographic cloud decks. Regional land use can thus interact with the natural geographic variation in
cloud formation and exacerbate conservation problems in tropical mountains.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 282 Potential effects of climate change on canopy communities in a tropical cloud
forest: an experimental approach [Efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las comunidades del
dosel en un bosque nuboso tropical: un enfoque experimental] / Nadkarni, Nalini M; Solano, R. (The
Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, US <E-mail: nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>). Tropical Forests:
Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute, Panama City PAJuly 29-Aug. 3, 2002. Panamá City: The Association for Tropical
Biology, 2002. p. 79.
(Abstract only). Global climate change models predict reduced cloud water in tropical montane forests.
To test the effects of reduced cloud water on epiphytes, plants that are tightly coupled to atmospheric
inputs, we transplanted epiphytes and theirarboreal soil from upper cloud forest trees to trees at
slightly lower elevations that are naturally exposed to less cloud water. Control plants moved between
trees within the upper site showed no transplantation effects, but experimental plants at lowersites had
significantly higher leaf mortality, lower leaf production, and reduced longevity. After the epiphytes
died, seedlings of terrestrial gap-colonizing tree species grew from the seed banks within the residual
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mats of arboreal soil. Greenhouse experiments confirmed that the death of epiphytes can result in
radical compositional changes of canopy communities. Thus, tropical montane epiphyte communities
constitute both a potentially powerful tool for detecting climate changes and a rich arena to study
plant/soil/seed interactions under natural and manipulated conditions. This study also provides
experimental evidence that the potential effects of global climate change on canopy and terrestrial
communities can be significant for cloud forest biota.Results suggest there will be negative effects on
the productivity and longevity of particular epiphytes and a subsequent emergence of an emerging
terrestrial component into the canopy community from a previously suppressed seed bank.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 283 Biodiversity informatics, monitoring technologies and community science:
challenges in the tropics [Informática sobre biodiversidad, tecnologías de monitoreo y ciencia
comunitaria: retos en los trópicos] / Stevenson, R.D; Haber, William A; Morris, R.A. (University of
Massachusetts at Boston. Department of Biology, MA 02125, US <E-mail: robert.stevenson@umb.edu>
<E-mail: whaber@racsa.co.cr>). Tropical Forests: Past, Present, Future. The Association for Tropical
Biology Annual Meeting. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City PAJuly 29-Aug. 3, 2002.
Panamá City: The Association for Tropical Biology, 2002. p. 112.
(Abstract only). Two of the most important environmental problems facing humanity are global warming
and loss of biodiversity. For the tropics, where biodiversity is high but changes in climate variables are
expected to be relatively small, montane sites are likely to be the best locations for detecting change
because change occurs over relatively short distances, facilitating field data collection. Climate variables
to monitor include incident radiation, temperature, cloud cover patterns, precipitation, and extreme
weather events. Biological variables to monitor include phenological data (migration events, flowering
and fruiting times) and species distributions. New advances in microelectronics should greatly increase
the spatial resolution of theclimate measurements. We outline a general scheme for monitoring that
includes a planning process, metadata standards, web based information systems to report and share
data, a quality assurance plan, and an adaptive management plan. Special attention is paid to the
limitations of statistical designs that can be used to detect change and to a citizen science component in
which local communities can gather data and influence policy. A process is proposed to have the
monitoring scheme certified by independent scientific organizations. This general scheme is applied to
the Monteverde region with the goal of quantifying the relationship between the statistical power
needed to detect change, the costs of monitoring, and the probability that a 20 year programcan detect
change.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: AD 519.
Publicación no.: 284 Characterization and dry deposition of carbonaceous aerosols in a wet tropical
forest canopy [Caracterización y deposición de partículas secas de aerosoles carbonáceos en el dosel de
un bosque tropical húmedo] / Loescher, Henry William; Bentz, J.A; Oberbauer, Steven F; Ghosh, T.K;
Tompson, R.V; Loyalka, S.K. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson
Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu> <E-mail: oberbaue@fiu.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 109, no. D02309,
doi:10.1029/2002jd003353. 2004.
Carbon aerosol concentration was measured using an impactor on a 42 m tower over a wet tropical
forest in La Selva Biological Station, northeast Costa Rica. Samples were collected at three different
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heights, 42, 21, and 2 m, for 2 months during the wet season in 1998. Winds originated from two
directions, southeast from the Caribbean Sea and west from the continental isthmus. Concentrations
were normalized by the fraction of dry sampling time during the collection. The distribution was
negatively skewed for the range of aerodynamic diameter aerosols measured. The main size constituent
was in the class 4.7-3.3 microm, accounting for ~0.70 microg C mol -1. No significant difference was
found in the distribution of aerosol carbon with height, suggesting a well-mixed column of air, minimal
resuspension, and that the source was from surrounding land use types. Functional relationships were
developed to describe the loading of aerosols to the atmosphere and the removal by precipitation.
Deposition was estimated using these relationships, combined with three different estimates of velocity
deposition derived from (1) aerodynamic and canopy conductance, (2) aerodynamic and momentum
conductance, and (3) traditional estimates of gravitational settling diffusion, impaction, and
interception. Annual deposition estimates were 2.9, 5.0, and 9.6 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively.
Concentrations of carbon aerosols reported here are as much as two orders of magnitude higher than
those reported elsewhere. Annual dry deposition estimates, however, were within the range of other
estimates but were likely underestimated. Potential effects on deposition caused by seasonal burns and
El Niño-Southern Oscillation are discussed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1653.
Publicación no.: 285 Potencial de carbono y fijación de dióxido de carbono de la biomasa en pie por
encima del suelo en los bosques de Costa Rica / Rodríguez-Quirós, Jorge Eduardo; Pratt, L. (Programa
de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). Asesor Regional, San José, CR <Fax: (506)2961545>
<E-mail: jrodrig@racsa.co.cr>). [Alajuela]: INCAE / CLADS, 1998. 69 p. (CEN; no. 762).
En setiembre de 1996, la Universidad de Harvard y el Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de
Empresas (INCAE) emprendieron un proyecto de tres años para proveer asesoría a las naciones de
Centroamérica en la formulación de una estrategia competitiva que integre sus vastos recursos
biológicos y su capital humano altamente emprendedor de manera innovadora, dentro del marco de la
Alianza Centroamericana para el Desarrollo Sostenible (ALIDES). En el área ambiental se le solicitaba
asistir a los gobiernos centroamericanos en el análisis de las oportunidades y las restricciones para el
desarrollo económico y, a partir de esto, diseñar e instrumentar nuevas estrategias que permitieran
identificar y desarrollar oportunidades aprovechando su situación geográfica estratégica y su diversidad
biológica, para así atraer mayor intercambio comercial e inversión, protegiendo al mismo tiempo el
medio ambiente y su rica base de recursos naturales. Los esfuerzos de investigación dentro del
desarrollo de mercados de mitigación de CO2, se deberían enfocar a: Desarrollar el concepto de
Compensaciones Comerciales Certificadas de Gases con efecto de Invernadero (CCC), por medio de un
mayor análisis de su mercado mundial, así como el uso de la tecnología para incrementar la aceptación
del público de este mecanismo y demostrar su aplicación. Identificar cuellos de botella y eliminar
obstáculos que inhiban la penetración al mercado de tecnologías para la reducción de emisiones y la
expansión de la capacidad de captura de dióxido de carbono. Fortalecer los instrumentos financieros
que regulan los CCC. Como parte de este estudio el Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de
Empresas (INCAE) en conjunto con el Centro Latinoamericano para la Competitividad y el Desarrollo
Sostenible, la Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCAD) y el Harvard Institute for
International Development tienen el placer de presentar los avances logrados en la investigación
realizada para cuantificar la oferta potencial de compensaciones de carbono derivadas del recurso
bosque centroamericano y, en este caso concreto, el potencial de carbono y fijación de dióxido de
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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carbono en la República de Costa Rica, tomando como base los datos de uso del suelo estimados para
1996 y utilizando los años 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 y 2020 como escenarios basados en las metas
formuladas en el Documento "Perspectivas para el Desarrollo del Sector Forestal de Costa Rica hacia el
2020" presentado en el III Congreso Forestal Centroamericano, celebrado en San José de Costa Rica, en
setiembre de 1997.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1638.
Publicación no.: 286 Participación de la empresa privada en la conservación de la energía ante la
apertura de un mercado global ambiental (el caso de INCSA) / Vega-Araya, E.E; Pratt, L. [Alajuela]:
INCAE / CLADS, 1999. 53 pp. (CEN; no. 717).
Introducción: Ante los problemas relacionados con el cambio climático y el efecto invernadero, a partir
de la Cumbre del Ambiente de Río de Janeiro en 1992, los países hablan de estabilizar y/o reducir las
emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En Costa Rica se crea una Oficina de Cambio Climático
adscrita al Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Dicha oficina emite una directriz (solicitud) a todas las
empresas con procesos productivos altamente contaminantes y consumidoras de energía de instalar
aparatos de mediciones de emisiones y de estabilizar estas emisiones estables en el nivel de 1992. Por
ser voluntaria, esta directriz no necesariamente se cumple en todas las empresas del país, y es necesario
generar mecanismos de mercado para lograr este tipo de metas. En este trabajo se analizará la
posibilidad que presenta uno de estos mecanismos de mercado para la solución del problema, desde la
perspectiva de una empresa particular. El objetivo fundamental del caso es hacer el análisis de entorno
con opciones de plantaciones forestales y/o bosques naturales, opciones de ahorro energético y ubicar
esto desde la perspectiva de un gerente diseñando el futuro de una empresa altamente contaminadora,
o altamente consumidora de energía. Se ha identificado una industria con un proceso productivo
caracterizado por ser gran consumidor de energía y a su vez altamente contaminante, la Industria
Cementera. En Costa Rica hay solamente dos empresas productoras de cemento que se reparten el
mercado equitativamente.Se ha realizado este trabajo con una de ellas, la Industria Nacional de
Cemento S.A. (INCSA), quienes amablemente han colaborado con este consultor suministrando
información. Se han analizado las opciones que tiene la empresa ante la eventual apertura del Mercado
Global Ambiental definido en el Protocolo de Kioto en diciembre de 1997, que en su artículo 12 define el
Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Las opciones analizadas viables según el estado actual de la tecnología
comercial para disminución del CO2 en la atmósfera son la de conservación energética (sustitución de
combustibles fósiles por combustible no contaminante y/o reducción del uso de energía por unidad de
cemento producida) y la de compensación de emisiones a través de fijación de CO2 con bosques y
plantaciones forestales. También se podría aplicar proyectos como el uso de sistemas de absorción de
gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en procesos productivos (filtros), además de los citados en el párrafo
anterior, pero dado el actual estado de la tecnología, aún no pueden competir comercialmente con las
otras dos opciones, según estudios realizados en países desarrollados. Este tipo de proyectos no son
analizados en el presente caso. Antes del análisis sugerido, se presenta información general sobre el
entorno legal y económico relacionado con las posibilidades que ofrecería el Mercado Global Ambiental
a la empresa privada.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1631.
Publicación no.: 287 Estimación del costo marginal de los servicios fijación de carbono en Costa Rica /
Sancho-Villalobos, F; Pratt, L. [Alajuela]: INCAE / CLADS, 1999. 34 pp. (CEN; no. 704).
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Introducción: El estudio del tema del cambio climático implica una revisión de la influencia que ha
tenido el hombre sobre uno de los sistemas que interactúan en el complejo funcionamiento de nuestro
planeta. Lamentablemente, los niveles de este efecto han alcanzado límites amenazantes, tanto para la
vida del hombre como para la existencia de muchas otras especies. La humanidad enfrenta el dilema de
actuar decididamente en el presente ante una amenaza que se proyecta dentro de varias décadas en el
futuro, y que hoy en día sólo ha mostrado un ligero perfil de su peligro, cobrando un importante precio
ambiental, social y económico. Sin embargo, el precio hasta hoy cobrado y las proyecciones que se han
dibujado, demuestran que los grandes costos que implican las acciones para enfrentar el cambio
climático, son de por sí, menores a los que enfrentará el planeta en el futuro si no se ejercen esas
acciones. Este panorama es lo que ha generado la discusión en cuanto a la creación de un mercado de
servicios de fijación y reducción de carbono. Se ha partido del concepto que este mercado no sólo
significa una gran oportunidad para el mundo en desarrollo de proteger sus riquezas forestales y para
permitirle un desarrollo realmente sostenible en lo ambiental y en uso de tecnologías limpias, sino que
además se reconoce el potencial del mercado de carbono en favorecer el desarrollo social y económico,
ya que implicará el flujo de recursos desde los países industriales, que más emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero producen, hacia los países en desarrollo, cuya competitividad en los servicios del bosque se
considera como punto de partida. Este trabajo pretende identificar si Costa Rica realmente tiene una
competitividad en los servicios del bosque que le permita aprovechar con éxito las oportunidades que
abre el mercado de carbono. Este objetivo se trata de alcanzar con el uso de una metodología de apego
científico suficiente, para que los resultados señalen si el país obtiene provecho máximo al estimular el
uso de la tierra hacia la conservación, cubriendo el costo económico para los propietarios, sean privados
o estatales. Si el comercio de Costa Rica lo hace con ese tipo de resultados estará en vía de que el
mercado del carbono contribuya no sólo en loambiental, sino que también en lo económico y social, ya
que crearía fuentes de trabajo alternativas a las que desplaza la conservación, pero igualmente
remuneradas. Se evitará así la peligrosa tendencia de ofrecer los recursos naturales a precios bajos sin
criterio económico, que reproduzca ese concepto erróneo de que son recursos gratuitos para la
sociedad. El trabajo se dividió en dos partes, la primera ofrece el bagaje requerido para reconocer los
factores que propician la aparición del mercado ambiental y que son lo suficientemente fuertes como
para que los países en desarrollo apunten a aprovechar ese nuevo nicho. La segunda parte analiza el
caso de Costa Rica, basándose en un proyecto de áreas protegidas vigentes. Se le aplican los criterios
económicos con la información revelada en el proyecto base para identificar el costo del servicio
ambiental para Costa Rica y el potencial de comercio internacional que se desprende.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1630.
Publicación no.: 288 The influence of plant diversity and land use on the composition and function of
soil microbial communities [Influencia de la diversidad de plantas y el uso de la tierra en la composición
y función de las comunidades microbianas del suelo] / Carney, K.M. (Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, US <E-mail: karen.carney@gmail.com>). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University, 2003. 105 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D., Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA).
Soil microbial communities mediate many critical ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, about
the major factors that determine microbial community composition, and whether differences in
microbial communities influence ecosystem process rates. Using an experimental system at La Selva
Biological Station, Costa Rica, and a set of land use sites, I examined whether plant diversity, plant
community composition, season, and land use influenced soil microbial communities and their
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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functioning. This dissertation consisted of three main studies. In the first, I determined whether plant
community composition, plant diversity, or season (i.e. wet versus dry) affected overall soil microbial
community composition, as measured by phospholipid fatty acidanalysis. I found that plant diversity
significantly affected soil microbial community composition and that within a given plant diversity level,
plant community composition affected microbial community composition. I found no strong seasonal
trend in microbial community differences, although there were differences in composition across
sampling dates. In the second study, I examined the effect of differences in overall microbial community
composition on soil carbon cycling rates. I found that soil microbes that were compositionally distinct
also differed in their abilities to decompose a suite of 24 labile carbon substrates (an assay termed
"catabolic potential"). To determine whether differences in catabolic potential were indicative of a more
real-world process (i.e. leaf litter decomposition), I conducted a factorial litter decomposition transplant
experiment in the laboratory. My results suggest that microbial community composition has a significant
influence over this process rate. In the third study, I used the same sites described above as well as two
new land use types (i.e., forest and pasture) to explore patterns of diversity and function of a specific
taxonomic and functional group: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). I found no significanteffect of plant
diversity on either AOB diversity or composition, and no strong effect of land use on AOB diversity.
However, I did find that land use affected AOB composition. Differences in composition were driven by
the relative abundance of two genera: Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas. Preliminary evidence suggests
that these differences in composition may influence soil nitrification rates.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5417.
Publicación no.: 289 Centroamérica frente al cambio climático / Rojas, Ana Victoria; Rodríguez-Quirós,
Jorge Eduardo; Guzmán, Julio. San Salvador: FAO / Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo,
San Salvador, 2003. 68 p. (Serie Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio Climático). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): P01 206.
Publicación no.: 290 Costa Rica frente al cambio climático / Leiva, Mario; Alfaro-Murillo, María de los
Angeles; Hidalgo, Marisol; Méndez-Rodríguez, Alberto. San Salvador: FAO / Comisión Centroamericana
de Ambiente y Desarrollo, San Salvador, 2003. 60 p. (Serie Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio
Climático).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4181.pdf
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4181. Biblioteca Venezuela (IICA): P01 207.
Publicación no.: 291 Mercados ambientales globales: estudios de caso / Castro-Salazar, René; Pratt, L.
(Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas, Apartado Postal 960-4050, La Garita de
Alajuela, CR). San José: INCAE / PNUD, 1999. 100 pp.
Hacia el petróleo verde en las Américas. El nuevo mercado mundial del carbono: el dilema de Costa Rica.
Los bosques de Costa Rica y el mercado de créditos de reducción de carbono. Estudio de caso: puente
en el Río Tempisque.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 292 The emerging global market for carbon: the Costa Rica dilemma [El nuevo
mercado mundial del carbono: el dilema de Costa Rica] / PNUD Proyecto Regional de Medio Ambiente y
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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Desarrollo RLA/97/006 Reunión del Comité Intersesional del Foro de Ministros de Medio Ambiente de
América Latina y el Caribe. 4ª. , Lima. PE. 2 de octubre de 1999. México, D.F.: PNUD, 1999. 33 pp. (Sin
resumen).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 293 Country case study on sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Costa Rica. Final
report / Costa Rica. Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Minas. Instituto Meteorológico
Nacional, San José, CR. Nairobi: UNEP, 1995. 100 pp. (Sin resumen).
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 294 Arboreal ant species richness in primary forest, secondary forest, and pasture
habitats of a tropical montane landscape [Riqueza de especies de hormigas arbóreas en hábitats de
bosque primario, bosque secundario y potreros de un paisaje tropical montano] / Schonberg, L.A;
Longino, John T; Nadkarni, Nalini M; Yanoviak, Stephen P; Gering, J.C. (413 Rogers St NW, Olympia, WA
98502, US <E-mail: drummer@riseup.net> <E-mail: longinoj@evergreen.edu> <E-mail:
nadkarnn@evergreen.edu> <E-mail: yanoviak@terra.com.pe>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 36, no. 3, p. 402-409. 2004.
Canopy invertebrates may reflect changes in tree structure and microhabitat that are brought about by
human activities. We used the canopy fogging method to collect ants from tree crowns in primary
forest, secondary forest, and pasture in a Neotropical cloud forest landscape. The total number of
species collected was similar in primary forest (21) and pasture (20) habitats, but lower in secondary
forest (9). Lower diversity in secondary forest was caused by lower species density (no. of species per
sample). Rarefaction curves based on number of species occurrences suggest similar community species
richness among the three habitats. This study has implications for conservation of tropical montane
habitats in two ways. First, arboreal ant species density is reduced if secondary forest replaces primary
forest, which increases the chance of extinction among rare species. Second, pasture trees may serve as
repositories of primary forest ant communities due to similar tree structure.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: B. NBINA-1777.
Publicación no.: 295 Tropical forests and global warming: slowing it down or speeding it up? [Bosques
tropicales y el calentamiento global: ¿reduciéndolo o aumentándolo?] / Clark, Deborah A. (Organization
for Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo 676, San Pedro de Montes de Oca 2050, CR <Email: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (ISSN 1540-9295), v. 2, no. 2, p. 73-80. 2004.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1776.pdf
The world's tropical forests take up and emit large amounts of carbon (C) through photosynthesis and
respiration. Their response to global changes in the atmosphere and climate could therefore act as a
feedback. Only recently has research been focused on the possibility that tropical forests may not be in
C balance. There is currently a vigorous debate about whether these ecosystems might be accelerating
or slowing down the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation, and thus global warming. The evidence is
thin in either direction, and in some cases highly uncertain. Some findings raise the possibility that
higher temperatures could make tropical forests increasing C sources to the atmosphere - a positive
feedback effect. To project where our climate isheaded, it is critical to resolve two questions: how
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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tropical forests are reacting to changing climate, atmosphere and land use and how they will continue to
respond over the coming decades.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1776.
Publicación no.: 296 Carbon sequestration in tropical and temperate agroforestry systems: a review
with examples from Costa Rica and southern Canada [Captura del carbono en sistemas de
agrosilvicultura tropicales y templados: una revisión con ejemplos de Costa Rica y el sur de Canadá] /
Oelbermann, Maren; Voroney, R. Paul; Gordon, Andrew M. (University of Waterloo. Department of
Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: moelberm@fes.uwaterloo.ca> <Email: pvoroney@uoguelph.ca> <E-mail: agordon@evb.uoguelph.ca>).
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 104, no. 3, p. 359-377. 2004.
Deforestation in the tropics and fossil fuel burning in temperate regions contribute to the largest flux of
CO2 to the atmosphere. Therefore, land-use systems that increase the soil organic matter (SOM) pool
and stabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) need to be implemented. Agroforestry systems have the potential
to sequester atmospheric carbon (C) in trees and soil while maintaining sustainable productivity. The
potential to sequester C in agroforestry systems in tropical and temperate regions is promising, but little
information is available to date. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the history of
agroforestry and to outline differences in management practices between tropical and temperate
systems. This review focuses on C inputs, SOC pools and SOC stabilization with highlights from Costa
Rican and Canadian systems, and their role in C sequestration and trading. The potential to sequester C
in aboveground components in agroforestry systems is estimated to be 2.1 x 10-9 Mg C year-1 in tropical
and 1.9 x 10-9 Mg C year-1 in temperate biomes. However, the type of agroforestry systems and their
capacity to sequester C vary globally. For example, alley cropping is an agroforestry practice where trees
are integrated with crops, therefore storing C in the woody components of the trees and in the soil, with
a continual addition of organic material from tree prunings and crop residues. Studies from Costa Rica
have shown that a 10-year-old system with E. poeppigiana sequestered C at a rate of 0.4 Mg C ha-1 year1 in coarse roots and 0.3 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in tree trunks. Tree branches and leaves are added to the soil
as mulch, contributing 1.4 Mg C ha-1 year-1 in addition to 3.0 Mg ha-1 year-1 from crop residues. This
resulted in anannual increase of the SOC pool by 0.6 Mg ha-1 year-1. Despite the two crop rotations in
tropical agroforests, C input from crop residues is similar between the two biomes. The total organic
matter input, however, is still greater in tropical systems due to the larger addition from tree prunings.
This greater input does not necessarily increase the SOC pool significantly when compared to a
temperate system of similar age as a result of faster turnover rates of the SOM pool.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1765.
Publicación no.: 297 Above- and below-ground carbon inputs in 19-, 10- and 4-year-old Costa Rica
Alley cropping systems / Oelbermann, Maren; Voroney, R. Paul; Kass, Donald Charles Lieber;
Schlönvoigt, Andrea M. (University of Waterloo. Department of Environment & Resource Studies,
Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: moelberm@fes.uwaterloo.ca> <E-mail: pvoroney@uoguelph.ca> <Email: dclk9@hotmail.com> <E-mail: andrea_schloenvoigt@yahoo.de>).
En: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (ISSN 0167-8809), v. 105, no. 1/2, p. 163-172. 2004.
Carbon (C) input from tree prunings and crop residues help to maintain the soil organic C pool in tropical
agroforestry systems. This study quantified the C stock of tree roots and C input from tree prunings and
crop residues in 19-, 10- and 4-year-old Erythrina poeppigiana and Gliricidia sepium alley cropping
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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systems in Costa Rica. The 19-year-old alley cropping system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree
prunings only [-N], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N]), and was compared to a sole crop. The
10- and 4-year-old systems were also studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [-A], and tree
prunings plus Arachis pintoi as a groundcover [+A]), and compared to a sole crop. In the 19-year-old
system C input from G. sepium was significantly greater (P < 0.05) compared to E. peoppigiana, but for
both tree species there was no significant difference between +N and -N treatments. For the 10- and 4year-old systems, E. poeppigiana had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) C input fromprunings compared to
G. sepium, and the presence of A. pintoi increased pruning biomass productivity significantly in these
systems. Tree roots of 10- (4527 kg C ha-1) and 4-year-old (3667 kg C ha-1) E. poeppigiana represented
16 and 28% of the total C allocation. Carbon input from maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) residues were not significantly different (P < 0.05) between alley crops and sole crops in the
19-year-old system per unit of cropped land. In this system, +N treatments had a significantly greater (P
< 0.05) C input from bean residue than in -N treatments, but no such trend was observed for maize
residues. Carbon input from maize and bean residues were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in alley crops
than the sole crops, but not significantly different (P < 0.05) between +A and -A treatments in the
younger system. The greatest input of organic material occurred in the 19-year-old alley crop followed
by the 10- and 4-year-old alley crops. This additional input of organic material in alley crops, mostly
derived from tree prunings, will help to maintain or increase the level of the soil organic carbon pool.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1766.
Publicación no.: 298 Quaternary geology and paleoclimate of Costa Rica: Evidence from glaciation,
stable isotopes of surface waters, and a speleothem / Lachniet, M.S. (University of Nevada.
Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US <E-mail: matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>). Syracuse,
N.Y., 2001. 140 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D., Syracuse University Graduate School, Syracuse, N.Y. (USA).
Quaternary climates of the Caribbean Region are poorly known. This study investigates the terrestrial
evidence of Costa Rican Quaternary paleoclimates via analysis of the Quaternary glaciation of the Costa
Rican highlands to estimate temperature reductions associated with the last local glacial maximum, an
analysis of the spatial and temporal variability in stable isotope values of Costa Rican surface waters and
precipitation, and analysis of the stable isotope values of speleothems to estimate past variations in
precipitation amount. The highest peaks of Costa Rica were glaciated during the late Quaternary,
attesting to a significantly different climate in the Central American isthmus. New evidence of glacial
extent comes from striated, grooved, and channeled bedrock in previously undocumented sites. During
the last local glacial maximum, estimated as 12,000 14C yr BP, an ice cap 35 km² in extent covered the
highest peaks of the Cordillera de Talamanca around Cerro Chirripó, 2 km² of ice existed around Cerro
Kamuk, and 5 km² existed on Cerro de la Muerte. In Chirripó Park, the paleo equilibrium line altitude
(ELA) was 3500 m. Cirque floor elevations around Cerro Kamuk of 3260 m suggest a lower paleo ELA
there. The modern °C isotherm of 5000 m suggests a late Pleistocene ELA depression of 1500 m,
associated with a temperature depression of 8 to 9°C. Analysis of a calcite speleothem from the
Caribbean slope of Costa Rica provides direct evidence of past variations in precipitation amount on
decadal time scales. δ18O calcite values prior to 10,140 yr BP are &sim;1&permil; higher than early
Holocene values. These lower values may be explained by a temperature reduction of 5°C, decreased
rainfall and relative humidity, or some combination of the two. To interpret the δ18O record preserved in
this speleothem, a calibration study was undertaken to determine the spatial and temporal variation in
stable isotopes in surface waters and precipitation δ18O water values are most strongly correlated with
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con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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precipitation amount and follow distinct regional trends. Deuterium excess values suggest that moisture
recycling contributes to the moisture flux along the Nicaragua Trough.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8461.
Publicación no.: 299 Tropical response to the 8200 yr BP cold event? Speleothem isotopes indicate a
weakened early Holocene monsoon in Costa Rica / Lachniet, M.S; Asmerom, Y; Burns, S.J; Patterson,
W.P; Polyak, V.J; Seltzer, G.O. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Apartado 202, Balboa, PA
<E-mail: matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>).
En: Geology (Boulder) (ISSN 0091-7613), v. 32, no. 11, p. 957-960. 2004.
A δ18O monsoon rainfall proxy record from a U-Th-dated Costa Rican stalagmite (8840-4920 yr B.P.)
documents an early Holocene dry period correlative with the high-latitude 8200 yr B.P. cold event. High
δ18O values between ca. 8300 and 8000 yr B.P. demonstrate reduced rainfall and a weaker monsoon in
Central America. A relatively wetter and more stable monsoon was established ca. 7600 yr B.P. The early
Holocene dry event suggests a tropical-extratropical teleconnection to the 8200 yr B.P. cold event and a
possible association of isthmian rainfall anomalies with high-latitude climate changes. The likely source
of such a tropical anomaly is a decrease in Atlantic thermohaline circulation and atmospheric
perturbations associated with drainage of proglacial lakes and freshwater discharge into the North
Atlantic. A weaker monsoon at 8200 yr B.P. may be linked to wetland contraction and a decrease in
methane observed in Greenland ice cores.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3194.
Publicación no.: 300 Exchange processes of volatile organic compounds above a tropical rain forest:
implications for modelling tropospheric chemistry above dense vegetation [Procesos de intercambio de
compuestos orgánicos volátiles arriba de un bosque lluvioso tropical: implicaciones para el modelaje de
la química troposférica por encima de una vegetación densa] / Karl, T; Potosnak, M; Guenther, A; Clark,
Deborah A; Walker, J; Herrick, J.D; Geron, C. (National Center for Atmospheric Research. Atmospheric
Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO, US <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 109, no. D18306, p. 1-19. 2004.
[1] Disjunct eddy covariance in conjunction with continuous in-canopy, gradient measurements allowed
for the first time to quantify the fine-scale source and sink distribution of some of the most abundant
biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes. methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone) and photooxidized (MVK-MAC, acetone, acetaldehyde, acetic, and formic acid) VOCs in an old growth tropical rain forest. Our
measurements revealed substantial isoprene emissions (up to 2.50 mg m h-1) and light-dependent
monoterpene emissions (up to 0.33 mg m h-1) at the peak of the dry season (April and May 2003).
Oxygenated species such as methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde were typically emitted during
daytime with net fluxes up to 0.50, 0.36, and 0.20 mg m h-1, respectively. When generalized for tropical
rain forests, these fluxes would add up to a total emission of 36, 16, 19, 106, and 7.2 Tg/yr for methanol,
acetaldehyde, acetone, isoprene, and monoterpenes, respectively. During nighttime we observed strong
sinks for oxygenated and nitrogen-containing compounds such as methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde,
MVK+MAC, and acetonitrile with deposition velocities close to the aerodynamic limit. This suggests that
the canopy resistance (Re) is very small and not the rate-limiting step for the nighttime deposition of
many VOCs. Our measured mean dry deposition velocities of methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde,
MVK+MAC, and acetonitrile were a factor 10-20 higher than estimated from traditional deposition
models. If our measurements are generalized, this could have important implications for the
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redistribution of VOCs in atmospheric chemistry models. Our observations indicate that the current
understanding of reactive carbon exchange can only be seen as a first-order approximation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10174.
Publicación no.: 301 Species, rotation, and life-form diversity effects on soil carbon in experimental
tropical ecosystems [Especies, rotación y efectos de la diversidad de formas de vida sobre el carbono del
suelo en ecosistemas tropicales experimentales] / Russell, Ann E; Cambardella, C.A; Ewel, John J; Parkin,
T.B. (Iowa State University. Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management, 253 Bessey Hall,
Ames, IA 50011-1021, US <E-mail: arussell@iastate.edu> <E-mail: jackewel@gte.net>).
En: Ecological Applications (ISSN 1051-0761), v. 14, no. 1, p. 47-60. 2004.
Extensive areas of species-rich forests in the tropics have been replaced by tree monocultures over the
last two decades, and the impact on biogeochemical cycles is unclear. We characterized effects on soil
carbon dynamics of species identity and rotation frequency in experimental plantations containing three
native, non-N-fixing tree species, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Cedrela odorata, and Cordia alliodora,
grown in monocultures and in polycultures with two monocot species, Euterpe oleracea and Heliconia
imbricata. Over all treatments, change in total soil organic carbon (TSOC, 0-15 cm) after 10 years ranged
from a loss of 24% (0.9 mg/ha in 1-yr rotation of Cedrela) to an increase of 14% (0.6 mg/ha under
Hyeronirna polycultures). Species differed in their effects on quantities of TSOC (P = 0.038), but
differences were more pronounced in light particulate organic matter (LPOM; P = 0.001), a biologically
active, sand-size soil fraction that constituted 6% of TSOC. Effects of rotation frequency were strong; in
Cedrela and Cordia, the 4-yr rotations had higher soil C stocks than did long-term monocultures, where
soil C stocks had declined under 10-yr-old trees. Under Cedrela and Cordia, polycultures had significantly
higher stocks of soil C than monocultures, whereas soil C stocks were high under Hyeronima in both
cultures. In polycultures, Hyeronima dominated detrital inputs, contributing 88% of litterfall and fineroot growth, whereas Cedrela and Cordia contributed 34%. Root C:N ratio and fine-root growth
accounted for most of the variability in changes in soil C stocks after 10 years in long-term rotations
(partial R² .
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10242. NBINA-3838.
Publicación no.: 302 Manejo, secuestro de carbono e ingresos de tres especies forestales de sombra
en cafetales de tres regiones contrastantes de Costa Rica [Management, carbon sequestration and
revenues from three timber tree species associated to coffee in three producing regions of Costa Rica] /
Dzib-Castillo, B.B. Turrialba: CATIE, 2003. 124 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza, Programa de Educación para el Desarrollo y la Conservación, Turrialba (Costa
Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1928.pdf
Surveys were performed in 66 coffee farms to assess the effect of agricultural management on the aerial
biomass and PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) intercepted by three timber tree species
predominant in coffee agroforestry systems of three contrasting regions of Costa Rica. The tree species
were Cordia alliodora in the sub-optimal low-altitude region of La Suiza, Turrialba; Eucalyptus Deglupta
in the optimal high-altitude region of Grecia-Naranjo; and Terminalia amazonia in the sub-optimal lowaltitude region of San Isidro, Pérez Zeledón. The average total tree aerial biomass was for C. alliodora 77
± 54 t ha-1 with a density of 184 trees and 13 years of age; for T. amazonia, 66 ± 33 t ha-1 with a density
of 373 trees and 8 years of age; for E. deglupta, 28 ± 20 t ha-1 with a density of 78 trees and 8 years of
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age. The statistical analyses showed that tree density and age as well as coffee management were the
predominant factors affecting tree biomass. The amount of carbon sequestered in the aerial part of
trees varied a lot within a species due to the large differences in terms of densities observed in the
coffee agroforestry systems. The following results were obtained : for C. alliodora 39 ± 27 t ha-1 ; for T.
amazonia 32 ± 16 t ha-1;and for E. deglupta, they were 14 ± 10 t ha-1. This is an indication that coffee
agroforestry systems are procuring an important environmental service. The factors affecting the most
PAR interception by the tree canopy were tree density, age, diameter, height and total tree biomass.
This study also demonstrated that the densiometer is a cheap, precise and easy to use tool to assess
light interception by the canopy of the three species as it can be used independently of the sudden
variations in solar radiation intensity. From the present surveys, it was shown that the decrease of
coffee prices during the last ten years has resulted in a decrease of coffee productivity from 23% in the
optimal region to 43-48% in the sub-optimal ones. It also illustrates that shade management has
become more important while the use of agrochemical inputs strongly decreased. Regarding sale of
timber, it was shown that its importance in terms of revenue differed considerably between tree species
and regions. For C. alliodora, the results demonstrated that sale of timber could account for 83% of
accumulated coffee revenues after 13 years. For E. deglupta and T. amazonia, timber revenue after 8
years represented 6 and 54% of the accumulated coffee revenues for the period, respectively.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1928.
Publicación no.: 303 Diatom paleoecology of Laguna Zoncho, Costa Rica [Paleoecología de las
diatómeas de la Laguna Zoncho, Costa Rica] / Haberyan, K.A; Horn, Sally P. (NW Missouri State
University.
Department
of
Biology,
Maryville,
MO
64468-2002,
US
<E-mail:
khaber@mail.nwmissouri.edu> <E-mail: shorn@utk.edu>).
En: Journal of Paleolimnology (ISSN 0921-2728), v. 33, no. 3, p. 361-369. 2005.
We analyzed diatoms in a sediment profile from Laguna Zoncho in southern Pacific Costa Rica (lake
elevation 1190 masl, depth 2.6 m, area 0.75 ha) spanning some 3240 cal yr. Diatoms are common in the
profile, which we subdivide into three zones. Zone C (similar to 3240 - 1020 cal yr B. P.) is dominated by
Staurosira construens var. venter and Aulacoseira spp; during this time, the lake was dilute and
circumneutral. Benthic and acidophilous taxa increase gradually in the upper section of this zone. Zone B
(similar to 1020 - 460 cal yr B. P.) almost totally lacks Aulacoseira, and instead is dominated by
combinations of Eunotia minor, Encyonema lunatum, Gomphonema gracile, and Pinnularia braunii.
Previous pollen and charcoal analysis indicates that this zone falls within the peak of prehistoric
agricultural activity at the lake, but diatoms may also reflect climate change. During this period, the lake
was likely shallower and more acidic, but not eutrophic. Finally, Zone A (similar to 460 cal yr B. P. to AD
1997) begins near a 1.5-cm tephra layer from nearby Volcán Barú; diatom assemblages are dominated
by Aulacoseira spp., and suggest deepening of the lake and return to conditions similar to Zone C. This
was a time of indigenous population decline and forest recovery in the Zoncho region, probably
reflecting the impact of European diseases on the native population, although climate change and
impacts of the tephra deposition cannot be wholly discounted.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10367. NBINA-2128.
Publicación no.: 304 Forest conservation and the clean development mechanism: Lessons from the
Costa Rican protected areas project [Conservación del bosque y el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio:
Lecciones del proyecto costarricense de áreas protegidas] / Vöhringer, Frank. (Wagenigen University.
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Department of Social Sciences, Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Group, Hollandseweg
1,6706 KN, Wageningen, NL <E-mail: frank.voehringer@wur.nl>).
En: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (ISSN 1381-2386), v. 9, no. 3, p. 217. 2004.
Deforestation is currently the source of about 20 of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Avoided deforestation
has, nonetheless, been ruled out as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) category in the Kyoto
Protocols first commitment period, because several methodological issues were considered too difficult
to resolve. This paper explores whether CDM issues such as (1) carbon quantification, (2) additionality
and baseline setting, (3) leakage risks, (4) non-permanence risks, and (5) sustainable development can
be adequately dealt with in large, diversified forest conservation projects. To this aim, it studies the case
of the Costa Rican Protected Areas Project (PAP), an Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) project which
was meant to consolidate the national park system to avoid deforestation, promote the growth of
secondary forests and regenerate pastures on an area that, in total, covers 10 of the national territory.
The case study examines how the issues mentioned above have been addressed in the project design
and in the certification process. It is found that baseline uncertainties are the major problem in this case.
Nonetheless, the case suggests the possibility to address CDM issues by specific requirements for
project design and very conservative and temporary crediting. Provided that other case studies support
this conclusion, eligibility of well-designed forest conservation projects under the CDM in the second
commitment period may be worth considering, given the secondary benefits of avoided deforestation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2423.
Publicación no.: 305 Efecto del pago por servicios ambientales y otras variables socioeconómicas en la
adopción de usos del suelo amigables con el ambiente en zonas ganaderas de Esparza, Costa Rica y
Matiguás, Nicaragua [Effect of the payment for environmental services and other socioeconomic
variables in the adoption of silvopastoral systems in cattle areas of Costa Rica (Esparza) and Nicaragua
(Matiguás)] / Cerrud-Santos, H.N. Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. 167 pp. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en Socioeconomía
Ambiental, CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2390.pdf
The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of the variables introduced by the project on the
adoption level of friendly soil uses with the environment. The adoption level is measured through a
compound index that qualifies each soil usepresent in the farms according to its contribution level to the
protection of the biodiversity and the capacity to fix carbon. The farms were evaluated of the beginning
of the project to establish a base line (2003) and the a new evaluation in the 2004 was carried out. The
incremental points were assessed in the compound index for each farm and based on the obtained
value of the payment for environmental services (PES) was carried out. This research took into account a
total of 267 farms: 132 in Costa Rica and 135 in Nicaragua. Among the most important conclusions was
found, in the case of Costa Rica, the farms that receives PSA (Groups B and C) they have obtained
incremental points average statistically for farms higher to the one obtained by the Group A (group
control), that which indicates the adoption you uses of friendly soil with the atmosphere on the part of
the groups that benefit with the PSA. In the case of Nicaragua, since the groups that receives PSA
(Groups B and C) presented points average by farms for the 2004, statistically higher to the one
obrained by the Group A, indicates a positive effect in the adoption of soil uses proposed.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2390. Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton: Thesis C417e.
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Publicación no.: 306 Amphibian population declines in Latin America: A synthesis [Disminución de las
poblaciones de anfibios en Latinoamérica: una síntesis] / Lips, Karen R; Burrowes, P.A; Mendelson,
Joseph R., III; Parra-Olea, Gabriela. (Southern Illinois University. Department of Zoology, Carbondale, IL
62901-6501, US <E-mail: klips@zoology.siu.edu>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 37, no. 2, p. 222-226. 2005.
The loss of global amphibian biodiversity has been well documented in recent years. The greatest
information from Latin America came from countries such as Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Puerto
Rico. The five papers in this special section illustrate the critical status of Latin American amphibians and
further demonstrate certain commonalities of amphibian population declines within the region. These
studies provide a framework by which future research and management could proceed in all tropical
regions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2614.
Publicación no.: 307 Payment for environmental services in Costa Rica: Carbon sequestration
estimations of native tree plantations [Pago por servicios ambientales en Costa Rica: Estimaciones de
captura de carbono de plantaciones forestales de árboles nativos] / Redondo-Brenes, Alvaro. (Yale
University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: alvaro.redondo@yale.edu>).
En: Tropical Resources Bulletin, v. 24, p. 20-29. 2005.
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10594. NBINA-2473.
Publicación no.: 308 Potential carbon mitigation and income in developing countries from changes in
use and management of agricultural and forest lands [Atenuación potencial del carbono e ingresos de
paises en desarrollo a causa de los cambios en el uso y manejo de tierras agrícolas y forestales] / Niles,
J.O; Brown, S; Pretty, J; Ball, A; Fay, J. (University of California. Energy and Resources Group, Berkeley,
CA 94720, US <E-mail: joniles@socrates.berkeley.edu> <E-mail: sbrown@winrock.org> <E-mail:
jpretty@essex.ac.uk> <E-mail: andrew@essex.ac.uk>). Essex: University of California / Winrock
International / University of Essex, 2001. 26 pp. (Centre for Environment and Society; Occassional Paper
no. 2001-04).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2249.pdf
The many opportunities for mitigating atmospheric carbon emissions in developing countries include
implementing sustainable agricultural practices on existing lands, slowing tropical deforestation, and
reforesting degraded lands. This new analysis shows that over the next ten years, forty-eight major
tropical and subtropical developing countries have the potential to reduce the atmospheric carbon
burden by about 2.2 billion tonnes of carbon. Given a central price of $10 tonne of carbon and a
discount rate of 3%, this mitigation would generate a net present value of about $16.1 billion collectively
for these countries. Achieving these potentials would require a significant global effort, covering more
than fifty million hectares of land, to implement carbon-friendly practices in agriculture, forest, and
previously forested lands. These estimates of host-country income potentials do not consider that
outside financial investment may or may not be available. Our calculations also take no account of the
additional benefits of carbon sequestration in forest soils undergoing reforestation, increased use of
biomass, and reduced use of fossil fuel inputs and reduced agricultural emissions. In all events, realizing
these incomes would necessitate substantially greater policy support and investment in sustainable land
uses than is currently the case.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2249.
Publicación no.: 309 Modelación y proyección de tres usos del suelo forestales y agroforestales en
Costa Rica: aplicación al Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio [Models and forecasting of three forest and
agroforest land uses in Costa Rica: an application to the Clean Development Mechanism] / VenegasGamboa, Isabel. Turrialba: CATIE, 2004. 99 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc., Centro Agronómico Tropical de
Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
The Kyoto Protocol commits industrialized countries and economies in transition to cut their greenhouse
gas emissions (GHG) to 5% below their 1990 levels by 2012 The Kyoto Protocol established the CDM
(Clean Development Mechanism), which enables developed countries and economies in transition of the
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) to meet their GHG reduction
targets at lower cost through projects in developing countries. The Marrakesh conference established
that the only eligible forest activities in the CDM are aforestation and reforestation. According to the
CDM, forestry projects must demonstrate additionality in the reduction of carbon emissions
Additionality is the difference between the carbon sequestration withthe project and without the
project. The "without-project" scenario will be used as the baseline. Meanwhile, the baseline is a
requisite for estimating the project additionality. The objective of this work is to model and to forecast
the national baseline of three land uses and analyze their implication for Clean Development
Mechanism projects in Costa Rica. In order to determine which types of land uses will be analyzed,
criteria related to the Kyoto Protocol and the agreements of Marrakesh were taken into account as well
as economic and environmental relevant criteria for agricultural activities. Forest plantations, coffee and
secondary forest were selected. Data gathering was based on secondary information about land uses,
land use changes and explicative variables of the three land uses A database was constructed with
information for the period of 1970-2000. In order to complete the time series interpolation and
extrapolation were used. In order to construct the models of land use change, two approaches were
tested: the first was based in the tendency of the land use and the second one was based on the
explicative variables of the land use. Finally, these approaches were compared. In the first approach,
data was forecasted until the year 2012 (the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol)
using two forecast methods STEPAR and EXPO Five curves were obtained for each use Outlier curves and
those with the same shape were eliminated. With the resulting curves three new curves were obtained
with the maximum, average and minimum values. In the second approach a linear regression model was
constructed in order to explain the changes in each land use area. A regression analysis used the F test
in order to obtain the significant explicative variables for each land use The explicative variables were
extrapolated with the same methods as in the first approach Finally the model was applied with
extrapolated variables in order to calculate future land uses areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2401.
Publicación no.: 310 Last glacial maximum equilibrium line altitudes in the circum-Caribbean (Mexico,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela) / Lachniet, M.S; Vázquez-Selem, L. (University of
Nevada. Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US <E-mail: matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>).
En: Quaternary International (ISSN 1040-6182), v. 138, p. 129-144. 2005.
Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) estimates for Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) paleoglaciers in Mexico,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela were determined using the accumulation area balance
ratio (AABR), accumulation area ratio (AAR), toe-to-headwall altitude ratio (THAR), and the maximum
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altitude of lateral moraine (MALM) methods. LGM glacial expansions are chronologically constrained in
Mexico, the Merida Andes of Venezuela, the mountains around Bogota, Colombia, and the Ruiz-Tolima
massif, Colombia. Undated glacial sites are tentatively correlated to dated sites on the basis of similar
moraine morphology and weathering characteristics. LGM ELAs are 3400-3950 m in central Mexico,
3544 m for Guatemala, 3477 ± 13 m for Costa Rica, 4104 ± 197 m for the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Colombia, 3480 m for the Ruiz-Tolima region of Colombia, 3345 ± 130 m for the mountains around
Bogota, Colombia, 4151 ± 181 m for the Sierra Nevada de Cocuy, Colombia, and 3576 ± 163 m for the
Merida Andes of Venezuela. As the modern ELA and/or °C isotherm is found at 4900 ± 200 m, LGM ELA
depression in the circum-Caribbean region was between 500 and 1625 m.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2655.
Publicación no.: 311 Deforestation and cloud forests in Costa Rica [Deforestación y los bosques nubosos
en Costa Rica] / Lawton, Robert O. (University of Alabama in Huntsville. Department of Biological
Sciences, Huntsville, AL 35899, US <E-mail: lawton@email.uah.edu>).
En: Environmental Review (ISSN 1080-644X), v. 9, no. 2, p. 1-8. 2002.
Introduction: The Monteverde Forest Reserve in Costa Rica is a cloud forest ecosystem. Cloud forests
receive a dependable and prolonged bath in clouds as trade winds push warm, moist air inland. Cloud
forests in Central America are biological hotspots; that is, they support an unusual amount of biological
diversity. However, deforestation not in Monteverde Reserve itself, but in lowland forests upwind has
changed the conditions for cloud formation. Conversion of the lowland forests to pasture has resulted in
drier, warmer air flowing into the cloud forests. This is our first indication that land use in tropical
lowlands can have adverse effects on adjacent ecosystems. We spoke with Bob Lawton about his work
in the cloud forests of Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2248.
Publicación no.: 312 The role of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved
inorganic nitrogen in a tropical wet forest ecosystem [El papel del carbón orgánico disuelto, el
nitrógeno orgánico disuelto y el nitrógeno inorgánico disuelto en un ecosistema de bosque húmedo
tropical] / Schwendenmann, Luitgard C; Veldkamp, Edzo. (Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture,
Department of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: lscwen@gwdg.de>
<E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432-9840), v. 8, no. 4, p. 339-351. 2005.
Although tropical wet forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles,
little is known about the origin, composition, and fate of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) in these
ecosystems. We quantified and characterized fluxes of DOC, DON, and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) in
throughfall, litter leachate, and soil solution of an old-growth tropical wet forest to assess their
contribution to C stabilization (DOC) and to N export (DON and DIN) from this ecosystem. We found that
the forest canopy was a major source of DOC (232 kg C ha-¹ y-¹. Dissolved organic C fluxes decreased
with soil depth from 277 kg C ha-¹ y-¹ below the litter layer to around 50 kg C kg C ha-¹ y-¹ between 0.75
and 3.5m depth. Laboratory experimentsto quantify biodegradable DOC and DON and to estimate the
DOC sorption capacity of the soil, combined with chemical analyses of DOC, revealed that sorption was
the dominant process controlling the observed DOC profiles in the soil. This sorption of DOC by the soil
matrix has probably led to large soil organic C stores, especially below the rooting zone. Dissolved N
fluxes in all strata were dominated by mineral N (mainly NO3(3)(-)). The dominance of NO3- relative to
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the total amount nitrate of N leaching from the soil shows that NO3- is dominant not only in forest
ecosystems receiving large anthropogenic nitrogen inputs but also in this old-growth forest ecosystem,
which is not N-limited.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2703.
Publicación no.: 313 Variation in leaf litter nutrients of a Costa Rican rain forest is related to
precipitation [La variación en los nutrimentos de la hojarasca del suelo de un bosque lluvioso
costarricense está relacionada con la precipitación] / Wood, Tana E; Lawrence, Deborah A; Clark,
Deborah A. (University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 400123,
Charlottesville, VA 22904, US <E-mail: tana@virginia.edu> <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Biogeochemistry (ISSN 0168-2563), v. 73, no. 2, p. 417-437. 2005.
By assessing current leaf litter nutrient dynamics, we may be able to predict responses of nutrient
cycling in tropical ecosystems to future environmental change. The goal of this study was to assess
whether nutrient cycling is related to seasonal variation in rainfall in a wet tropical forest. We examined
leaf litter of an old-growth tropical rain forest in N.E. Costa Rica over a 4-year period to explore seasonal
and inter-annual changes in leaf litter nutrient concentrations, and to evaluate potential short- and longterm drivers of variation in litter nutrient concentration, particularly that of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen
(N). We also examined the temporal dynamics of calcium, potassium, and magnesium in the leaf litter.
Leaf litter (P) and %N changed significantly with time, both seasonally and inter-annually. Seasonal
changes in leaf litter (P) were strongly positively correlated with rainfall from the previous 2 weeks;
cations, however, were inversely related to this measure of current rainfall, while %N was not related to
rainfall. We propose that the positive relationship between current rainfall and leaf litter (P) is due to a
response by the vegetation to an increase in nutrient availability and uptake. In contrast, given the
negative relationship between current rainfall and cation concentrations, leaching from live leaf tissue is
a more likely driver of short-term changes in cations. Should global climate change include altered
rainfall patterns in this biome, one class of ecosystem-level responses could be significant changes in P
and cation cycling.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2698.
Publicación no.: 314 Climate change and biodiversity: synercistic impacts [Cambio climático y
biodiversidad: impactos sinergísticos] / Hannah, L; Lovejoy, T.E, (eds.).
En: Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science; no. 4 Washington, DC: Conservation International, 2003.
123 pp. ISBN: 1-881173-74-7.
The chapters of this volume that follow focus on the synergistic and cascading impacts of climate change
on biodiversity that occur when multiple factors interact. Researchers are working to understand these
compound impacts using numeric computer models, field experimentation, and conceptual models
framed by experts in multi-disciplinary assessment. The two chapters of this introductory section
explore models and experimental methods that have been applied in research on the impacts of climate
change on biotic interactions. Chapter 1 describes synergies and the models that may be used to
simulate them. Because the models needed to directly simulate synergies are very complex, however,
relatively few synergies have been successfully simulated. Instead, many synergies have been examined
in conceptual models, through experimental manipulation, or by combining single-factor models.
Chapter 2 explores these more fundamental approaches, which have been used to build understanding
of synergies piece by piece. Chapters 1 and 2 lay the groundwork for Chapters 3-12, which draw on the
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methods described here and add others, such as conceptual models of fire or physiological effects of CO2,
to paint a provocative, if partial, portrait of the synergistic effects of climate change on biodiversity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2715.
Publicación no.: 315 Measuring carbon storage in tropical forests [Midiendo la captura de carbono en
los bosques tropicales] / Silver, Whendee L. (University of California. E.S.P.M. Ecosystem Sciences
Division, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US <E-mail: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu>).
En: Environmental Review (ISSN 1080-644X), v. 11, no. 10, p. 9-16. 2004.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2719.pdf
Introduction: Planting trees on worn out farm or pasture land has been proposed as a way to reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere. Forests or woodlots build wood
out of gases such as carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil. Carbon therefore can be stored
in wood for a while before it is released back to the air when the wood is burned or decomposed.
Reforestation can accomplish several good things at the same time: water purification; recovery of
habitat for plants and animals; improvement of local climate conditions, for instance near cloud forests
or deserts; and removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Schemes are afoot to start up a
carbon market in which people who provide the service of removing carbon from the air will be paid by
the people who put it there. Such a market requires some sort of measurement of how much carbon is
sequestered by the trees, and for how long.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2719.
Publicación no.: 316 Phytogeography of the bryophyte floras of oak forests and paramo of the
Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica [Fitogeografía de las floras de Briofitas de robledales y el páramo
de la Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica] / Holz, Ingo; Gradstein, Stephan Robbert. (Universität
Greifswald. Institute of Botany, Grimmer Str 88, D-17487 Greifswald, DE <E-mail: ingo.holz@unigreifswald.de> <E-mail: sgradst@gwdg.de>).
En: Journal of Biogeography (ISSN 0305-0270), v. 32, no. 9, p. 1591-1609. 2005.
Aim: Central America is a biogeographically interesting area because of its location between the rich and
very different biota of North and South America. We aim to assess phytogeographical patterns in the
bryophyte floras of oak forests and paramo ofthe Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Location: Tropical
America, in particular the montane area of Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Methods: The analysis is
based on a new critical inventory of the montane bryophyte flora of Cordillera de Talamanca. All species
were assigned to phytogeographical elements on the basis of their currently known distribution.
Absolute and percentage similarities were employed to evaluate floristic affinities. Results: A total of
401 species [191 hepatics (liverworts), one hornwort, 209 mosses] are recorded; of these, 251 species
(128 hepatics, one hornwort, 122 mosses) occur in oak forests. Ninety-three per cent of all oak forest
species are tropical in distribution, the remaining 7% are temperate (4%) and cosmopolitan (3%) species.
The neotropical element includes almost 74% of the species, the wide tropical element (pantropical,
amphi-atlantic, amphi-pacific) only 19%. A significant part of the neotropical species from oak forests
are species with tropical Andean-centred ranges (27%). As compared with bryophyte species, vascular
plant genera in the study region are represented by fewer neotropical, more temperate and more
amphi-pacific taxa. Bryophyte floras of different microhabitats within the oak forest and epiphytic
bryophyte floras on Quercus copeyensis in primary, early secondary and late secondary oak forest show
a similar phytogeographical make-up to the total oak forest bryophyte flora. Comparison of oak forest
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and paramo reveals a greater affinity of the paramo bryophyte flora to temperate regions and the great
importance of the paramo element in paramo. Surprisingly, oak forests have more Central American
endemics than paramo. Main conclusions: (1) Providing first insights into the phytogeographical
patterns of the bryophyte flora of oak forests and paramo, we are able to confirm general
phytogeographical trends recorded from vascular plant genera of the study area although the latter
were more rich in temperate taxa. (2) Andean-centred species are a conspicuous element in the
bryophyte flora of Cordillera de Talamanca, reflecting the close historical connection between the
montane bryophyte floras of Costa Rica and South America. (3) High percentages of Central American
endemics in the bryophyte flora of the oak forests suggest the importance of climatic changes
associated with Pleistocene glaciations for allopatric speciation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2786.
Publicación no.: 317 Changing bee composition and frequency on a flowering legume, Andira inermis
(Wright) Kunth ex DC. during El Niño and La Niña years (1997-1999) in Northwestern Costa Rica
[Composición y frecuencia cambiante de abejas en una leguminosa florecida, Andira inermis (Wright)
Kunth ex DC. durante los años de El Niño y La Niña (1997-1999) en el noroeste de Costa Rica] / Frankie,
Gordon W; Rizzardi, Mark A; Vinson, S. Bradleigh; Griswold, Terry L; Ronchi, P. (University of California.
Department of Entomological Sciences, Berkeley, CA 94720, US <E-mail: frankie@nature.berkeley.edu>
<E-mail: mar13@humboldt.edu> <E-mail: bvinson@neo.tamu.edu> <E-mail: tgris@biology.usu.edu> <Email: boraginaceae@hotmail.com>).
En: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (ISSN 0022-8567), v. 78, no. 2, p. 100-117. 2005.
In 1999, bees were sampled from several flowering individuals of the leguminous tree, Andira inermis
(Papilionoideae), at two sites in northwestern Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica. One site, city outskirts
of Liberia, was experiencing steady encroachment of human development, whereas the other was a
moderately impacted cattle ranch/wildland area near the small town of Bagaces. A standardized method
was employed to sample the bees, which had been used previously in 1996 in the same tree
populationsat the same two sites (Frankie et al., 1997). Results of the 1999 samples were compared
with those taken in 1996 to examine possible changes in bee diversity and abundance. During this threeyear period, El Niño and La Niña climatic events had occurred back-to-back, and this combination of
weather patterns provided an opportunity to evaluate possible short-term changes in the bee taxa that
use A. inermis as one of their preferred host plants. Other bee host plants at both sites were also
surveyed for seasonal flowering, the results of which formed a broader context for assessing the A.
inermis bee samples. The comparison revealed the following. (1) The composition of bees had changed
with reductions in large bees from 1996 to 1999; most noticeably someanthophorids and especially
Centris and Epicharis. Africanized honey bees and smaller bee taxa remained about the same in
composition and overall abundance. (2) During El Niño and La Niña years from mid 1997 through early
1999, the flowering of key resources for large bees, especially Byrsonima crassifolia, was substantially
delayed (and sometimes reduced) to the point where building and provisioning of bee nests was likely
reduced, which apparently led to declines in large bee taxa. Other possible causes of decline, including
increasing agricultural development in the region, are also discussed. (3) Intertree variation in attraction
of bees to A. inermis was documented in both 1999 and 1996, but persistence of this variable attraction
on the same individual trees could be only partially evaluated in 1999. The flowering pattern(s) of
individual A. inermis trees has proved to be highly variable within and between the two study sites.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3315.
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Publicación no.: 318 Carbon storage in coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica: potential
applications for the clean development mechanism [Captura de carbono en agroecosistemas de café en
el sur de Costa Rica: aplicaciones potenciales para el mecanismo de desarrollo limpio] / Polzot, C.L. (York
University. Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON MWJ 1P3, CA). Toronto: York University,
2004. 162 pp. Thesis, M.Sc. in Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Ontario (Canada).
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental and economic threats facing the world today.
Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have increased the level
of greenhouse gases - the primary contributors to global warming - in the atmosphere. This
accumulation is changing the Earth's weather patterns, resulting in higher global temperatures, rising
sea levels and a potential shift in the distribution of the world's ecosystems. There is a growing need to
develop strategies that will reduce current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and curtail
future emissions. The Kyoto Protocol represents an international strategy: it establishes emission
reduction targets for industrialized countries and incorporates a Clean Development Mechanism for
trading carbon credits generated by projects implemented in developing countries. Tree-based land-use
systems, such as the shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica, sequester carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass. Simultaneously, these agroecosystems
provide additional products and services to local residents and reduce pressure on existing forests.
Therefore, increasing tree cover in coffee production is a viable option for mitigating climate change
that also provides social, economic and ecological benefits. The objective of this study is to generate
aboveground carbon-stock inventory data for five coffee production systems in southern Costa Rica,
which employ various degrees of structural complexity in their shade layer. The sites include coffee
grown with poró (Erythrina poeppigiana), guaba (Inga sp.), banana (Musa spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
deglupta) and diversified shade (primarily Terminalia amazonia and Cedrela odorata). An advanced
secondary-forest site at the Los Cusingos Neotropical Bird Sanctuary is used as a control. The carbonstock of shade trees, coffee bushes and leaf litter is calculated for each site, and the income that could
be generated from a one-time payment for the environmental service provided by shade trees (carbon
storage) is estimated. Results indicate the coffee production system that stores the most amount of
carbon per hectare in its aboveground biomass is Diversified Shade (31.6 t C ha-¹), employing a variety of
shade-tree species in three distinct layers. Conversely, the Inga sp. system - a shaded monoculture with
low structural complexity in its shade layer - stores the least carbon (11.0 t C ha-¹). The carbon-stock of
the other systems examined falls within this range and varies according to structural complexity, species
composition and management practices. This study recommends that the shade layer in coffee
agroecosystems be made more complex for increased carbon storage and maintenance of biodiversity,
as previous papers suggest. In the case of southern Costa Rica, a carbon sequestration project
implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism could provide farmers with an incentive to
select management practicesthat favour higher carbon-stocks and biodiversity. Such an endeavour
would have social, economic and environmental benefits and would provide an example that could be
replicated in other small watersheds of Central America.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2772.
Publicación no.: 319 Energy dynamics and modeled evapotranspiration from a wet tropical forest in
Costa Rica [Dinámica de la energía y modelo de evapotranspiración de un bosque húmedo tropical en
Costa Rica] / Loescher, Henry William; Gholz, H.L; Jacobs, Jennifer M; Oberbauer, Steven F. (Oregon
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State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, US <E-mail:
hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu> <E-mail: jmjacobs@berkeley.edu> <E-mail: oberbaue@fiu.edu>).
En: Journal of Hydrology (ISSN 0022-1694), v. 315, no. 1/4, p. 274-294. 2005.
The effects of albedo, net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and surface conductances on
energy fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) were determined for a wet tropical forest in NE Costa Rica
from 1997 to 2000. Sensible heat fluxes (H) were estimated by the combination of eddy-covariance and
the change in below-canopy heat profiles. Above-canopy latent heat fluxes (lambda E) were estimated
by the residuals from Rn and H, and below canopy ?E fluxes. Surface reflectance (albedo) was about 12%
of incident solar radiation and did not differ seasonally. Rn was significantly different among years and
explained about 79% of the variation in H and lambda E fluxes. The effects of VPD did not explain any
additional variation in heat fluxes lambda E fluxes were always greater than H fluxes when Rn 40 W m-².
Understory heat fluxes were small and contributed little towards daily energy exchange, but may be
significant when Rn is small. A dimensionless coefficient (Q) was used to determine the relative
importance of aerodynamic conductance (ga) and bulk canopy conductance (gb) on lambda E flux.
During the day, Q was 0.6 and peaked at 0.85 suggesting that the forest was decoupled from
physiological controls, lambda E fluxes are more dependent on Rn than water availability, and ga exerts
more control on AE fluxes than gb. Because of these results, both the Priestly-Taylor and the PenmanMonteith models performed well using only Rn. Because the canopy is wet about 32% of the time, there
was better precision in estimating lambda E fluxes using the Priestly-Taylor model (with an empirically
estimated alfa=1.24), when the canopy was wet. Annual ET was 1892, 2292 and 2230 mm for 1998,
1999 and 2000, respectively. Annual ET ranged from 54 to 66% of bulk precipitation. Using a Rutter-type
model, interception losses were 17-18% of bulk precipitation. The overall amount of energy needed for
annual ET accounted for about 88 to 97% of total Rn.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2758. S10773.
Publicación no.: 320 Host country attractiveness for CDM non-sink projects / Jung, M. (Hamburg
Institute of International Economics, Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20347 Hamburg, DE <E-mail:
jung_fernandez@gmx.de>).
En: Energy Policy (ISSN 0301-4215), v. 34, p. 2173-2184. 2006.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2757.pdf
In the present study, CDM host countries are classified according to their attractiveness for CDM nonsink projects by using cluster analysis. The attractiveness of host countries for CDM non-sink projects is
described by three indicators: mitigation potential, institutional CDM capacity and general investment
climate. The results suggest that only a small proportion of potential host countries will attract most of
the CDM investment. The CDM (non-sink) stars are China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa,
Indonesia and Thailand. They are followed by attractive countries like Costa Rica, Trinidad and Tobago,
Mongolia, Panama, and Chile. While most of the promising CDM host countries are locatedin Latin
America and Asia, the general attractiveness of African host countries is relatively low (with the
exception of South Africa). Policy implications of this rather inequitable geographical distribution of
CDM project activities are discussed briefly.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2757.
Publicación no.: 321 Global gap analysis: towards a representative network of protected areas
[Análisis global de omisiones de conservación: hacia una red de áreas protegidas representativa] /
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Rodrigues, A.S.L; Andelman, S.J; Bakarr, M.I; Boitani, L; Brooks, T.M; Cowling, R.M; Fishpool, L.D.C;
Fonseca, G.A.B; Gaston, K.J; Hoffman, Michael; Long, J; Marquet, P.A; Pilgrim, J.D; Pressey, R.L; Schipper,
Jan; Sechrest, W; Stuart, S.N; Underhill, L.G; Waller, R.W; Watts, M.E.J; Xie, Y. (University of California at
Santa Barbara. National Center of Ecology Analysis & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, US <E-mail:
andelman@nceas.ucsb.edu> <E-mail: j.schipper@conservation.org>). Washington DC: Conservation
International, 2003. 98 pp. (Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science; no. 5).
The problem: Increasing human pressure on natural resources is transforming our planet's ecosystems
and leading to irreversible biodiversity loss. The opportunity: Governments worldwide acknowledge the
value of protected areas as conservation tools, and so set land aside for this purpose. An assessment of
the completeness of the current global network of protected areas is a critical tool needed to
strategically expand and strengthen the coverage of protected areas. The data: Four remarkable
datasets have just become available that allow a first attempt at this assessment. The World Database
on Protected Areas holds more than 100,000 spatial records of protected areas. Distribution maps
produced through the IUCN Red List partnership now cover 11,171 species: 1,183 globally threatened
birds, 4,734 mammals (978 threatened), and 5,254 amphibians (1,467 threatened). The analysis: This
project overlaid species distribution maps onto protected area maps using Geographic Information
Systems to assess howwell each species is represented in protected areas. Assessment of the highest
priority areas for consolidating and expanding the protected area network requires information on
irreplaceability and threat. Irreplaceability measures how options for achieving species representation
targets are reduced if a site is not conserved. Threat can be calculated as the number of threatened
species present at a site, weighting those with higher extinction risk. Sites of exceptional irreplaceability
and threat were identified as the most urgent conservation priorities. These include currently protected
sites - priorities for strengthening the existing global network of protected areas - and unprotected sites
- priorities for the expansion of the global network. Theresults: At least 1,310 species (831 at risk of
extinction) are not protected in any part of their ranges. Amphibians, overall, are less well covered than
birds or mammals. Areas identified as urgent (both for strengthening and for the expansion of the global
network) are mainly concentrated in tropical forests, especially in areas of topographic complexity, and
on islands. Proportionally, Asia is a higher priority for the expansion of the global network of protected
areas, while the need for strengthening the existing network is mainly emphasized in Africa and South
America. The percentage of area already protected in a given country does not inform how much more
protection is needed - the level of endemism is a much better predictor. The implications: The current
global network of protected areas is far from achieving a complete coverage of vertebrate species. The
expansion of the global protected area network cannot be based on area targets (10 percent or
otherwise): it must instead be based on biodiversity information. Many unprotected regions are highly
irreplaceable and threatened - it is essential to ensure that they are adequately protected as soon as
possible. Likewise, many existing protected areas urgently require increased investment. This analysis
does not cover aquatic biodiversity, nor address issues of the persistence (only of the representation) of
biodiversity. Nevertheless, expanding the global network of protected areas into the regions highlighted
as urgent priorities in this global gap analysis would go a long way towards the conservation of bird,
mammal, and amphibian species, and provide a first step towards a truly representative protected area
system.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2721.
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Publicación no.: 322 El impacto social de los mercados de carbono en Costa Rica: Estudio de campo de
la Región Huetar Norte / Miranda-Quirós, Miriam; Porras, Ina T; Moreno-Díaz, Mary Luz. (Universidad
Nacional. Centro Internacional en Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible, P.O. Box 555-3000,
Heredia, CR <E-mail: mmiranda@una.ac.cr> <E-mail: ina.porras@iied.org>). Heredia: Universidad
Nacional / CINPE / IIED, 2004. 58 pp.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-2734.pdf
In this study the authors assess the impacts of the Payments for Environmental Services scheme in
relation to reforestation activities as a source of carbon sinks. One of the aims is to test a methodology
based on the five assets approach of the Sustainable Livelihoods framework. The study finds that the
PES scheme has had important impacts on financial assets, not so much from the payments themselves,
but from the expected income from timber sales. The payments have acted as a catalysing factor for
reforestation activities, covering some of the upfront costs. Nevertheless high transaction costs for
entering the scheme are noted as an obstacle. There have been important effects on human assets
mainly in the form of transfer of knowledge on reforestation through technical assistance as well as
learning through trial and error. The PES programme has had important impacts on social organisation
encouraging alliances between NGOs and serving as a means to consolidate objectives, capacity and
financial resources of some organisations working with groups of small landowners. Natural assets have
benefited as the PES programme has contributed to the recovery of forest landscapes in the area. A side
benefit of this has been promotion of the local tourist industry. The area of negative impact is for
physical assets as the PES has contributed to greater use of existing infrastructure, roads, particularly
and has not generated improvements.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2734.
Publicación no.: 323 Paying for biodiversity conservation services - Experience in Colombia, Costa Rica,
and Nicaragua [Pago por servicios de conservación de la biodiversidad - Experiencia en Colombia, Costa
Rica y Nicaragua] / Pagiola, Stefano; Agostini, P; Gobbi, José Alberto; de Haan, C; Ibrahim, Muhammad
A; Murgueitio, Enrique; Ramírez, E; Rosales, M; Ruiz, J.P. (World Bank. Department of Environment,
1818 H St Nw, Washington, DC 20433, US <E-mail: spagiola@worldbank.org> <E-mail:
pagostini@worldbank.org> <E-mail: jgobbi@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: cdehaan@worldbank.org <E-mail:
mibrahim@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: enrique.murgueitio@cipav.org.co> <E-mail: nitlactaf@ns.uca.edu.ni>
<E-mail: mauricio.rosales@fao.org> <E-mail: jruiz@worldbank.org>).
En: Mountain Research and Development (ISSN 0276-4741), v. 25, no. 3, p. 206-211. 2005.
One of the most important reasons for the degradation of biodiversity, in mountain areas and
elsewhere, is that the people who make land use decisions often receive few 0 or no benefits from.
biodiversity conservation. Understandably, therefore; they generally ignore potential biodiversity
benefits 6,0 when choosing land use practices. The end result-is that biodiversity is often lost, as are
many other off-site benefits such as the regulation of hydrological flows. Efforts to enhance biodiversity
conservation need to take account of the constraints faced by individual land users, who decide what
practices to adopt on their land. Over the years, a variety of efforts have been made to boost the
profitability of biodiversity-friendly practices for land users. with mixed results. A further approach,
which has received increasing attention in recent years, is to provide direct payments for the provision
of environmental services such as biodiversity conservation. The simple logic of Payments for
Environmental Services (PES) is that compensating land users for the environmental,services a given
land use provides, makes them more likely to choose that land use rather than another. The Regional
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Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project, whichis being implemented by the World Bank
with financing from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), is piloting the use of PES as a means of
generating biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration services in watersheds at three sites in
Colombia, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-2870.
Publicación no.: 324 Forest fragmentation and biodiversity conservation: case studies of Costa Rica
and Vancouver Island [Fragmentación del bosque y conservación de la biodiversidad: estudios de caso
de Costa Rica y la Isla Vancouver] / Roman, G; Emerson, L; Fairweather, K. , 2001. 134 pp.
The conservation of biodiversity is an important responsibility for humanity for economic, aesthetic,
ecological, and ethical reasons. Human-caused habitat fragmentation is a major threat to the
conservation of biodiversity. We assessed the impacts of forest fragmentation on biodiversity in two
widely differing regions: Costa Rica and Vancouver Island. First, we quantified landscape fragmentation
patterns in both regions. Subsequently, it was shown how current landscape patterns, such as the
representativeness of ecosystem types, sizes of habitat patches, and degree of landscape connectivity,
are impacting biodiversity in the two regions. Many of these impacts were species-specific, and were
obtained directly from the literature, while others could only be inferred by established generalized
rules. One important conclusion is that the impacts of fragmentation on biodiversity may have very
extensive effects under rapid climate change scenarios. The future outlook for biodiversity conservation
in both regions was also assessed. This was done by first documenting initiatives towards a system of
land use compatible with conservation, and subsequently pointing out areas where improvements could
be directed. We conclude that both regions studied still have a long way to go before incentives and
mechanisms are in place that encourage land use patterns compatible with biodiversity conservation
objectives. Creating the transition towards such a system must be a high priority for everyone, and will
requiremany changes in styles of resource management, in the attitudes, lifestyles, and consumption
patterns of individuals, and in the ways in which businesses go about their operations. The Importance
of This Study: The conservation of the Earth's biodiversity is thought by many to be one of the most
important and pressing issues of our time. Ordinary citizens, prominent scientists, resource managers,
university professors, environmentalists, schoolchildren, and government bureaucrats from all parts of
the world are just some of the important groups of people that have acknowledged the importance of
saving the earth's biotic wealth. In Canada, a public opinion poll prepared by the Angus Reid Group
showed that 94% of Canadians would support Federal Endangered Species Legislation, and that the
majority of rural Canadians would be willing to use at least a portion of their privately owned land for
endangered species conservation (Canadian Endangered Species Coalition, 2001). Globally, the
recognition of the importance of biodiversity conservation is reflected by the ratification of the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), first presented at the1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, by 168
countries (Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2001). In many regions,
the increasing public awareness on the importance of conserving biodiversity is being expressed in many
ways. We can note this just from the increased usage of the term 'biodiversity' (despite the fact that it is
not commonly fully understood), and also by the increasing referral to biodiversity in the rhetoric of
government policies and mandates (see: BC CORE, 1995a; Budowski, 1992). However, although many
conservation-oriented activities and programs have been plannedthe widespread recognition of the
importance of biological conservation does not necessarily mean that specific actions have been taken
to address the root causes of threats to biodiversity. Actual changes in land use and related policies,
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which satisfybiodiversity conservation objectives, are considered by many to be scarce (UNEP, 2000).
The reasons for this are complicated, and have a lot to do with the extreme difficulties involved in
satisfying multiple objectives in planning. Defining a trajectoryof development that satisfies all
environmental, economic, and social objectives may at best be excruciatingly difficult, and at worst may
be outright impossible. Therefore, tradeoffs between objectives may often be forced into being during
planning activities. Governments, corporations, small businesses, non-government organizations, and
public citizens will make these tradeoffs, either consciously or unconsciously, in their daily operations.
We need more integration of environmental thinking into decision-making about agriculture, forestry,
trade, investment, infrastructure, development and finance (UNEP, 2000). However, the seemingly
inconsequential consumption and lifestyle choices of individuals also make a huge difference, as these
have a huge cumulative impact on many aspects of society, on the economy, and on the environment.
Therefore, decision-making has a dire need for being as fully informed as possible. However, relevant
information must be presented in such a manner so as to not become too complicated or to paralyze or
blind the decision-maker. Whether decisions are made by a government-run round-table deciding on
regional land use planning, corporations deciding where to buy its raw goods, or individuals deciding
where to shop for furniture, more informed decision-making at all levels will bring us closer to the
realization of satisfying as many developmental objectives that we strive for as possible. If people
understand clearly what the consequences of certain actions are, they will likely make decisions that are
more consistent with the achievement of the multiple values that they respect. Aims and Goals of This
Project: The overarching goal of this paper is to assess the impacts of forest fragmentation on
biodiversity. The aims implicit within this goal are: 1. To inform the reader on the level of importance of
specific threats to biodiversity. 2. To quantitatively assess the current state of the landscape, with
respect to forest fragmentation, in two study regions. 3. To show how the quantified patterns of forest
fragmentation across the landscapes affect biodiversity in the two study regions. 4. To discuss the
underlying causes of forest fragmentation in the two regions. 5. To compare and contrast the
differences in relative threats to the components of biodiversity affected for the two study regions. 6. To
show the differences in conservation strategies in "developed" vs. "less developed" regions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1225.
Publicación no.: 325 Carbon and nitrogen geochemistry of sediments in the Central American
convergent margEn: Insights regarding subduction input fluxes, diagenesis, and paleoproductivity / Li,
L; Bebout, G.E. (Lehigh University. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 31 Williams Dr,
Bethlehem, PA 18015, US <E-mail: lol2@lehigh.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 110, no. B11, Article B11202,
doi:10.1029/2004JB003276. 2005.
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and isotopic compositions were determined for sediments
from Ocean Drilling Program legs 170 and 205 offshore of Costa Rica, in an attempt to characterize C-N
flux into the Central America (CA) convergent margin and identify signatures of diagenesis and changing
productivity in this sediment section. Samples from sites 1039 and 1253 (outboard of the trench)
contain 62 to 2382 ppm total nitrogen (TN) with δ15N (Air) values of +2.4 to +8.5 parts per thousand,
0.04-2.65 wt% total organic carbon (TOC) with δ13C (VPDB) values of -25.4 to -20.8 parts per thousand,
and 1.1-87.3 wt% carbonate with delta(13)C values of +0.1 to +3.2 parts per thousand and
delta(18)O(VSMOW) values of +21.3 to +34.2 parts per thousand. Total organic C and TN concentrations
strongly depend on lithology, with carbonate-rich samples containing smaller amounts of both. Total
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organic C and TN concentrations and isotopic compositions also vary systematically within single units,
perhaps reflecting small degrees of diagenetic alteration but mostly significant increase in productivity
since the early Pliocene. Sediment subduction feeds 1.3 x 1010 g yr-1 N (mean δ15N = +5.7 parts per
thousand), 1.4 x 1011 g yr-1 TOC (mean δ13C = -22.0 parts per thousand) and 1.5 x 1012 g yr-1 oxidized C
(mean δ13C = +1.9 parts per thousand) into the 1100 km CA convergent margin. Incorporating possible
inputs in altered oceanic crust (AOC) and by tectonic erosion, the C-N inputs appear to be far larger than
the arc outputs. A small part of this excess C and N is probably returning toward the surface by
devolatilization, along structural heterogeneities in the forearc, and the remaining inventory is likely
recycling into the deeper mantle.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3197.
Publicación no.: 326 Case of the dwindling cloud forest [El caso del bosque nuboso en disminución] /
Holmes, B; Fogden, Michael P.L (phot.); Fogden, Patricia (phot.). (151 Wardour St, London, W1F 8WE, GB
<E-mail:
news@newscientist.com>
<E-mail:
goldtoad@racsa.co.cr>
<E-mail:
patriciafogden@hotmail.com>).
En: International Wildlife (ISSN 0020-9112), v. 30, no. 4, p. 20-27. 2000.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3256.pdf
Something is amiss in Costa Rica's famous foggedin hilltops, and global climate change may be the
cause.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3256.
Publicación no.: 327 Plant communities, soil microorganisms, and soil carbon cycling: Does altering
the world belowground matter to ecosystem functioning? [Comunidades de plantas, microorganismos
del suelo y ciclo del carbono del suelo: ¿Altera la materia mundial bajo tierra el funcionamiento del
ecosistema?] / Carney, K.M; Matson, Pamela A. (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, POB 28,
Edgewater, MD 21037, US <E-mail: karen.carney@gmail.com>).
En: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432 9840), v. 8, no. 8, p. 928-940. 2005.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3367.pdf
Soil microorganisms mediate many critical ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, about the
factors that determine soil microbial community composition, and whether microbial community
composition influences process rates. Here, we investigated whether aboveground plant diversity
affects soil microbial community composition, and whether differences in microbial communities in turn
affect ecosystem process rates. Using an experimental system at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica,
we found that plant diversity (plots contained 1, 3, 5, or 25 plant species) had a significant effect on
microbial community composition (as determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis). The different
microbial communities had significantly different respiration responses to 24 labile carbon compounds.
We then tested whether these differences in microbial composition and catabolic capabilities were
indicative of the ability of distinct microbial communities to decompose different types of litter in a fully
factorial laboratory litter transplant experiment. Both microbial biomass and microbial community
composition appeared to play a role in litter decomposition rates. Our work suggests, however, that the
more important mechanism through which changes in plant diversity affect soil microbial communities
and their carbon cycling activities may be through alterations in their abundance rather than their
community composition.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3367.
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Publicación no.: 328 The effects of temperature on development and survival in tadpoles of the
tropical poison frog Dendrobates auratus [Efectos de la temperatura sobre el desarrollo y sobrevivencia
en renacuajos de la rana tropical venenosa Dendrobates auratus] / Korbeck, R.G., Jr; McRobert, S.P.
(Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, US).
En: Russian Journal of Herpetology (ISSN 1026-2296), v. 12, no. 1, p. 13-16. 2005.
We examined the effects of temperature on developmental rate and survival in tadpoles of the poison
frog Dendrobates auratus. Tadpoles reared at 26.2 and 29.4°C reached metamorphosis significantly
faster, and had significantly higher rates of survival, than tadpoles raised at 22.3 and 30.9°C. Field
studies showed that the mean temperature of bodies of water utilized by D. auratus tadpoles in La
Suerte, Costa Rica was 26.2°C. Information such as this may aid efforts to maintain and breed tropical
frog species in captivity.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3365.
Publicación no.: 329 Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global
warming [Amplias extinciones de anfibios por enfermedad epidémica inducida por el calentamiento
global] / Pounds, J. Alan; Bustamante, M.R; Coloma, L.A; Consuegra, J.A; Fogden, Michael P.L; Foster,
P.N; La Marca, E; Masters, Karen L; Merino-Viteri, A; Puschendorf, Robert; Ron, Santiago R; SánchezAzofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Still, C.J; Young, Bruce E. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science
Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail:
goldtoad@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: amasters@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: rpuschen@biologia.ucr.ac.cr> <E-mail:
sron@puceuio.puce.edu.ec>
<E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>
<E-mail:
bruce_young@natureserve.org>).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 439, no. 7073, p. 161-167. 2006.
As the Earth warms, many species are likely to disappear, often because of changing disease dynamics.
Here we show that a recent mass extinction associated with pathogen outbreaks is tied to global
warming. Seventeen years ago, in the mountains of Costa Rica, the Monteverde harlequin frog (
Atelopus sp.) vanished along with the golden toad ( Bufo periglenes). An estimated 67% of the 110 or so
species of Atelopus, which are endemic to the American tropics, have met the same fate, and a
pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) is implicated. Analysing the timing of losses
in relation to changes in sea surface and air temperatures, we conclude with 'very high confidence'
(99%, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) that large-scale warming is a key
factor in the disappearances. We propose that temperatures at many highland localities are shifting
towards the growth optimum of Batrachochytrium, thus encouraging outbreaks. With climate change
promoting infectious disease and eroding biodiversity, the urgency of reducing greenhouse-gas
concentrations is now undeniable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3411.
Publicación no.: 330 Feel the heat: Rain forests may slow their growth in warmer world [Sienta el
calor: Los bosques lluviosos pueden retardar su crecimiento en un mundo más caluroso] / Perkins, S.
En: Science News (ISSN 0036-8423), v. 163, no. 17, p. 260. 2003.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3283.pdf
During a long-term research project in a Central American rain forest, mature trees grew more slowly in
warm years than they did in cooler ones. This observation hints that tropical forests may become less
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efficient at removing planet-warming carbon dioxide from the atmosphere if global temperatures
continue to rise. From 1984 to 2000, scientists studied the old-growth forest at La Selva, Costa Rica.
Annually, the team measured the diameter of all mature trees within a 2 km² area. They found that
diameter growth varied significantly from year to year and was related to average daily temperature.
The annual tree growth from 1984 to 1986, the coolest interval during the period, averaged 81% greater
than the growth tallied during the record hot spell related to the El Niño that began late in 1997. The
average daily temperature difference between the two periods was about 1.4°C. Tree growth in the
forest was also particularly slow during the El Niño year of 1987, says Deborah A. Clark, a biologist at
University of Missouri, St. Louis. Clark and her colleagues report their results in an upcoming
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Looking at global carbon dioxide measurements
during the same period, the researchers noticed that quantitiesof the gas attributable to land plants in
tropical regions increased during warm years. That phenomenon could stem from typical plant-growth
characteristics, the researchers say. Plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide,
water, and nutrients into carbohydrates. When the plants tap into their stores of carbohydrates for
chemical energy, however, they return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, just as animals do, in the
process called respiration. Although a plant's rate of photosynthesis begins to drop off above a
temperature that's characteristic of its species, its rate of respiration continues to rise with increasing
temperatures, says Clark. Most of the observed global spikes in carbon dioxide during warm years
probably stemmed from the increased respiration of tropical land plants, but some may have been
produced by other sources, such as forest fires or agricultural burning, says Stephen C. Piper, a
biogeochemist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., and acoauthor of the team's
report. The growth rate of mature trees can be a useful indicator of the climate's effect on the rest of an
ecosystem, says David S. Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. The
link that Clark's team discovered between slow growth rates in Costa Rican trees and increases in the
atmospheric carbon dioxide traceable to tropical plants is "an innovative result that's hard to argue
with," he says.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3283.
Publicación no.: 331 Geología, geomorfología y depósitos glaciares en los páramos de Costa Rica /
Lachniet, M.S; Seltzer, G.O; Solís, L. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Apartado 202,
Balboa, PA <E-mail: matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>).
En: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio,
2005. p. 129-146. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
This article presents a brief summary of the glacial geology and superficial deposits in the Costa Rican
páramos, primarily in the Chirripó National Park. As a result of their high elevation, the páramos have
experienced strong climate changes duringthe Pleistocene, when mountain glaciers and ice covered the
highest peaks around Cerros Chirripó, de la Muerte, and Kámuk. There are various glacial deposits such
as subglacial and ablation tills, fluvio-glacial outwash and terraces, kame terraces, and moraines within
the ice limit. Outside the ice limit, periglacial deposits like solifluction fans overlay outwash. Freeze-thaw
processes have produced blockfields on some peaks and resulted in the fracturing of cobbles and
boulders. In addition to these depositional forms, numerous erosive forms typical of mountain glaciation
are present.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
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Publicación no.: 332 Registros de sedimentos lacustres de la vegetación del Holoceno e historia del
fuego en el páramo de Costa Rica / Horn, Sally P; League, B.L. (The University of Tennessee. Department
of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420, US <E-mail:
shorn@utk.edu>).
En: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio,
2005. p. 253-273. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
We examined pollen, pteridophyte (ferns and fern-allies) spores, and charcoal in a 5.6 m long sediment
core from Lago de las Morrenas 1, and charcoal in a 1.1 m long sediment core from Lago Chirripó, to
reconstruct postglacial vegetation and fire history in the Chirripó páramo. Lago de las Morrenas 1, the
largest lake in the Valle de las Morrenas of Chirripó National Park, is presently surrounded by treeless
páramo vegetation and has apparently been so since deglaciation approximately 10,000 radiocarbon
years ago. Pollen spectra suggest no pronounced changes in vegetation since ice retreat. Pollen
percentages for Poaceae and other páramo taxa decline upward, whereas percentages for certain
subalpine, lower montane, and lowland forest taxa increase slightly; these changes may reflect the
impact of prehistoric human activity as well as slight upslope migration of forest taxa owing to
postglacial climatic warming. Cores from both lakes contain abundant microscopic charcoal (examined
on microscope slide as well as macroscopic charcoal (quantified by sieving), indicating that fires set by
people are lightning have repeatedly burned the Chirripó páramo. The microscopic charcoal record from
Lago Chirripó spans the last 4,000 radiocarbon years and shows peaks in fire activity that generally
match peaks in the corresponding section of the Lago de las Morrenas 1 microscopic charcoal record.
The uppermost sections of both sediment cores show lower charcoal influx rates than some deeper
sections, suggestingthat recent fire recurrence intervals in the Chirripó páramo are not unprecedented.
A high-resolution analysis of macroscopic charcoal in contiguous 1-cm intervals of the Lago de las
Morrenas 1 core confirms that fires burned within the lake watershed throughout the Holocene, and
reveals variations in charcoal influx that mad signal Holocene climate variability.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
Publicación no.: 333 Distribución, impacto humano y conservación de los páramos neotropicales /
Hofstede, R.G.M. (University of Amsterdam. Hugo de Vries Laboratory, Department of Systematics,
Evolution and Paleobiology,
Kruislaan 318,
1098
SM
Amsterdam,
NL <E-mail:
grupoparamo@paramo.org>).
En: Páramos de Costa Rica. Kappelle, M; Horn, S.P. (eds.) Santo Domingo de Heredia: Editorial INBio,
2005. p. 701-724. ISBN: 9968-927-09-0.
An outline of the geographic distribution of the paramos in the Neotropics, the impacts and threats
which endanger their future, as well as initiatives aiming at the conservation of this ecosystem are
presented.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 581.753.097286 P222.
Publicación no.: 334 Climatic unpredictability and parasitism of caterpillars: Implications of global
warming [El impredecible climático y el parasitismo de larvas de lepidópteros: consecuencias del
calentamiento global] / Stireman, J.O. III; Dyer, Lee A; Janzen, Daniel H; Singer, M.S; Lill, J.L; Marquis,
Robert J; Ricklefs, R.E; Gentry, G.L; Hallwachs, Winnie; Coley, Phyllis D; Barone, J.A; Greeney, Harold F;
Connahs, Heidi; Barbosa, P; Morais, H.C; Diniz, I.R. (Wright State University. Department of Biological
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Sciences, Dayton, OH 45435, US <E-mail: ldyer@tulane.edu> <E-mail: djanzaen@sas.upenn.edu> <Email: whallwac@sas.upenn.edu>).
En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424),
v. 102, no. 48, p. 17384-17387. 2005.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-3916.pdf
Insect outbreaks are expected to increase in frequency and intensity with projected changes in global
climate through direct effects of climate change on insect populations and through disruption of
community interactions. Although there is much concern about mean changes in global climate, the
impact of climatic variability itself on species interactions has been little explored. Here, we compare
caterpillar-parasitoid interactions across a broad gradient of climatic variability and find that the
combined data in 15 geographically dispersed databases show a decrease in levels of parasitism as
climatic variability increases. The dominant contribution to this pattern by relatively specialized
parasitoid wasps suggests that climatic variability impairs the ability of parasitoids to track host
populations. Given the important role of parasitoids in regulating insect herbivore populations in natural
and managed systems, we predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of herbivore outbreaks
through a disruption of enemy-herbivore dynamics as climates become more variable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-3916.
Publicación no.: 335 Climatic impact of land use change on the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
[Impacto climático del cambio de uso de la tierra en el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano] / Ray, Deepak
K. Huntsville, AL: The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 2005. 124 pp. ISBN: 0-542-16468-X.
Dissertation, Ph.D., The University of Alabama in Huntsville (USA).
The proposed Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) is an ambitious effort to stem and turn back the
erosion of biodiversity in one of the world's biologically richest regions. Two broad categories of forests,
based on their hydrometeorological dependence, are identified in Mesoamerica: (1) those requiring
sufficient dry season rainfall; and (2) those requiring frequent immersion in clouds in the dry season
(e.g., cloud forests). In the absence of a high-resolution rainfall data set, a statistical method is used to
estimate rainfall from climatological cloud cover and rain gauge rainfall in northern Mesoamerica.
Rainfall estimated from this method show deficits 25mm in the peak dry season month of March at
several locations when compared to the climatologically occurring rainfall over forests. Numerical
modeling analysis shows that future deforestation would lead to spatially widespread decreases in
rainfall up to 100 mm at certain locations like those in the Peten region of Guatemala. Even forested
corridor regions would suffer rainfall decreases. The data suggests that deforestation is locally
intensifying the dry season, so that forest regeneration in some parts of the MBC, particularly in the
central Peten of Guatemala, may not result in second-growth forest that is characteristic, but rather in
forests more typical of drier conditions. New techniques for cloud forest mapping are developed and
tested in Costa Rica that could be potentially useful for cloud forest biogeographers. Numerical
modeling studies conducted for the Monteverde cloud forests of Costa Rica show that if the lowland and
premontane regions were completely forested, the orographic cloud banks would have intersected the
mountains at the lowest elevations, covered the largest land surface area, and remained longest on the
ground in the montane regions. Deforestation has decreased the area immersed in orographic clouds in
the montane regions by around 5-13% and raised the bases of the orographic cloud deck by about 2575m in the afternoon. Results show that further deforestation in the lowland and premontane regions
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would lead to around 15% decrease in the cloud forest area immersed in orographic clouds and also
raise the bases of the orographic cloud deck by up to 125 m in the afternoon.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5411.
Publicación no.: 336 Retention of inorganic nitrogen by epiphytic bryophytes in a tropical montane
forest [Retención de nitrógeno inorgánico por parte de Briofitas epífitas en una bosque tropical
montano] / Clark, Kenneth L; Nadkarni, Nalini M; Gholz, H.L. (US Forest Service. Silas Little Experiment
Forest, No Global Change Program, 501 4 Mile Rd, New Lisbon, NJ 08064, US <E-mail:
kennethclark@fs.fed.us> <E-mail: nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 37, no. 3, p. 328-336. 2005.
We developed and evaluated a model of the canopy of a tropical montane forest at Monteverde, Costa
Rica, to estimate inorganic nitrogen (N) retention by epiphytes from atmospheric deposition. We first
estimated net retention of inorganic N by samples of epiphytic bryophytes, epiphyte assemblages,
vascular epiphyte foliage, and host tree foliage that we exposed to cloud water and precipitation
solutions. Results were then scaled up to the ecosystem level using a multilayered model of the canopy
derived from measurements of forest structure and epiphyte mass. The model was driven with hourly
meteorological and event based atmospheric deposition data, and model predictions were evaluated
against measurements of throughfall collected at the site. Model predictions were similar to field
measurements for both event based and annual hydrologic and inorganic N fluxes in throughfall.
Simulation of individual events indicated that epiphytic bryophytes and epiphyte assemblages retained
33-67 percent of the inorganic N deposited in cloud water and precipitation. On an annual basis, the
model predicted that epiphytic components retained 3.4 kg N ha/yr, equivalent to 50 percent of the
inorganic N in atmospheric deposition (6.8 kg N ha/yr). Our results indicate that epiphytic bryophytes
play a major role in N retention and cycling in this canopy by transforming highly mobile inorganic N (ca.
50% of atmospheric deposition is NO3 ) to less mobile (exchangeable NH4+) and recalcitrant forms in
biomass and remaining litter and humus.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4096.
Publicación no.: 337 Responses of natural communities to climate change in a highland tropical forest
[Respuestas de comunidades naturales al cambio climático en un bosque tropical de altura] / Pounds, J.
Alan; Fogden, Michael P.L; Masters, Karen L. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science
Center, Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail:
goldtoad@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail: amasters@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Climate change and biodiversity. Lovejoy, T.E; Hannah, L. [eds.] New Haven & London: Yale
University Press, 2005. p. 70-74. ISBN: 0300104251. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: 577.2222 L897c.
Publicación no.: 338 Rainforests: Carbon sink or carbon source? Could tropical forests soon contribute
to global warming? [Bosques lluviosos: ¿almacenadores de carbono o fuente de carbono? ¿Podrían
pronto contribuir los bosques tropicales al calentamiento global?] / Rosner, H.
En: Seed [electronic magazine from seedmagazine.com], Apr./May, p. 59-67. 2006.
Everything you thought you knew about the rainforest may soon prove completely wrong In a remote
portion of Costa Rican jungle, a team of ecologists is measuring every known quantity about tropical
forests-every piece of gunk that falls to the ground, every wisp of carbon that rises to the sky, how much
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air goes into the soil, what the bugs are eating. And they're finding that as the temperature rises from
global warming, the rainforest-long thought to be a repository of greenhouse gas-grows more slowly.
This discovery, and the data they've collected since making it, indicate that if the rainforest's
temperature crosses a certain as-yet unknown threshold, there's a very good chance the trees will begin
to decay, emitting carbon instead of storing it. And we all know what that means.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4090.
Publicación no.: 339 Almacenamiento, fijación de carbono y valoración de servicios ambientales en
sistemas agroforestales en Costa Rica [Carbon storage and fixation, and valuation of environmental
services in agroforestry systems in Costa Rica] / Avila-Vargas, G; Jiménez-Otárola, Francisco; Beer, John
W; Gómez-Flores, Manuel; Ibrahim, Muhammad A. (CATIE. Sistemas Agroforestales y Manejo de
Cuencas Hidrográficas, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: fjimenez@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: jbeer@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail:
mgomez@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr>).
En: Agroforestería en las Américas (ISSN 0304-2529), v. 8, no. 30, p. 1-4. 2001.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4175.pdf
Carbon storage and fixation were studied En: 1) agroforestry systems of Coffea arabica (coffee)
associated with Eucalyptus deglupta (eucalyptus) aged four, six or eight years, C. arabica associated with
Erythrina poeppigiana (mountain immortelle) and Brachiaria brizantha (brachiaria) pasture associated
with Acacia mangium (mangium) or with E . deglupta; and in 2) monocultures of coffee, B. brizantha or
Ischaemun indicum (ratana) pasture in full sun. More than 89% of the C stored in the systems was soil C.
Carbon fixation in the trees was between 0.4 and 2.2 t ha-1 year-1. The contribution of the tree
component to the total C stored by the system varied from 1%, for six year old eucalyptus in coffee, to
7% for mangium in brachiaria pastures. In Costa Rica, the amount presently paid for the environmental
service of C storage (US$ 10-13 ha-1) is inadequate to have a significant impact on land use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4175.
Publicación no.: 340 The dynamics of deforestation and the supply of carbon sequestration:
illustrative results from Costa Rica [La dinámica de la deforestación y el suministro de la captura de
carbono: resultados ilustrativos de Costa Rica] / Kerr, Suzi; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Sánchez-Azofeifa,
Gerardo Arturo. (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington,
NZ
<E-mail:
suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz>
<E-mail:
ap196@columbia.edu>
<E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>).
En: Environment for growth in Central America: environmental management for sustainability and
competitiveness. Panayotou, T. (ed.) Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University Press, 2001. 20 pp. (Harvard Studies in International Development Series). ISBN: 0674003594.
Introduction: This chapter aims to contribute to the effective design of the rules that could allow
lowcost carbon sequestration efforts in any number of tropical locations to replace high-cost emissionsreduction efforts in developed northern countries.2 The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the
Kyoto Protocol could potentially create such a market. This market could provide benefits for the
tropical countries both directly, through profits from the sale of certified emissions credits (CERs), and
indirectly, through side-benefits from forest protection, including biodiversity protection, watershed
protection, and increased tourism potential. Creating the rules for such a market, however, involves
considerable fixed costs. Participating in the market involves large costs on the part of the countries
producing CERs. Can the market generate sufficient supply of CERs to justify the costs of its creation?
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What will the effect be of including tropical carbon sequestration on the global carbon price?The
integrated analysis in this paper provides an illustration of a methodology that can be used to estimate
the potential value of CERs from the protection of existing forest, and form a dynamic supply function.
The model can also indicate which local characteristics are likely to contribute to high values from
participation in the land-use component of the CDM. We use data from Costa Rica to estimate the
model and simulate results.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4075.
Publicación no.: 341 How can carbon sequestration in tropical forests be rewarded? Evidence from
Costa Rica [¿Cómo puede premiarse la captura del carbono en bosques tropicales? Testimonio de Costa
Rica] / Kerr, Suzi; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo; Boscolo, M. (Motu Economic
and Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington, NZ <E-mail:
suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz> <E-mail: ap196@columbia.edu> <E-mail: arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>).
En: Environment for growth in Central America: environmental management for sustainability and
competitiveness. Panayotou, T. (ed.) Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University Press, 2001. 40 pp. (Harvard Studies in International Development Series). ISBN: 0674003594.
Introduction: As empirical evidence that human activities are affecting the global climate increases, so
do efforts to identify and evaluate climate mitigation and adaptation options. Forest managers and
policy makers around the world are increasingly participating in and following such efforts, since
forestry activities (e.g., reforestation, slowing deforestation, or improved forest management) could in
principle play an important role within the set of climate-change mitigation strategies. According to the
last IPCC assessment (Watson et al. 1996), initiatives to slow deforestation, promote natural forest
regeneration and create a global forestation program (plantations and agroforestry) have the potential
to offset 12-15 percent of global fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1995 and 2050. More than two-thirds
of such opportunities exist in the tropics. While the magnitude of these numbers indicates a potential
role for land- and forestry-based projects as carbon sinks, questions have been raised over the feasibility
of such projects as mitigation strategies, especially in developing countries. These questions stem from
concerns about environmental integrity reflected in the requirements of Article 12 of the Kyoto
Protocol, which clarifies the potential role of developing countries in climate-change mitigation. Their
key role comes within the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).2 Developing countries can contribute
carbon offsets through the CDM only if these offsets are "additional" to what would have happened in
the absence of the initiative, are real and long-term, and can be accurately measured, monitored, and
verified.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4076.
Publicación no.: 342 Tropical forest dynamics and climate change [Dinámica del bosque tropical y
cambio del clima] / Locatelli, Bruno; Karsenty, A. (CIRAD-Foret-CATIE, Global Change Group, Apdo 2,
7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: bruno.locatelli@cirad.fr> <E-mail: alain.karsenty@cirad.fr>).
En: Beyond tropical deforestation: from tropical deforestation to forest cover dynamics and forest
development. Babin, D. (ed.) Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), 2004. p. 97-120. ISBN: 9231039415.
This paper discusses the inclusion of tropical carbon sinks in the fight against climatic change. The
possible impact of the Kyoto Protocol on tropical forest dynamics is also presented.
Localización: No disponible.
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Publicación no.: 343 Carbon storage in shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica:
potential applications for the Clean Development Mechanism [Captura de carbono en agroecosistemas
de cafetales bajo sombra en el sur de Costa Rica: aplicaciones potenciales para el Mecanismo de
Desarrollo en Limpio] / Polzot, C.L. (York University. Faculty of Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON MWJ
1P3, CA). Toronto: York University, 2004. 162 pp. Thesis, M.E.S., York University, Faculty of
Environmental Studies, Toronto, ON (Canada).
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental and economic threats facing the world today.
Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have increased the level
of greenhouse gases - the primary contributors to global warming - in the atmosphere. This
accumulation is changing the Earth's weather patterns, resulting in higher global temperatures, rising
sea levels and a potential shift in the distribution of the world's ecosystems. There is a growing need to
develop strategies that will reduce current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and curtail
future emissions. The Kyoto Protocol represents an international strategy: it establishes emission
reduction targets for industrialized countries and incorporates a Clean Development Mechanism for
trading carbon credits generated by projects implemented in developing countries. Tree-based land-use
systems, such as the shade-grown coffee agroecosystems of southern Costa Rica, sequester carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass. Simultaneously, these agroecosystems
provide additional products and services to local residents and reduce pressure on existing forests.
Therefore, increasing tree cover in coffee production is a viable option for mitigating climate change
that also provides social, economic and ecological benefits. The objective of this study is to generate
aboveground carbon-stock inventory data for five coffee production systems in southern Costa Rica,
which employ various degrees of structural complexity in their shade layer. The sites include coffee
grown with poró (Erythrina poeppigiana), guaba (Inga sp.), banana (Musa spp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
deglupta) and diversified shade (primarily Terminalia amazonia and Cedrela odorata). An advanced
secondary-forest site at the Los Cusingos Neotropical Bird Sanctuary is used as a control. The carbonstock of shade trees, coffee bushes and leaf litter is calculated for each site, and the income that could
be generated from a one-time payment for the environmental service provided by shade trees (carbon
storage) is estimated. Results indicate the coffee production system that stores the most amount of
carbon per hectare in its aboveground biomass is Diversified Shade (31.6 t C ha-¹), employing a variety of
shade-tree species in three distinct layers. Conversely, the Inga sp. system - a shaded monoculture with
low structural complexity in its shade layer - stores the least carbon (11.0 t C ha-¹). The carbon-stock of
the other systems examined falls within this range and varies according to structural complexity, species
composition and management practices. This study recommends that the shade layer in coffee
agroecosystems be made more complex for increased carbon storage and maintenance of biodiversity,
as previous papers suggest. In the case of southern Costa Rica, a carbon sequestration project
implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism could provide farmers with an incentive to
select management practicesthat favour higher carbon-stocks and biodiversity. Such an endeavour
would have social, economic and environmental benefits and would provide an example that could be
replicated in other small watersheds of Central America.
Localización: No disponible.
Publicación no.: 344 Foraminifera and coccolithophorid assemblage changes in the Panama Basin
during the last deglaciation: Response to sea-surface productivity induced by a transient climate
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Junio 2012
change [Cambios en el conjunto de foraminíferos y coccolitofóridos en la Cuenca de Panamá durante la
última glaciación: Respuesta a la productividad de la superficie del mar inducida por un cambio climático
transitorio] / Martínez, I; Rincón, D; Yokoyama, Y; Barrows, T. (Universidad Eafit. Departamento de
Geología, Area de Ciencias del Mar, Medellín 3300, CO <E-mail: jimartin@eafi.edu.co>).
En: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (ISSN 0031-0182), v. 234, no. 1, p. 114-126.
2006.
The responses of community assemblages of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera and
coccolithophorids to transient climate change are explored for the uppermost 2 m of cores ODP677B
(1.2° N; 83.74° W, 3461 m) and TR163-38 (1.34° S; 81.58° W, 2200 m),for the last similar to 40 ka.
Results suggest that the deglaciation interval was a time of increased productivity and a major
reorganization of planktonic trophic webs. The succession in dominance between the planktonic
foraminifera species Globorotaliainflata, Globigerina bulloides, and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma
denote four periods of oceanographic change: (1) advection (24-20 ka), (2) strong upwelling (20-15 ka),
(3) weak upwelling (14-8 ka) and (4) oligotrophy (8 ka to present). Strong upwelling for the deglaciation
interval is supported by the low Florisphaera profunda/other coccolithophorids ratio and the high
percentage abundance of Gephyrocapsa oceanica. Benthonic foraminifera assemblage changes are
different in both cores and suggest significant regional variations in surface productivity and/or oxygen
content at the seafloor, and a decoupling between surface productivity and export production to the
seafloor. This decoupling is evidenced by the inverse relationship between the percentage abundance of
infaunal benthonic foraminifera and the percentage abundance of N. pachydermia. The terrigenous
input of the Colombian Pacific rivers, particularly the San Juan River, is suggested as a possible
mechanism. Finally, the Globorotalia cultratal Neogloboquadrina dutertrei ratio is used to reconstruct
the past influence of the Costa Rica Dome-Panama Bight and cold tongue upwelling systems in the
Panama Basin. A northern influence is suggested for the late Holocene (after 5 ka) and the last glacial
(before 20 ka), whereas a southern influence is suggested for the 20-5 ka interval. There is a
correspondence between our reconstructed northern and southern influences and previously proposed
positions of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4668.
Publicación no.: 345 Economic returns from the biosphere [Ingresos económicos de la biosfera] /
Chichilnisky, G; Heal, G. (Columbia University. Earth Institute, 535 West 116th Street, New York, NY
10027-6902, US <E-mail: gmh1@columbia.edu>).
En: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), v. 391, p. 629-630. 1998.
Industrial companies and environmentalists are traditional opponents. But conflict may not be
necessary: there is money to be made in projects that embrace environmental goals.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5212.
Publicación no.: 346 Golden toads, null models, and climate change [Sapos dorados, los modelos nulos
y el cambio climático] / Pounds, J. Alan. (Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Tropical Science Center,
Golden Toad Laboratory Conservation, Box 73, Santa Elena 5655 Puntarenas, CR <E-mail:
goldtoad@racsa.co.cr>).
En: Froglog [Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force] (ISSN 1026-0269),
no. 23, August, 2 pp. 1997.
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A decade after the 1987 population collapse that led to the disappearance of the endemic golden toad
(Bufo periglenes), amphibians in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica's Cordillera de Tilaran show little
sign of recovery. Twenty species of frogs and toads (40% of the anuran fauna) have been missing from a
30 km2 study area throughout the 1990s (Pounds et al., in press). In the debate over the significance of
amphibian declines in undisturbed highland areas, arguments have hinged on standards of scientific
proof and the absence of long-term demographic data for most species. Long-term data are essential to
judge whether a particular population is in decline. Diverse tropical faunas, however, afford an approach
that does not rely on these data. My co-workers and I asked whether the observed number of
disappearances exceeds that expected for naturally fluctuating populations (Pounds et al., in press). To
formulate null models that estimate the expected number of disappearances, we examined long-term
studies of other amphibian assemblages. We chose studies that were conducted on spatial scales
appropriate for comparison with Monteverde and that illustrated how unstable populations can be.
From these studies, we estimated the probability that a single species would disappear in response to a
natural disturbance such as a drought. Substituting this value in a binomial distribution, we calculated
the likelihood that a particular number of species would disappear simultaneously. In light of the
resultant probability distributions, the declines at Monteverde appear to go well beyond natural
fluctuations. Even when we doubled our initial probability estimate, our conclusions were the same. We
believe that the results confirm the naturalist's intuition; it is indeed extraordinary that so many
populations would crash and disappear. A comparison with breeding birds in the same area puts the loss
of anuran diversity in perspective (Pounds et al., in press). The relative frequency of absences for frogs
and toads was much greater than that for breeding birds in general. It was similar to that for invasive
open-country birds whose habitats had largely reverted from farmland to forest after being annexed to
the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Amphibian habitats, however, seemed unchanged. Climate may
have been a key factor in the declines (Pounds, in press). Although there is growing evidence that
epidemic disease has been an important proximate cause of mortality, different pathogens have been
implicated in declines on different continents. The patterns suggest the existence of a common
denominator, and global warming could fill this role through various mechanisms. At Monteverde, there
is a strong 24-year trend toward more severe dry seasons. Previousanalyses suggested that climate had
played a role in the 1987 crash (Pounds and Crump 1994). They did not reveal major trends, however,
because they focused on monthly and annual data rather than day-to-day patterns. Variability of daily
precipitation has increased, leading to drier extremes, without affecting monthly or yearly averages.
Days with no measurable precipitation have become more frequent and have increasingly coalesced
into dry periods. The patterns suggest a change in the advective processes that account for most
precipitation during the dry season. As moisture-laden trade winds meet the windward (Caribbean)
slope of the cordillera and flow upward, they cool adiabatically, producing a large orographic cloud
bank. I hypothesize that atmospheric warming has raised the mean height at which condensation begins
and thereby has increased the average altitude at the base of this cloud bank. Because higher clouds
may pass over the cordillera with reduced turbulence and drag, they may be less likely to produce lowintensity precipitation (mist) before dissipating on the leeward (Pacific) side. Local temperature trends,
viewed in relation to the modulating effects of clouds, are consistent with global warming and this
condensation-height model. Biological patterns also follow the model's predictions. Many premontane
breeding bird species have invaded lower-montane habitats, whereas some lower-montane species
have retreated up the mountain slopes. In multiple regression analyses, patterns of daily precipitation
during the dry season account for most of the year-to-year variation in the rate of invasion by
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premontane bird species. The same patterns are strongly correlated with abundance in highland
populations of anoline lizards that have declined and disappeared. For both climate and biological
responses, fluctuations in sea-surface temperature (i.e. the signal of El Nino) account for much of the
variation superimposed on the long-term trends. The most extreme patterns of daily precipitation were
associated with the 1986-87 warm episode, which immediately preceded the collapse of amphibian
populations. The condensation-height model and evidence for it are summarized in an overview of the
biology of Monteverde's amphibians and reptiles in relation to the declines (Pounds, in press).
Supporting data and analyses are in a forthcoming paper (A. Pounds, M. Fogden, and J. Campbell,
unpubl.), which will be presented in the BirdLife International/WWF workshop "Impacts of Climate
Change on Flora and Fauna" in September at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in
Boulder, Colorado. Global warming is an important threat to highland biological communities. The
Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve announces the formation of the Monteverde Climate Panel, an
interdisciplinary group that will focus on this problem. We also announce completion of the Golden
Toad Laboratory for Conservation (GTLC), devoted to research, applied conservation, and education.
Details will be given in a future issue of Froglog.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10786. NBINA-4494.
Publicación no.: 347 Laboratory production of vouchered reference charcoal from small wood samples
and non-woody plant tissues / Orvis, K.H; Lane, Chad s; Horn, Sally P. (The University of Tennessee.
Department of Geography, 304 Burchfiel Geography Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-09251420, US <Email: orvis@utk.edu> <E-mail: shorn@utk.edu>).
En: Palynology (ISSN 0191-6122), v. 29, p. 1-11. 2005.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4686.pdf
Taxonomic identification of small fragments of burned plant tissue in lake sediment profiles can enhance
reconstructions of past vegetation, fire regimes, and climate. Vouchered reference collections of
charcoal prepared from both soft and woody plant tissues, analogous to modem pollen reference
collections, will be required for making rigorous identifications and for knowing the level of certainty
achieved. Published methods of laboratory production of charcoal may only poorly mimic pyrolysis as
itoccurs in wildfires, and tend to require large volumes of plant material. We present a method for
preparing reference charcoal from dried plant specimens that is simple, provides a high degree of
control, yet requires only small tissue samples. Based on results of a series of experiments, we
recommend placing dried samples in 25 cm(3) perforated-base porcelain Gooch filtering crucibles,
surrounded by 250-500 mu m sand; saturating the sand with water and draining; and placing for eight to
nine minutes ina furnace heated to 550 degrees C. The wet sand delays heating so that temperature rise
is steep. Pyrolysis is brief and occurs under hypoxic conditions due to temporary oxygen flushing by
water vapor. Using our method we achieved excellent results on both woody and soft tissues from a
variety of plant taxa.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4686.
Publicación no.: 348 Squandering paradise? The importance and vulnerability of the world's protected
areas [¿Despilfarro del paraíso? La importancia y vulnerabilidad de las áreas protegidas del mundo] /
Carey, C; Dudley, N; Stolton, S. Gland: WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature, 2000. 233 pp.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4506.pdf
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Protected areas are a vital component of any conservation strategy and also serve a host of other social,
cultural and economic needs. Yet the quality of many protected areas is currently declining as a result of
an onslaught of threats and pressures. Many more remain insecure and their long-term future in
uncertain. This report explains why protected areas are important, looks at the trends and nature of the
threats facing them and makes some predictions about the likelihood of losses. It is illustrated with a
range of specially prepared case studies and examples. It ends with some proposals and a call for action
in the lead-up to the World Parks Congress in 2002. Protected areas are the cornerstones of all national
and regional conservation strategies. They act as refuges for those species that cannot survive in
managed landscapes and as areas where natural ecological processes can continue unhampered by
human interference. They are a vital resource for continuation of natural evolution and, in many parts of
the world, for future ecological restoration. Human beings benefit directly from the genetic potential
contained in the world's plants and animal species, a significant proportion of which are currently at risk.
Most people also believe that we have an ethical obligation to prevent extinctions caused as a result of
our own actions. Protected areas also play a number of key social and economic roles. Many indigenous
and local peoples are given vital protection by protected areas, where theycan continue traditional
lifestyles that are now often impossible elsewhere. A disproportionate amount of the world's drinking
water comes from areas where natural forest has been preserved and protected areas also help to
maintain healthy rivers systemsand smooth out the impacts of floods and soil erosion. Marine protected
areas maintain coastal fisheries and in consequence are often supported by neighbouring communities.
National parks and nature reserves are important 'green lungs', providing space for people to relax,
practice sports and experience nature and wilderness. They help to protect traditional cultural and
spiritual values. In many countries, key national parks are regarded as part of the nation's 'ecological
heritage areas' as important as, say, Chartres cathedral or the Taj Mahal. There is an assumption that
once a protected area has been identified and declared, its values will be preserved. Sadly, this is not
necessarily the case. The quality of protected areas and associated biological diversity can suffer in many
ways, ranging from the removal of key species (such as poaching of elephants or great apes) through
various types of more general ecological damage to, in extreme cases, almost total destruction. Even if
protected areas themselves remain relatively intact, they can be badly affected as a result of isolation
and fragmentation if land use in surrounding areas changes dramatically. The report identifies a wide
range of threats, from the impacts of human settlement and illegal hunting and fishing through to more
complex impacts such as air pollution and climate change. Three general trends can be identified. First,
problems seldom come singly. If a protected area is under threat it is likely to be facing a whole range of
different threats; it is quite unusual for a protected area to be perfectly secure except for one
overwhelming problem. (There are rare exceptions, such as when a previously well-managed national
park is subjected to mining or oil drilling). Secondly, protected areas only work in the long-term if they
have the support of the people who live inside them or around them. The notion of a protected area as
a pristine, empty wilderness is a myth in most places. Protected areas contain human populations many belonging to communities resident for hundreds or even thousands of years. These communities
need to agree with and participate in the management of the protected area. Third, many problems are
beyond the control of individual protected area managers and their staff: a few poorly funded
conservation personnel cannot address threats from pollution, drainage, highly organised poaching
operations or war. Indeed, the underlying causes of the threats ? including such pervasive issues as
poverty, over-consumption by a minority and the breakdown of the rule of law - are often far more
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significant than the concrete actions that actually do the damage within a national park or wilderness
area.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4506.
Publicación no.: 349 High-resolution airborne profiles of CH4, O3, and water vapor near tropical Central
America in late January to early February 2004 / Richard, E.C; Tuck, A.F; Aikin, K.C; Kelly, K.K; Herman,
R.L; Troy, Robert Francis; Hovde, S.J; Rosenlof, K.H; Thompson, T.L; Ray, E.A. (University of Colorado.
Atmospheric & Space Physics Laboratory, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303, US <E-mail:
adrian.f.tuck@noaa.gov>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0747-7309), v. 111, no. D13, AR D13304. 2006.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4687.pdf
[1] High-resolution (1 Hz at true airspeeds near 200 m s(-1)) observations of methane, ozone, water
vapor, and temperature taken between the surface and 18 km from the WB57F aircraft near San José,
Costa Rica (10 °N, 84 °W), are used to examine processes influencing the maintenance of these profiles.
There was a clearly defined thermal tropopause on each of the eight profiles, accompanied by structure
on methane-ozone scatterplots on the five profiles having methane observations. There was a welldefined decrease in methane mixing ratio between approximately 12 and 15 km in each of these five
profiles, 2 - 5 km beneath the thermal tropopause, correlated with sharp changes in water vapor and
equivalent potential temperature. The methane observations are interpreted as meaning that air is
recirculated between the lower stratosphere and the upper tropical troposphere. At the point on each
vertical profile where the water vapor had its minimum value, the air was never saturated or apparently
supersaturated, although apparent supersaturation with respect to ice was observed in vertically
extensive, near-adiabatic layers with tops some 200 - 300 m below the water vapor minimum on all
profiles. One of the profiles also exhibited apparent supersaturation above its water vapor minimum,
near 18 km. We examine the decrease in water vapor to minimal values as a four-stage process in which
its mixing ratio was lowered from similar to 10 to similar to 3 ppmv, consider the role of solar and
thermal evaporation of the smaller ice particles in the final stage of the dehydration process, and
correlate features separating near-adiabatic layers above 150 hPa pressure altitude with local sea
surface temperatures.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4687.
Publicación no.: 350 Paying for biodiversity conservation services in agricultural landscapes [Pago por
los servicios de conservación de la biodiversidad en paisajes agrícolas] / Pagiola, Stefano; Agostini, P;
Gobbi, José Alberto; de Haan, C; Ibrahim, Muhammad A; Murgueitio, Enrique; Ramírez, E; Rosales, M;
Ruiz, J.P. (World Bank. Department of Environment, 1818 H St Nw, Washington, DC 20433, US <E-mail:
spagiola@worldbank.org> <E-mail: pagostini@worldbank.org> <E-mail: jgobbi@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail:
cdehaan@worldbank.org <E-mail: mibrahim@catie.ac.cr> <E-mail: enriq). Washington, D.C: World Bank,
2004. 33 pp. (Environment Department Paper; no. 96).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4467.pdf
Adoption of improved silvopastoral practices in degraded pasture areas is thought to provide valuable
local and global environmental benefits, including biodiversity conservation, However, these practices
are insufficiently attractive to individual land users for them to adopt them spontaneously, particularly
due to their high initial costs. This paper describes the contract mechanism developed for the Regional
Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project, which is being implemented with financing
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from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The project is testing the use of the payment-for-service
mechanism to encourage the adoption of silvopastoral practices in three countries of Central and South
America: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. The project has created a mechanism that pays land
users for the global environmental services they are generating, so that the additional income stream
makes the proposed practices privately profitable. Designing the mechanism required addressing issues
such as (1) measuring the actual amount of environmental services being provided, so that appropriate
payments can be made; (2) providing payments in a way that resulted in the desired change in land use;
and (3) avoiding the creation of perverse incentives (for example, for land users to cut down existing
trees so as to qualify for additional payments for tree planting). Two variants of the proposed payment
mechanism are being tested, with participating land users assigned randomly to one or the other. The
project also includes extensive monitoring of the effectiveness of each mechanism in stimulating
adoption of the proposed measures and of the resulting impact on environmental services and on
household welfare. These features, together with the three-country approach, will provide in the
coming years a very rich dataset for testing the use of contract mechanisms for biodiversity
conservation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4467.
Publicación no.: 351 Long-term CO2 production from deeply weathered soils of a tropical rain forest:
evidence for a potential positive feedback to climate warming [Producción a largo plazo de CO2 de
suelos profundamente mineralizados de una selva lluviosa tropical: evidencia para una regeneración
positiva potencial al calentamiento climático] / Schwendenmann, Luitgard C; Veldkamp, Edzo.
(Universität Göttingen. Institute of Silviculture, Department of Tropical Silviculture; Busgenweg 1, D37077 Göttingen, DE <E-mail: lscwen@gwdg.de> <E-mail: eveldka@gwdg.de>).
En: Global Change Biology (ISSN 1354-1013), v. 12, no. 10, p. 1878-1893. 2006.
Currently, it is unknown what role tropical forest soils will play in the future global carbon cycle under
higher temperatures. Many tropical forests grow on deeply weathered soils and although it is generally
accepted that soil carbon decomposition increases with higher temperatures, it is not known whether
subsurface carbon pools are particularly responsive to increasing soil temperatures. Carbon dioxide
(CO2) diffusing out of soils is an important flux in the global carbon. Although soil CO2 efflux has been the
subject of many studies in recent years, it remains difficult to deduct controls of this flux because of the
different sources that produce CO2 and because potential environmental controls like soil temperature
and soil moisture often covary. Here, we report results of a 5-year study in which we measured soil CO2
production on two deeply weathered soil types at different depths in an old-growth tropical wet forest
in Costa Rica. Three sites were developed on old river terraces (old alluvium) and the other three were
developed on old lava flows (residual). Annual soil CO2 efflux varied between 2.8’3.6 lmol CO2-Cm2 s-1
(old alluvium) and 3.4-3.9 lmol CO2-C m2 s-1 (residual). More than 75% of the CO2 was produced in the
upper 0.5m (including litter layer) and less than 7% originated from the soil below 1m depth. This low
contribution was explained by the lack of water stress in this tropical wet forest which has resulted in
very low root biomass below 2m depth. In the top 0.5m CO2 production was positively correlated with
both temperature and soil moisture; between 0.6 and 2m depth CO2 production correlated negatively
with soil moisture in one soil and positively with photosynthetically active radiation in the other soil
type. Below 2m soil CO2 production strongly increased with increasing temperature. In combination with
reduced tree growth that has been shown for this ecosystem, this would be a strong positive feedback
to ecosystem warming.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4640.
Publicación no.: 352 Lowland tree loss threatens cloud forests - Science News of the week deforestation in Costa Rica affecting the environment [La pérdida de árboles de las tierras bajas
amenaza a los bosques nubosos - Noticias de ciencia de la semana - la deforestación en Costa Rica que
afecta el ambiente] / Perkins, S.
En: Science News (ISSN 0036-8423), v. 160, no. 16, p. 245. 2001.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4589.pdf
Changes in regional climate brought about by large-scale deforestation in the eastern lowlands of
Central America are affecting weather downwind in the mountains, imperiling ecosystems there.
Satellite photos of the lowlands in the dry season show that clouds are absent or sparse over deforested
areas but are thicker over the forests of neighboring Nicaragua.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4589.
Publicación no.: 353 Tree growth, mortality, physical condition, and microsite in old-growth lowland
tropical rain forest [Crecimiento del árbol, mortalidad, condición física y micrositio en un viejo bosque
tropical lluvioso de tierras bajas] / Clark, David B; Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies,
Interlink 341, P.O. Box 02-5635, Miami, FL 33102, US <E-mail: dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Ecology (ISSN 0012-9658), v. 87, no. 8, p. 2132. 2006.
Tree species richness in tropical rain forest typically exceeds several hundred species over mesoscale
landscapes. There is no generally accepted ecological theory that accounts for the coexistence of so
many species with the same general morphologies and the same basic requirements of light, nutrients,
water, and physical space. In part, this lack of theory rests on the lack of understanding of the postestablishment ecology for the vast majority of tropical tree species. Of even more immediate concern is
the lack of data on tree performance in relation to climate; such data are critical to project effects of
global climate change on tropical forests. Here we present data from a project designed to examine the
post-establishment ecology of 10 species of tropical wet forest trees selected to span a range of
predicted life history patter ns. The study site was terra firme old-growth tropical wet forest at the La
Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. Particular emphasis has been placed on evaluating the precision of
measurements, metadata development, and annual measurements of all individuals. Because the
climates of all forest environments show significant interannual variation, the annual time interval is a
powerful scale at which to study therelation of tree performance to climate variation. It is also a
temporal interval that captures the scale of microhabitat variations and the responses of trees to this
variation in tropical rain forest. We present data on survivorship, growth, and microhabitat for 3381
individuals from 50 cm tall to canopy-level individuals measured annually between 1983 and 2000 (the
study is ongoing and complete through 2005), thus adding seven years? data and the dominant canopy
species at La Selva to the data set we published in 2000. The data set is unique in its scope (number of
years of continuous annual measurements, number of monitored individuals) as well as in the degree of
metadata documentation and unrestricted access to the raw data. The data have been used to study life
history patterns, relations with microhabitats including edaphic factors and crown light environments,
relations among ecophysiology, morphology, and performance, and the relation of tree performance to
climate variation both at local and global scales. The data have also been used in a diversity of remote
sensing studies.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4664.
Publicación no.: 354 Growth, productivity, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of pure
and mixed native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica [Crecimiento, productividad,
biomasa aérea y captura de carbono de plantaciones forestales puras y en mezcla de árboles nativos en
las tierras bajas del Caribe de Costa Rica] / Redondo-Brenes, Alvaro; Montagnini, Florencia. (Yale
University, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail: alvaro.redondo@yale.edu> <E-mail:
florencia.montagnini@yale.edu>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 232, no. 1/3, p. 168-178. 2006.
In Costa Rica, reforestation programs with indigenous tree species area recent activity. Information is
still scarce on long-term species performance and silvicultural management to ensure the success of
tree plantings, especially for mixed stands. This study aims to estimate growth, aboveground biomass,
and carbon sequestration of nine native tree species growing in mixed and pure plantings. The study
was carried out at La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. More than a half
of the tree species studied (e.g. Calophyllum brasiliense, Jacaranda copaia, Terminalia amazonia,
Hyeronima alchorneoides, Vochysia ferruginea, Balizia elegans) are distributed from Mexico-Guatemala
to South America and a few have more limited distribution in Central America (e.g. Vochysia
guatemalensis, Virola koschnyi, Dipteryx panamensis). The nine tree species are divided into three sets.
The 3 members of each set were grown separately in pure plantations, and together in mixed
plantation, giving 12 monocultures and 4 mixtures. Plantation 1 (13 years old) is composed of V.
guatemalensis, C. brasiliense, and J. copaia. Plantation 2 (13 years old) is comprised of D. panamensis, T.
amazonia and V. koschnyi. Plantation 3 (12 years old) is composed of H. alchorneoides, B. elegans, and
V. ferruginea. Overall, all the species had good growth and productivity either in pure or mixed stands in
comparison to other native and exotic species growing in similar ecological conditions. The exception
was C. brasiliense in mixed stands, where it was suppressed by the fast-growing species V.
guatemalensis and J. copaia. At the stand level, the mixed stands performed well for volume, basal area,
aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration, in comparison to other pure or mixed plantations of
tropical timber species. Pure plantations of V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, V. koschnyi, J. copaia, and T.
amazonia also presented good productivity. At the tree level, V. guatemalensis, J. copaia, T. amazonia,
H. alchorneoides, and D. panamensis performed better in mixtures than in pure stands for diameter,
height, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration estimations. Values for the former three
species were significantly higher in mixed than in pure stands. C. brasiliense was the only species with
significantly better growth in pure stands than in mixed stands, for the three-species combination
examined. The results show that mixed plantings had similar or higher productivities for several of the
variables examined, but conclusions, on relative productivities depend on the species and growth
features, interactions among species, and the variables quantified. In addition, there is a need to
continue monitoring over longer time-frames, and for further studies of the species interactions and site
factors involved, in order to develop reforestation guidelines for a range of objectives and
environmental settings.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4751.
Publicación no.: 355 La experiencia de Costa Rica en áreas protegidas / Pauchard, A. (University of
Montana. School of Forestry, Missoula, MT 59812, US <E-mail: pauchard@forestry.umt.edu>).
En: Ambiente y Desarrollo (ISSN 0716-1478), v. 16, no. 3, p. 51-60. 2000.
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Junio 2012
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4735.pdf
Costa Rica is internationally recognized for its management of its protected areas. With its high
biological diversity, this country has positioned conservation as a pillar of its development. During the
last decade, the government has stimulated a process of modernization of the the National System of
Protected Areas (SINAC). The creation of Conservation Areas, as territorial units for the management of
resources, has permited the establishment of conservation programs reaching beyond the limits ofthe
protected areas. Incentives for ecotourism have also generated high economic returns for the country as
well as an increasing number of visitors to the protected areas. There is a polemic concerning the
positive and negative impacts of tourism in the protected areas. While for some this represents a unique
form for obtaining resources for the maintenance of these areas, for others, it is a factor in the
destruction of the natural patrimony. There is also no consensus concerning the effects of tourismon the
communities adjacent to the protected areas. The challenges for the future of the protected areas in
Costa Rica are centered on increasing the conservation of the adjacent areas, increasing the
incorporation of the local community, mitigating the negative effects of ecotourism, maintaing a low
scale of tourism, and above all, encouring research that will permit supporting sustainable development.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10840. NBINA-4735.
Publicación no.: 356 Will buying tropical forest carbon benefit the poor? evidence from Costa Rica?
[¿Beneficiará a los pobres la compra de carbono del bosque tropical? ¿evidencia de Costa Rica?] / Kerr,
Suzi; Lipper, Leslie; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Cavatassi, Romina; Davis, Benjamin; Hendy, Joanna; SánchezAzofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay,
Wellington, NZ <E-mail: suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz> <E-mail: ap196@columbia.edu> <E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>). Wellington: Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 2004. 39 pp.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4720.pdf
We review claims about the potential for carbon markets that link both payments for carbon services
and poverty levels to ongoing rates of tropical deforestation. We then examine these effects empirically
for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses the irreversibilities
in deforestation. We find significant effects of the relative returns to forest on deforestation rates. Thus,
carbon payments would induce conservation and also carbon sequestration, and if land users were poor
could conserve forest while addressing rural poverty. We also give a weak result that the poorest areas
would respond more to payment, i.e. if anything the impact is higher there, though there may well be
no difference. If there is no difference, transaction costs and other practical issues could lead carbon
payments policies not to be focused upon the many small poor land users. Nonetheless the poorest
areas have much more forest per capita and could benefit.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4720.
Publicación no.: 357 Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs
(Bufonidae: Atelopus) [Catastrófica disminución y extinciones de la población en ranas arlequín
(Bufonidae: Atelopus)] / La Marca, E; Lips, Karen R; Lötters, S; Puschendorf, Robert; Ibáñez-D., Roberto;
Rueda-Almonacid, J.V; Schulte, R; Marty, C; Castro, F; Manzanilla-Puppo, J; García-Pérez, J.E; BolañosVives, Federico; Chaves-Cordero, Gerardo A; Pounds, J. Alan; Toral-C., E; Young, Bruce E. (Universidad de
Los Andes. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Apartado Postal
116, Mérida 5101-A, VE <E-mail: klips@zoology.siu.edu> <E-mail: rpuschen@biologia.ucr.ac.cr> <E-mail:
bolanosv@biologia.ucr.ac.cr> <).
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Junio 2012
En: Biotropica (ISSN 1744-7429), v. 37, no. 2, p. 190-201. 2005.
We surveyed the population status of the Neotropical toad genus Atelopus, and document recent
catastrophic declines that are more severe than previously reported for any amphibian genus. Of 113
species that have been described or are candidates for description, data indicate that in 42 species,
population sizes have been reduced by at least half and only ten species have stable populations. The
status of the remaining taxa is unknown. At least 30 species have been missing from all known localities
for at least 8 yr and are feared extinct. Most of these species were last seen between 1984 and 1996. All
species restricted to elevations of above 1000 m have declined and 75 percent have disappeared, while
58 percent of lowland species have declined and38 percent have disappeared. Habitat loss was not
related to declines once we controlled for the effects of elevation. In fact, 22 species that occur in
protected areas have disappeared. The fungal disease Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been
documented from nine species that have declined, and may explain declines in higher elevation species
that occur in undisturbed habitats. Climate change may also play a role, but other potential factors such
as environmental contamination, trade, and introduced species are unlikely to have affected more than
a handful of species.Widespread declines and extinctions in Atelopus may reflect population changes in
other Neotropical amphibians that are more difficult to survey, and the loss of this trophic group may
have cascading effects on other species in tropical ecosystems.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4759.
Publicación no.: 358 What role for tropical forests in climate change mitigation? The case of Costa Rica
[¿Qué papel para los bosques tropicales en la mitigación del cambio climático? El caso de Costa Rica] /
Boscolo, M; Kerr, Suzi; Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo. (Harvard University.
Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, MA 02138-2902, US <E-mail:
suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz> <E-mail: ap196@columbia.edu> <E-mail: arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for International Development, 1999. 43 pp. (Development Discussion
Paper; no. 675).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4772.pdf
Land and forestry-based activities could in principle play important roles as climate change mitigation
strategies. In practice, however, several questions have been raised about their feasibility. Therefore,
understanding the processes and determinants of land use changes is critical. This paper aims to
contribute to such understanding in the larger part of a larger project on sustainable development and
economic growth. It begins with a dynamic model of land use. The model generates deforestation
equations that are estimated from data in Costa Rica on land use, environment, and geography, and, in
the case of geo-referenced information, from secondary data. Results suggest that susceptibility to
deforestation depends on environmental, geographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Such results
may be of use in establishing baselines. The next stage of this work will add variables such as land value
in order to permit the analysis of the effects of payments for carbon sequestration. Even in its current
state, the model?s results can be linked to carbon storage and accumulation functions in order to
quantify the supply of carbon offsets by Costa Rica resulting from changes in land use.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4772.
Publicación no.: 359 What drives tropical deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying
causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence [¿Qué dirige la deforestación
tropical? Un meta-análisis de las causas próximas y subyacentes de la deforestación con base a un
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estudio de caso subnacional] / Geist, H; Lambin, E. (University of Louvain. Department of Geography,
LUCC International Project Office, Place Louis Pasteur 3, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, BE
lucc.ipo@geog.ucl.ac.be). (ISSN 1138-7424) Louvain-la-Neuve: University of Louvain, 2001. 136 pp.
(LUCC Report Series; no. 4).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4786.pdf
To conclude this overview on proximate, underlying and other causes associated with tropical
deforestation, we developed a preliminary scheme which depicts the relations between proximate and
underlying causes as translated from the meta-analysis of subnational cases in a descriptive manner.
Compared to another, most recent descriptive (but not quantified) scheme, striking similarities (e.g.,
grouping of natural causes at the proximate or direct level) and minor differences (e.g., formatting of
cultural and technological factors) are obvious - cf Figures 2 and 3. Considering our meta-anlysis to be
the first study which relates underlying to proximate causes in a systematised manner, a summarisation
of the quantified scheme of Figure 3 is provided in Figure 9 (inlay). To conclude the discussion of
strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used (which certainly has implications for the conclusions
drawn from the statistical results), we are aware of own interpretation bias (variable grouping, coding,
data exploration), while original author bias is minimal and selection bias (case study areas, not so
agents) is limited. As compared to the methodological foundations of other case study comparisons (see
subchapters 1 and 2.1), we feel that our standard criteria, i.e., to choose only ISI covered journal articles
and to try a middle way between fine-scale local studies and crossnational data explorations, is unique
and timely. This meta-analysis is the first study which, in a systematised manner, relates underlying to
proximate causes for a very large number of case studies - and, first time, quantifies the causative
linkages (cf Figure 9).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4786.
Publicación no.: 360 Soil carbon dynamics and residue stabilization in a Costa Rican and southern
Canadian alley cropping system [Dinámica del carbono del suelo y estabilización del residuo en un
sistema de cultivo por callejones costarricense y en el sur canadiense] / Oelbermann, Maren; Voroney, R.
Paul; Thevathasan, Naresh V; Gordon, Andrew M; Kass, Donald Charles Lieber; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M.
(University of Waterloo. Department of Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <Email: moelberm@fes.uwaterloo.ca> <E-mail: pvoroney@uoguelph.ca> <E-mail: dclk9@hotmail.com> <Email: andrea_schloenvoigt@y).
En: Agroforestry Systems (ISSN 0167-4366), v. 68, no. 1, p. 27-36. 2006.
Agroforestry systems can play a major role in the sequestration of carbon (C) because of their higher
input of organic material to the soil compared to sole crop agroecosystems. This study quantified C input
in a 19-year old tropical alley cropping system with E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F Cook in Costa Rica, and in
a 13-year old hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides x nigra DN-177) alley cropping system in southern
Canada. Changes in the level of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, residue decomposition rate, residue
stabilization efficiency, and the annual rate of accumulation of SOC were also quantified in both
systems. Carbon input from tree prunings in Costa Rica was 401 g C m² y-¹ compared to 117 g C m² y-¹
from litterfall at the Canadian site. In southern Canada, crop residue input from maize (Zea mays L.) was
212 g C m² y-¹, 83 g C m² y-¹ from soybeans (Glycine max L.) and 125 g C m² y-¹ for wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.), and was not significantly different (p 0.05) from the sole crop. The averageyearly C input
from crop residues in Costa Rica was significantly greater (p 0.05) in the alley crop for maize (134 g C m²
y-¹) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean crops (35 g C m² y-¹) compared to the sole crop. The SOC pool was
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significantly greater (p 0.05) in the Costa Rican alley crop (9536 g m²) compared to its respective sole
crop (6143 g m²) to a 20 cm depth, but no such difference was found for the southern Canadian system.
Residue stabilization, defined as the efficiency of the stabilization ofadded residue (crop residues, tree
prunings, litterfall) that is added to the soil C pool, is more efficient in southern Canada (31%) compared
to the alley cropping system in Costa Rica (40%). This coincides with a lower organic matter
decomposition rate (0.03 y-¹) to a 20 cm depth in Canada compared to the Costa Rican system (0.06 y-¹).
However, the average annual accumulation rate of SOC is greater in Costa Rica (179 g m² y-¹) and is likely
related to the greater input of organic material derived from tree prunings, compared to that in
southern Canada (30 g m² y-¹) to a 20 cm depth.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4857.
Publicación no.: 361 Migración ambiental inducida por variabilidad climática: El caso del Corredor
Centroamericano de la Sequía [Environmental migration induced by climatic variability: The case of the
Central American Corridor of the Drought] / Vega-García, Heidy. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de
Relaciones Internacionales, Centro de Ambiente y Desarrollo, Apdo 86-3000, Heredia, CR <E-mail:
heidyv2002 @yahoo.com>). San José: Universidad Nacional / Centro Mesoamericano de Desarrollo
Sostenible del Trópico Seco (CEMEDE), 2005. 66 pp. ISBN: 9968-9527-4-5.
La migración es un fenómeno dinámico. Cada día en el mundo miles de personas se trasladan de un
lugar a otro, en búsqueda de las mejores condiciones que les posibilite una calidad de vida satisfactoria.
En algunas regiones, más que en otras, la migración se convierte en un mecanismo necesario y muchas
veces inevitable. De forma tradicional, se ha estudiado que la migración obedece principalmente a
razones socioeconómicas y políticas. Sin embargo, como se establece en la presente investigación, el
análisis de un fenómeno tan importante no debe ser limitado por tal enfoque. En este sentido, a la luz
de las corrientes académicas internacionales más novedosas, se plantea una nueva perspectiva para
articular un entendimiento más integral de las causas de los flujos migratorios: la propuesta teóricoconceptual sobre la migración ambiental. Dicha propuesta adquiere relevancia al considerarse el caso
particular del contexto centroamericano. Recientemente, gran parte de las zonas rurales de este espacio
geográfico han sido afectadas por una serie de eventos ambientales, especialmente las sequías, que han
generado la pérdida de las cosechas de productos de consumo básico. Tal situación se vio incrementada
por el creciente desempleo debido a la crisis de los precios internacionales del café. Estas pérdidas
agrícolas, así como el cierre de fincas cafetaleras, incidieron en el aumento de la inseguridad
alimentaria, desencadenando hambrunas en casos extremos (caso de Matagalpa). En dicha coyuntura,
se identificó que estos episodios de crisis alimentaria motivaron el desplazamiento de grupos humanos,
dentro y entre los Estados centroamericanos. Por lo tanto, desde hace pocos años es innegable
considerar que la migración en la región también es influenciada por factores ambientales. Sin embargo,
el carácter reciente de este análisis pone en evidencia que aún existe gran desconocimiento de este
fenómeno en los círculos académicos locales y en las esferas políticas de toma de decisiones. En suma,
la migración ambiental centroamericana debe ser una preocupación fundamental, dado que la región
presenta elementos de gran vulnerabilidad socioambiental, especialmente relacionados con eventos de
variabilidad climática. A pesar de que incluso se ha logrado avanzar en el tema de la vulnerabilidad y se
ha identificado un Corredor Centroamericano de la Sequía, aún no ha sido posible aproximarse al
potencial que las condiciones ambientales y el contexto socioeconómico en este espacio geográfico
presentan para la migración ambiental. En este sentido, tampoco se han identificado escenarios
presentes y futuros de migración ambiental regional; no se ha determinado un modelo de análisis y no
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se han generado propuestas de políticas públicas. Estos aspectos son los principales productos que
pretende aportar esta investigación.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4922.
Publicación no.: 362 Determinants of leaf litter nutrient cycling in a tropical rain forest: Soil fertility
versus topography [Determinantes del reciclaje de nutrimentos del mantillo en un bosque lluvioso
tropical: Fertilidad del suelo contra topografía] / Wood, Tana E; Lawrence, Deborah A; Clark, Deborah A.
(University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 400123, Charlottesville, VA
22904, US <E-mail: tana@virginia.edu> <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Ecosystems (ISSN 1432-9840), v. 9, no. 5, p. 700-710. 2006.
We investigated the influence of landscape-level variation in soil fertility and topographic position on
leaf litter nutrient dynamics in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. We sampled across the three main
edaphic conditions (ultisol slope, ultisol plateau, and inceptisol) to determine the effect of soil nutrients
on leaf litter nutrient concentrations while controlling for topography, and to examine topographic
effects while controlling for soil nutrients. Both leaf litter macronutrient [phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N),
sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg)] and micronutrient concentrations were
quantified throughout a 4-year period. Leaf litter [P], [N] and [K] varied significantly among soil types.
The variation in [P], [N], and [K] was explained by soil fertility alone. Leaf litter [S], [Ca], and [Mg] did not
vary among the three soil types. Macronutrient (P, K, Mg, S, Ca) concentrations in the leaf litter were
much less variable than those of Fe and Al. Lower variability in essential plant nutrients suggests a great
deal of plant control over the amount of nutrients resorbed before senescense. Leaf litter macronutrient
concentrations varied significantly over the 4-year period, but the temporal variation did not differ
among the three edaphic types as anticipated. Hence, although the magnitude of nutrient fluxes may be
controlled by local factors such as soil fertility, temporal patterns are likely regulated by a common
environmental variable such as precipitation or temperature.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4864.
Publicación no.: 363 ¿Qué estamos aprendiendo de la experiencia con los mercados de servicios
ambientales en Costa Rica? Revisión y crítica de la literatura / Rojas, M; Aylward, Bruce A. (EcoAsesores Integrados, Apartado 72-4400 Ciudad Quesada, CR <E-mail: manrique@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail:
bruce@radel.com>, ). London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Environmental
Economics Programme, 2003. 112 pp. (Series: Markets for environmental services; no. 2). ISBN:
1843694557.
El uso de mercados y el pago de servicios ambientales es un tema que ha venido ganando terreno entre
los hacedores de políticas, ambientalistas y desarrolladores alrededor del mundo. Visto desde una
perspectiva simple el termino "servicios ambientales", se refiere al concepto de sistemas naturales que
proveen un flujo continuo de bienes y servicios a la sociedad. Lo anterior contrasta con servicios
similares brindados por infraestructura física hecha por el hombre y capital tecnológico (tratamiento de
agua, fertilización artificial, ingeniería genética) para los que los servicios ambientales son un substituto.
El uso de mecanismos de mercado como herramienta para incorporar el valor económico de los
servicios ambientales a la toma de decisiones financieras de productores y consumidores es una
herramienta adicional que podría ser utilizada para resolver las eternas fallas de mercado que conllevan
a un bajo rendimiento económico- tener menos servicios ambientales y pagar más por sus sustitutos
hechos por el hombre. En el mundo en vías de desarrollo, Costa Rica ha liderado esfuerzos para
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experimentar con la aplicación de esos mecanismos, muchos de los cuales eran simplemente ideas
sobre papel años atrás. Una encuesta sobre mercados de servicios ambientales realizada por IIED
evidencia el rol formativo que ha tenido Costa Rica y provee una rica caracterización de la economía de
estas iniciativas en un contexto global (Landell-Mills and Porras 2002). Como una inciativa
complementaria este documento profundiza en la literatura sobre la experiencia costarricense con el fin
de visualizar lo que estamos aprendiendo de esa experiencia: ¿cómo ha calzado dentro de estas
iniciativas la información técnica, científica y económica sobre servicios ambientales? ¿Qué alcance
tienen el monitoreo y la evaluación de estas experiencias iniciales? Existe un retrocontrol que conecte
estas experiencias con el aprendizaje ambiental y temas de desarrollo, particularmente en el contexto
local de elaboración de políticas dentro del país. El principal objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es
identificar y analizar documentos y otros materiales que estén dentro de la siguiente temática: 1. los
orígenes locales del concepto de pago y mercado de servicios ambientales y como estos han
evolucionado a través del tiempo, particularmente en relación con el amplio desarrollo internacional del
concepto y con las necesidades / realidades locales; 2. el tipo de iniciativas existentes relacionadas con
los mercados de servicios ambientales, y quien esta participando en estas actividades (trabajo
descriptivo); 3. el conocimiento base que soporta el desarrollo de mercados, ej. el punto en el que se
basan los mercados, un conocimiento técnico y científico que toma en cuenta la relación biofísica,
económica y social que surge de los diferentes puntos de vista sobre el tema; 4. las iniciativas tomadas
con respecto al monitoreo y evaluación de la experiencia con pagos y mercados de servicios ambientales
y hasta donde y con que resultados la literatura toma estas iniciativas en términos de eficiencia
económica, eficiencia ambiental, equidad social y/o reducción de la pobreza. En los casos en los que el
material escrito no esta disponible o no brindaba una buena cobertura se realizaron entrevistas con las
personas involucradas en estas iniciativas con el fin de completar la información requerida. Dado que el
IIED ha realizado una revisión de la literatura global en este tema y que ha identificado ejemplos en
Costa Rica, los objetivos uno y dos se cumplen con información existente del IIED. Además, se realiza un
control cruzado confirmatorio y una expansión de la cobertura de los casos existentes de pago de
servicios ambientales. El valor agregado de la revisión bibliografía esta en la profundización del
conocimiento base y análisis de sus contenidos con respecto a los objetivos tres y cuatro. El documento
esta organizado con el fin de cumplir con los objetivos uno a uno. En el primer capítulo se explora el
concepto de mercado y pago de servicios ambientales en Costa Rica. Posteriormente, este escrito evalúa
la experiencia ganada hasta el momento por el país, y brinda en los subsiguientes capítulos una
descripción y un análisis de los casos, además de evidenciar el papel que tiene el conocimiento dentro
del desarrollo y formulación de cada una de las iniciativas hasta la fecha. Finalmente se concluye con la
presentación de las lecciones aprendidas y las recomendaciones prácticas sobre los pasos que otros
países, investigadores y organizaciones financieras deberían tomar para mejorar el proceso de
implementación de este tipo de actividades en el futuro.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4513.
Publicación no.: 364 Skeletal extension rates of Cenozoic Caribbean reef corals / Johnson, K.G; Pérez,
M.E. (Natural History Museum. Department of Palaeontology, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, GB <Email: k.johnson@nhm.ac.uk>).
En: Palaios (ISSN 0883-1351), v. 21, p. 262-271. 2006.
There has been significant biological and environmental change in Caribbean coral reefs during the past
30 million years, including two periods of accelerated turnover of species in the zooxanthellate coral
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biota that may have been correlated with changes in regional sea-surface productivity during the Early
Miocene and the Early Pleistocene. Skeletal extension rates measured on x-radiographs of 11 massive
genera of fossil corals collected from Late Oligocene to Pleistocene units from across the Caribbean
were analyzed to determine whether average coral growth responded to these regional environmental
changes. The observed patterns were evaluated by comparisons with records of Recent coral growth
rates taken from published literature. These analyses suggest that there is significant variation in
average growth rate among corals living in the Recent Indowest Pacific, eastern Pacific, and Caribbean,
even when broad ranges of taxa and habitats are intermingled. When applied to fossils, a similar analysis
suggests that rates of growth do not change overall through time. One exception is during the Late
Miocene, when rates of growth were significantly lower than from other fossil units or for Recent
colonies from the Caribbean. However, the Late Miocene colonies sampled for this study lived in
relatively deep, turbid habitats, so the observed reduced growth rates may have resulted from local low
availability of light. Similar facies were not sampled in other stratigraphic intervals, so there is no strong
evidence for reduced regional average growth rates for Caribbean corals during the past 30 million
years.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4825.
Publicación no.: 365 "Desarrollo" depredador globalizado / Delgado-Rodríguez, M.
En: Ambientico (ISSN 1409-214X), no. 147, p. 8-9. 2005.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4832.pdf
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4832.
Publicación no.: 366 Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics using stable isotopes in 19- and 10-year-old
tropical agroforestry systems [Dinámicas del carbono y nitrógeno del suelo utilizando isótopos estables
en sistemas agroforestales tropicales de 19 y 20 años de edad] / Oelbermann, Maren; Voroney, R. Paul;
Kass, Donald Charles Lieber; Schlönvoigt, Andrea M. (University of Waterloo. Department of
Environment & Resource Studies, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CA <E-mail: moelberm@fes.uwaterloo.ca> <Email:
pvoroney@uoguelph.ca>
<E-mail:
dclk9@hotmail.com>
<E-mail:
andrea_schloenvoigt@yahoo.de>).
En: Geoderma (ISSN 0016-7061), v. 130, no. 3/4, p. 356-367. 2006.
Conversion of forests to agricultural land in the American tropics, through traditional agricultural
practices such as shifting cultivation, has not been able to maintain stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC),
and increasing population pressure has ledto shortened fallow periods, causing further losses of soil
fertility. However, land management practices such as agroforestry can provide a sustainable alternative
to single cropping because of its ability to maintain or increase the SOC pool. This study quantified SOC
and nitrogen (N) pools, gross SOC turnover, residue stabilization efficiency (RSEAC) in the alley crop, soil
delta13C partitioning, C3-C abundance and delta15N dynamics in 19- and 10-year Gliricidia sepium and
Erythrina poeppigiana alley cropping system. Each system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree
prunings only [-N or -A], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N], or Arachis pintoi as a groundcover
[+A]), and was compared to a sole crop system. The SOC and N pools were significantly higher (p 0.05) in
the 19-year-old alley crop compared to the sole crop, but not significantly different (p 0.05) in the 10year-old system. Soil C and N (%) showed a similar trend as that of the SOC and N pools in both 19- and
10-year-old systems. Gross SOC turnover, to a 20 cm depth, ranged from 12 to 21 years in the 19-year-
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old alley crop compared to 50 years in the sole crop, and from 20 to 32 years in the 10-year-old alley
crop compared to 106 years in the sole crop. The RSEAC ranged from 10% to 58% in the 19-year-old
system, and from 3% to 43% in the 10-year-old system. The delta13C signature of the soil shifted
significantly (p 0.05) towards that of C3 vegetation in the alley crop due to the greater input of organic
residues from tree prunings compared to the sole crop. The proportion of input from tree prunings only
in the 19-year-old alley crop ranged from 14% to 20%, and from 9% to 11% in the 10-year-old system to
a soil depth of 20 cm. The delta15N signature of the soil showed two patterns: that of the 19-year-old
system being enriched in delta15N, and that of the 10-year-old system being depleted in delta15N
compared to the sole crop. The addition of manure in the 19-year-old system has enriched the soil
delta15N and in the 10-year-old system the soil was depleted due to the N2-fixing groundcover A. pintoi.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4891.
Publicación no.: 367 Racha de huracanes revive debate sobre cambio climático / Manso-Sayao, Paulo.
(MINAE. Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, POB Box 7-3350, 1000 San José, CR <E-mail:
rmanso@imn.ac.cr>).
En: Ambientico (ISSN 1409-214X), no. 148, p. 7-8. 2006.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4837.pdf
Costa Rica fue el único país en Centroamérica que durante el siglo XX no fue afectado en forma directa
por un ciclón tropical. Sin embargo, debido a la orografía del país, los efectos indirectos de los ciclones
tropicales sobre la precipitación son tanto, o más importantes que los efectos directos en periodos
mayores de un día. Asimismo, por su frecuencia, trayectoria e intensidad, los ciclones tropicales del mar
Caribe son los que en realidad más afectan a Costa Rica y en particular nuestra vertiente del Pacífico. La
severidad del comportamiento climático durante la pasada temporada de ciclones tropicales tuvo
grandes efectos en el país. Las pérdidas directas acumuladas superaron los 100.000 millones de colones
solo en infraestructura pública y cultivos. Debido a los efectos indirectos de los ciclones tropicales en el
Caribe y el Golfo de México, entre septiembre y octubre se registró uno de los períodos atemporalados
más extensos y severos en la historia climática de nuestra vertiente pacífica. Y se pronostica que la
temporada de ciclones tropicales de este año estará por encima de lo normal.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4837.
Publicación no.: 368 The interaction of clouds and dry air in the Eastern tropical Pacific [La interacción
de las nubes y el aire seco en el Pacífico oriental tropical] / Zuidema, P; Mapes, B; Lin, J.L; Fairall, C; Wick,
G. (University of Miami. Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, MPO, Miami, FL 33149, US
<E-mail: pzuidema@miami.edu>).
En: Journal of Climate (ISSN 0894-8755), v. 19, no. 18, p. 4531-4544. 2006.
Cloud radar observations of eastern Pacific intertropical convergence zone cloud vertical structure are
interpreted in light of soundings, 100-km-scale divergence profiles calculated from precipitation radar
Doppler velocities, and surface rain gaugedata, from a ship at 10° N, 95° W during the 2001 East Pacific
Investigation of Climate ( EPIC) experiment. The transition from convective to stratiform rain is clear in
all four datasets, indicating a coherence from local to 100-km scale. A novel finding is dry air intrusions
at altitudes of 6-8 km, often undercutting upper-level ice clouds. Two distinct dry air source regions are
identified. One is a relatively dry area overlying the cooler waters of the Costa Rica oceanic thermocline
dome, centered approximately 400 km east-northeast of the ship site. The other is the even drier nearequatorial subsidence zone south of 6° - 7° N. The former source is somewhat peculiar to this specific
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ship location, so that the ship sample is not entirely representative of the region. The 20-25 September
period is studied in detail, as it depicts two influences of the dry air on cloud vertical structure. One is
the modulation of small-scale surface-based convection, evident as a weakening and narrowing of cloud
radar reflectivity features. The other springs from intense sublimation cooling as differential advection
brought snowing anvil clouds over the dry layers. During one half-day period of strong sublimation, the
cooling rate is inferred to be several tens of degrees per day over a 100-hPa layer, based on a heat
budget estimate at 100-km scale involving the horizontal wind divergence data. This is consistent with
fluxing ice water contents of 0.05-0.10 g m(-3) derived from the cloud radar reflectivities. The
temperature profile shows the dynamically expected response to this cooling, a positive-negativepositive temperature anomaly pattern centered on the sublimating layer. A buoyancy-sorting diagnostic
model of convection indicates that these upper-troposphere temperature anomalies can cause
premature detrainment of updrafts into the lower part of the cloudy layer, a feedback that may actively
maintain these long-lasting dense anvils. Middle-troposphere southerly dry air inflow is also evident in
large-scale analysis. Given the proximity of the dry equatorial subsidence zone to the eastern tropical
Pacific, the differential advection of dry and cloudy air, the ensuing sublimation, and its dynamical
aftereffects may play a role in establishing the region's climate, although the extent of their significance
needs to be further established.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5264.
Publicación no.: 369 Carbon isotope fractionation by methane-oxidizing bacteria in tropical rain forest
soils [Fraccionamiento de isótopos del carbono mediante bacterias oxidantes del metano en suelos de
bosques lluviosos tropicales] / Teh, Y.A; Silver, Whendee L; Conrad, M.E; Borglin, S.E; Carlson, C.M.
(University of California at Berkeley. Department of Geography, 507 McCone Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720,
US <E-mail: yit@nature.berkeley.edu> <E-mail: wsilver@nature.berkeley.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 111, no. G2, AR G02001. 2006.
[1] Humid tropical forests have the potential to be significant sources or sinks of atmospheric methane
(CH4), a radiatively important trace gas. Methane oxidation can consume a large fraction of the CH4
produced in tropical soils, although controls on this process are poorly understood. Using soil incubation
experiments, we investigated the effects of CH4 and oxygen (O2) concentrations on C isotope
fractionation and CH4 oxidation in tropical rain forest soils. We also explored the effects of these
environmental variables on the isotope fractionation factor for CH4 oxidation (a), which is widely used to
evaluate the relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation to the atmospheric CH4 pool.
Methane oxidation was sensitive to CH4 at lower CH4 concentrations (< 850 ppmv) and insensitive to O2
concentrations between 3 and 21%. Maximum rates of CH4 oxidation were between 8.2 ± 1.2 and 11.3
±1.5 nmol CH4 hour-¹ g dry soil-¹. Measured values for were a sensitive to both CH4 oxidation rate and
CH4 concentration. Alpha was inversely proportional to CH4 oxidation rate (r² = 0.86, P < 0.01). A multiple
regression model that included CH4 oxidation rate, CH4 concentration and the interaction of the two
terms explained a high proportion of the variability in a (r² = 0.94, P < 0.0001). These data suggest that it
is possible to accurately determine a, allowing for more precise estimates of CH4 oxidation by isotope
mass balance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6449.
Publicación no.: 370 La captura de carbono: un servicio ambiental en fincas cacaoteras indígenas /
Somarriba-Chávez, Eduardo; Quesada, F; Villalobos, Marilyn. (CATIE. Area de Cuencas y Sistemas
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
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Agroforestales, Turrialba, CR <E-mail: esomarri@catie.ac.cr>). Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 28 pp. (Serie
técnica. Manual técnico / CATIE; no. 64). ISBN: 9977-57-425-1.
Este manual se elaboró con el objetivo de servir como material de apoyo en procesos de educación e
información sobre los servicios ambientales en pueblos indígenas y campesinos. Fue financiado por el
Proyecto Captura de Carbono y Desarrollo de Mercados Ambientales en Cacaotales y otros Sistemas
Agroforestales Indígenas en Talamanca, Grant TF052118, Banco Mundial. El proyecto Captura de
Carbono fue financiado por el Banco Mundial al Gobierno de Costa Rica (MINAE), diseñado y ejecutado
participativamente entre el CATIE, ACOMUITA, ADITIBRI, ADITICA, ACICAFOC y MINAE. La Asociación
Comisión de Mujeres Indígenas Bribrí de Talamanca (ACOMUITA) es la organización escogida por los
gobiernos indígenas de la región de Talamanca para representar a los productores y administrar el
Proyecto de Carbono. La Asociación Coordinadora Indígena Campesina de Agroforestería Comunitaria
de Centroamérica (ACICAFOC). Este organismo funciona como enlace entre las organizaciones indígenas
de Centroamérica, que podrían interesarse en proyectos similares en sus respectivas regiones. La
Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de los Territorios Indígenas Bribrí (ADITIBRI), es el gobierno del pueblo
Bribrí. La Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de los Territorios Indígenas Cabécar (ADITICA), es el gobierno
del pueblo Cabécar. El Banco Mundial es el organismo que financió el Proyecto con fondos del gobierno
de Japón (fideicomiso japonés). Grant TF052118. El Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y el
Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) fomentan la preservación de los bosques
pagando por servicios ambientales y se financian con el dinero recaudado mediante un impuesto a los
combustibles y aportes de la cooperación internacional. El Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación
y Enseñanza (CATIE), es una asociación civil sin fines de lucro integrada por 13 países miembros de la
región tropical de América Latina.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4962.
Publicación no.: 371 Implicaciones económicas del almacenamiento del CO2 en un bosque húmedo
tropical en Costa Rica, bajo diferentes estrategias de intervención [Economic implications of CO2
storage on a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica, under different intervention strategies] / Rodríguez-Rubí,
L.E. Turrialba: CATIE, 1997. 72 pp. Thesis, Mag. Sc. en Ciencias Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Centro
Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4971.pdf
The present study consisted on estimating carbon storage in a very humid tropical forest, under
different interventions and management strategies and their economic implications through time. This
study was carried out in a forest near a village called La Tirimbina, located in northern Costa Rica. The
area is under silvicultural experimentation, on a random block design with three treatments. The
experimental area consisted of 9 blocks measuring 1 hectare each, where three silvicultural models
were placed. The first model or treatment one consisted of forest plots with utilization and a treatment
two in the protection canopy treatment three was forest with utilization and a mixture of liberation and
partial refinement. The estimation of stored carbon was done using real data from trees with a diameter
equal to or more than 10 cm, according to diameter measurements made during six years from data
based on the Natural Forest Management Department at CATIE, and on simulated data from 3 posterior
utilizations from the seventh year. The analysis was done for a period of 60 year. For this, mathematical
equations to predict biomass were used. The method used for the financial analyses with and without
carbon valuation was the benefit-cost ratio, which permits to determine the financial rentability from
each treatment. Three indicators were used: Net present value (NPV), Rate Internal Return (RIR) and the
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benefit cost analysis. Necessary information to develop the analysis was provided by the Natural Forest
Management Department at CATIE, using market prices and unitary cost from year 1997. The amount of
stored carbon through time didn't show considerable differences for treatments one and two,
treatment three presented the smallest amount of stored carbon. The results of the financial analyses
without carbon valuation indicated that treatment is the most profitable because it presented the
highest NPV. However, results of the financial analyses with the carbon valuation as a environmental
service indicate that the witness treatment is the one that presents the highest financial indicators (NPV,
B/C) so, it is the most profitable.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4971.
Publicación no.: 372 Valoración del servicio de fijación y almacenamiento de carbono en bosques
privados en el Area de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central, Costa Rica [Valuation of the
environmental service of sequestration and storage of carbon in private forests of the Área Conservación
Cordillera Volcánica Central] / Segura-Madrigal, M.A. (CATIE. Proyecto Flujos de Carbono en América
Central, 7170 Turrialba, CR <E-mail: msegura@catie.ac.cr>). Turrialba: CATIE, 1999. 133 pp. Thesis, Mag.
Sc. en Ciencias Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y
Enseñanza, Escuela de Posgrado, Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-4972.pdf
The objective of this research was to calculate the value of carbon sequestration and storage in natural
forests of private farms in Tirimbina of Sarapiquí and in Corinto of Guápiles, Costa Rica. These farms
receive payment for sustainable forest management and for forest protection. In addition, they received
technical assistance for forest management from FUNDECOR. A total of 27 farms were selected which
were in a radius of 10 km from the two experimental areas administered by CATIE, Los Laureles de
Corinto in Guápiles and Tirimbina Rain Forest Alliance, Sarapiqui. Initially, a quantification of total
biomass and carbon storage was carried out. The information from the two experimental areas was
used to determine the dominant tree species in the region. Of these species, a minimum of one and a
maximum of four individuals per species was located and cut in the farms for biomass analysis. The total
biomass of the seven down species and a total of 19 individuals were measured. The fraction of carbon
was determined in eight species (20 individuals) and the specific gravity of the wood in nine species (23
individuals). With this information allometric equations were generated to relate the total biomass, the
total volume and the carbon content of the dbh, the commercial height, total height, stem biomass,
stem volume, and the combination of the first three variables. The best tree-level volume model was
used to estimate the total volumes by plot and for each treatment in the experimental areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4972.
Publicación no.: 373 Uncertainties in, and interpretation of, carbon flux estimates using the eddy
covariance technique / Loescher, Henry William; Law, B.E; Mahrt, L; Hollinger, D.Y; Campbell, J; Wofsy,
Susan C. (Oregon State University. Department of Forest Sciences, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR
97331, US <E-mail: hank.loescher@oregonstate.edu>).
En: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere (ISSN 0148-0227), v. 111, no. D21S90,
doi:10.1029/2005JD0069322006.
[1] Whole ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange estimated with the eddy covariance (EC) technique
has been central to studies on the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to disturbance and intra-annual
and interannual variations in climate, but challenges exist in understanding and reducing the uncertainty
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in estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. We review the potential uncertainties associated
with the eddy covariance technique, including systematic errors from insensitivity to high-frequency
turbulence, random errors from inadequate sample size associated with averaging period, vertical and
horizontal advection issues, and selection criteria for removing periods of inadequate mixing from
further analyses. We also discuss benefits andcaveats of using independent measurements to evaluate
EC-derived NEE, such as comparisons of EC-derived annual NEE and allometric net ecosystem production
estimates (NEP) and interpretation of nighttime NEE with scaled chamber-based estimates of ecosystem
respiration.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4935.
Publicación no.: 374 Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North
American atmosphere [Bifenilos policlorinados y difeniléteres polibromados en la atmósfera
norteamericana] / Shen, L; Wania, Frank; Lei, Ying D; Teixeira, C; Muir, Derek C.G; Xiao, H. (University of
Torono at Scarborough. Department of Chemistry and Department of Physical and Environmental
Sciences, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, CA <E-mail: frank.wania@utoronto.ca>).
En: Environmental Pollution (ISSN 0269-7491), v. 144, no. 2, p. 434-444. 2006.
To assess the spatial concentration variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the atmosphere on a large continental scale, their annually integrated air
concentrations were determined in 2000/2001 using XAD-based passive air samplers (PAS). The network
included 40 stations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Belize and Costa Rica, and covered 72
degrees of latitude and longitude. Total concentrations of PCB and PBDE congeners ranged from below
the detection limit to 130 ng PAS(-¹) and 24 ng PAS(-¹), respectively. PCBs displayed a large variation
between urban, rural and remote sites, whereas PBDEs did not follow such a pattern. Open burning of
"Penta"-containing waste may have contributed to thePBDEs detected in the air samples from rural and
remote areas. Air from the Canadian Arctic had a relatively higher percentage of lighter PCB congeners
than air sampled in the tropical region, which is interpreted as evidence for global fractionation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-4959.
Publicación no.: 375 Effects of poverty on deforestation: distinguishing behavior from location [Efectos
de la pobreza en la deforestación: comportamiento notable según la localidad] / Kerr, Suzi; Lipper, Leslie;
Pfaff, Alexander S.P; Cavatassi, Romina; Timmins, J; Hendy, Joanna; Sánchez-Azofeifa, Gerardo Arturo;
Davis, Benjamin. (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 19 Milne Terrace, Island Bay, Wellington,
NZ
<E-mail:
suzi.kerr@motu.org.nz>
<E-mail:
ap196@columbia.edu>
<E-mail:
arturo.sanchez@ualberta.ca>). Rome: FAO / Agricultural and Development Economics Division, 2004. 27
pp. (ESA Working Paper (FAO); no. 04-19).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-5049.pdf
We summarize existing theoretical claims linking poverty to rates of deforestation and then examine this
linkage empirically for Costa Rica during the 20th century using an econometric approach that addresses
the irreversibilities in deforestation. Our data facilitate an empirical analysis of the implications for
deforestation of where the poor live. Without controlling for this, impacts of poverty per se are
confounded by richer areas being different from the areas inhabited by the poor, who we expect to find
on more marginal lands, for instance less profitable lands. Controlling for locations’ characteristics, we
find that poorer areas are cleared more rapidly. This result suggests that poverty reduction aids forest
conservation.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5049.
Publicación no.: 376 Seasonal variation in the stable isotopic composition of precipitation in the
tropical montane forests of Monteverde, Costa Rica [Variación estacional en la composición de isótopos
estables de la lluvia en el bosque montano tropical de Monteverde, Costa Rica] / Rhodes, A.L; Guswa, A.J;
Newell, S.E. (Smith College. Department of Geology, Northampton, MA 01063, US <E-mail:
arhodes@email.smith.edu>).
En: Water Resources Research (ISSN 0043-1397), v. 42, no. 11, AR W11402. 2006.
Climate and land use change may diminish orographic clouds over tropical montane forests, stressing
biota and water resources during dry seasons. From 2003 to 2005 we measured the stable isotopic
composition of precipitation and throughfall in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to distinguish convective, wet
season rainfall associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) from dry season, orographic
rain produced by northeasterly trade winds. While event-to-event fluctuations of delta O18 and delta H2
are high, monthly samples reveal a seasonal signal that may be used to trace water through the
hydrologic cycle. Deuterium excess indicates that water evaporated from land is an important flux to the
region during the transitional and dry seasons whenwinds from the Caribbean slope dominate.
Following the shift to convective rainfall at the start of the wet season, when the western equatorial
winds influence the Pacific slope of Costa Rica, d excess values become depressed. Yet as the wet season
progresses, the excess begins to climb. These data suggest that several months of rain are needed
following an acute dry season on the northern Pacific slope before a terrestrial evaporative signal is
detected in wet season precipitation. The evaporative flux may result from a wet season expansion of
surface water bodies and flooding of seasonal wetlands.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5194.
Publicación no.: 377 Arrecifes y comunidades coralinas de Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica
/ Jiménez-Centeno, Carlos E. (Universität Bremen. ZMT, Fahrenheitstr 6, D-28359 Bremen, DE <E-mail:
carlos.jimenez@zmt.uni-bremen.de> <E-mail: cjimenez@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>). San José, 1998. 218 pp.
Tesis, M.Sc., Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca (Costa Rica). (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: Tesis 477. Biblioteca Luis D. Tinoco: TFG 17884.
Publicación no.: 378 Tropical montane cloud forests: time for action [Bosques nublados tropicales
montanos: tiempo para la acción / Forêts tropicales montagnardes de nuages: il est temps d'agir] /
Aldrich, M (comp.); Bubb, P (comp.); Hostettler, S (comp.); van de Wiel, H (comp.). (WWF International
Forests for Life, Avenue du Mont Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, CH <E-mail: maldrich@wwint.org> <E-mail:
philip.bubb@unep-wcmc.org> <E-mail: cloudforest@iucn.org>). Gland: WWF International/IUCN The
World Conservation Union, 2000. 32 pp. ISBN: 2-88085-245-5.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-5121.pdf
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCFs) are beautiful evergreen forests, frequently enveloped in clouds
and mist. Every tree trunk, branch and rock surface is covered in moss, ferns, orchids and other
epiphytic plants. Although few cloud forests have been systematically explored, it is recognised that
they are storehouses of biodiversity. And little by little their vital role as sources and providers of
freshwater for millions of people is being unravelled and recognised. It is not surprising that with these
almost magical properties, TMCFs possess strong spiritual and cultural values in many parts of the
world. Yet cloud forests are seriously at risk. The majority of the TMCFs which remain are only fragments
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of their original extent. Rural poverty, insecurity of land tenure and policy failures underlie many of the
threats to the world's cloud forests. Growing populations, unsustainable land uses and official
development policies that ignore forest values all drive deforestation. Whilst some forest conservation
projects exist in all regions with TMCF, many areas are not valued or protected at all. Sometimes only
after the cloud forest has gone do local people and governments appreciate its unique functions. We
have to act now, before it is too late. This informative and timely report has been produced in response
to a perce ived lack of public and political awareness of the status and value of Tropical Montane Cloud
Forests (TMCFs). Whilst a science based publication, it has been written in terms that will also inform
and stimulate concern among a non-scientific audience.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5121.
Publicación no.: 379 Detecting tropical forests' responses to global climatic and atmospheric change:
current challenges and a way forward [Detectando respuestas de los bosques tropicales al cambio
climático y atmosférico mundial: desafíos actuales y en camino] / Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for
Tropical Studies. La Selva Biological Station, Apdo. 676, 2050 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, US <E-mail:
daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 39, no. 1, p. 4-19. 2007.
Because of tropical forests? disproportionate importance for world biodiversity and for the global
carbon cycle, we urgently need to understand any effects on these ecosystems from the ongoing
changes in climate and atmosphere. This review, intended to complement existing data reviews on this
topic, focuses on three major classes of challenges that we currently face when trying to detect and
interpret directional changes in tropical forests. One is the very limited existing information on the
historical context of study sites. Lasting effects from past climate, natural disturbances, and/or human
activities could be significantly affecting current-day processes in tropical forests and need to be
investigated for all active field sites. Second, whileprogress has been made in recent years on
standardizing and refining research approaches, a number of methods- and data-limitations continue to
affect efforts both to detect within-forest changes and to relate them to ongoing environmental change.
Important outstanding needs are improved sampling designs, longer time-series of observations, filling
key data gaps, and data access. Finally, forest responses to ongoing environmental change are complex.
The effects of many simultaneously changing environmental factors are integrated by the plants, and
their responses can involve significant lags, carryovers, and non-linearities. Specifying effects of
individual environmental changes, however, is required for accurate ecosystem-process models and
thus for projecting future impacts on these forests. After discussing these several types of challenges
and ways to address them, I conclude with a priority agenda for this critical area of research.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5294.
Publicación no.: 380 Wood and soil-atmosphere carbon dioxide fluxes from a tropical forest
ecosystem [Flujos de dióxido de carbono de la madera y del suelo-atmósfera de un ecosistema de
bosque tropical] / Lopes, E.C. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, 2005. 124 pp. ISBN:
0542312697. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (USA).
Carbon cycling in tropical rainforests is an important component of the global carbon budget. A better
understanding of controlling mechanisms and magnitude of CO2 sources from tropical forests will
improve our ability to predict future impacts of climate changes. The research presented in this
dissertation has focused on determining the magnitude and characteristics of the CO2 flux from tropical
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wood and soil surfaces. Stem CO2 fluxes were measured in a tropical moist forest at Tapajós National
Forest (TNF) in Brazil and in a tropical wet forest at La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica (LS) using
infrared gas analysis methods. Annual Stem CO2 fluxes for TNF and LS averaged 1.7 µmol m-2 s-1 and 4.5
µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. At TNF wood surface area was calculated (4161 m 2 ha -1) and wood CO2 flux
extrapolated to ground area resulted in an annual flux of 259 g C m-2 yr-1. Soil-atmosphere CO2 fluxes
were measured at TNF using infrared gas analysis methods. Line sampling of soil CO2 fluxes made on
randomly placed 30 meters transects averaged 4.7 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s-1 with higher rates during the wet
season (4.9 ± 0.3 µmol m-2 s-1) than during the dry season (4.4 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s-1). Fluxes were weakly
correlated with precipitation and not correlated with soil moisture or temperature. Geostatistical
analysis of grid sampling of soil CO2 fluxes indicated that they were not spatially dependent. Fluxes
measured during wet season and dry season on grid sampling averaged 5.6 ± 0.2 µmol m-2 s-1 and 4.5 ±
0.1 µmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The estimated annual average of soil surface CO2 flux for the TNF was
1780 g C m-2 yr-1. Assuming that root and heterotrophic respiration each contribute about 50% of soil
CO2 efflux, then approximately 890g C m-2 yr-1 derive from each source. The estimated gross primary
photosynthesis for the TNF is 3000 g C m-2 yr-1 (Miller et al., 2004). Therefore, estimated contribution of
wood and root CO2 flux to the GPP are respectively 8.7% and 15%.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5429.
Publicación no.: 381 Caribbean and Pacific moisture sources on the Isthmus of Panama revealed from
stalagmite and surface water δ 18O gradients - art. no. L01708 / Lachniet, M.S; Patterson, W.P; Burns,
S.J; Asmerom, Y; Polyak, V. (University of Nevada. Department of Geosciences, Las Vegas, NV 89154, US
<E-mail: matthew.lachniet@unlv.edu>).
En: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276), v. 34, no. 1, p. 1708-1708. 2007.
We test the hypothesis that the Pacific Ocean contributes moisture to the Intertropical Convergence
Zone (ITCZ) over southern Central America, by spatial analysis of surface water δ 18O values from
Panama and Costa Rica. The δ 18O values decrease with distance from the Caribbean Sea to the isthmian
divide then gradually increase from the divide toward the Pacific slope, which suggests a contribution of
both Caribbean and Pacific sourced moisture to the isthmus. We estimated the Pacific moisture
contribution for Pacific slope regions of 22% to 64%. The δ 18O values from stalagmites from five cave
systems demonstrate decreasing δ 18O values with distance from the Caribbean, implicating the Atlantic
Basin as a dominant moisture source. Constraining modern moisture sources is important for the
interpretation of stable isotopic proxy records of past rainfall, because of the combined influence of
Pacific and Atlantic ocean-atmosphere phenomena on ITCZ rainfall over the Isthmus of Panama.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5455.
Publicación no.: 382 Seasonality and foliar nutrient dynamics of a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica
[Estacionalidad y dinámica de los nutrimentos foliares de un bosque lluvioso tropical en Costa Rica] /
Wood, Tana E. (University of Virginia. Department of Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 400123,
Charlottesville, VA 22904, US <E-mail: tana@virginia.edu>). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia,
2006. 145 pp. Dissertation, Ph.D., University of Virginia, Graduate Faculty, Charlottesville, VA (USA).
Through the examination of seasonal patterns of leaf litter nutrient cycling we may be better able to
predict the response of tropical ecosystems to future environmental change. This work examines how
seasonal variability in litter nutrient dynamics affects ecosystem function of a wet tropical forest in
Costa Rica. I investigated the importance of litter nutrient dynamics through two experiments
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manipulating forest floor litter, and observations of nutrient resorption. The response to litter
application was explained by the phosphorus (P) concentration of added litter. The response was not
related to total P inputs, or to the concentration or inputs of nitrogen (N). The quality of leaf litter inputs
is determined at the time of abscission via nutrient resorption (withdrawal of nutrients during
senescence). Examination of foliar nutrient concentrations in nine common canopy tree species showed
a mean resorption efficiency of 49% for P and 46% for N. Therefore, as much as 2.5 kg/ha/yr of P and 50
kg/ha/yr of N are recycled internally by the vegetation. Among these nine species, senesced leaf
nutrient concentrations correlated positively with those of the green leaves. Therefore, variability in the
quality of leaf litter inputs is likely a reflection of green leaff nutrient concentrations. Modeled shifts in
the relative importance of these species at the stand-level indicate that a change in species dominance
could have a major impact on stand-level nutrient economy by significantly altering annualinputs of leaf
N and P to the forest floor. This effect was greatest when Vochysia ferruginea was dominant, resulting in
significantly lower leaf N and P inputs to the forest floor. Green and senesced leaff nutrient
concentrations as well as nutrient resorption efficiency for the nine species were significantly higher in
the wet versus the dry season. Low nutrient resorption during the dry season could reflect either
incomplete resorption due to water stress or lower plant demand during this period. A more detailed
evaluation of foliar N and P for two species (Pentaclethra macroloba and Laetia procera) showed that
both green and senesced leaf nutrient concentrations as well as resorption efficiency changed
significantly over the short-term (bi-weekly).This variability in foliar nutrients and resorption efficiency
was not related to climate over the four-month study period (rainfall, light, temperature). It is possible
that variability in nutrient resorption is driven by species-specific changes in phenological demands. This
idea is supported by the different temporal patterns of foliar nutrients of P macroloba and L. procera.
Results from this study demonstrate the dynamic nature of wet tropical forests. From the soil pool to
the leaves of canopy trees, nutrients varied significantly both over the short-term (bi-weekly) and
seasonally (wet and dry season). Species differed in their resorption efficiency, foliar nutrient
concentrations, as well as their response to temporal variability in climate. Therefore, should land-use
and climate change be accompanied by a shift in species dominance, both the pattern and magnitude of
nutrients cycled in litterfall would likely change. With it, the functioning of tropical forests would be
altered, as well as feedbacks on atmospheric carbon, water and energy balance.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5389.
Publicación no.: 383 Economic aid and the environment [Ayuda económica y el ambiente] / Repetto, R.
En: EPA journal (ISSN 0145-1189), v. 16, no. 4, p. 20-22. 1990.
Approximately 1/3 of the signatories of the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion were developing
countries lacking the resources to pay for its implementation. Germany announced at 25% reduction of
carbon dioxide emissions by 2005, the Netherlands, the UK, and Japan promised similar steps. The
southern hemisphere has to reduce emissions with improved technology from the northern
hemisphere, as 45% of greenhouse gases are generated there. There is need to finance such initiatives:
$20-50 billion a year is required by 2000 to help these countries. The world Resources Institute
proposed a green investment fund for the environment or Ecovest. It was first proposed in Eastern
Europe by the Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO) in 1990 with aninitial capital of $47
million. The US Overseas Private Investment Corporation set up a $100 million for-profit Environmental
Investment Fund for eastern Europe and the developing world for sustainable agriculture, forest
management, eco-tourism, renewable energy, and pollution prevention. Debt-for-nature swaps
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between nongovernmental agencies and governments to purchase debt at discount have been paid in
bonds for nature conservation in Bolivia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Philippines, Zambia, and Madagascar.
$69 million of Costa Rica's debt was converted in 2 years to save parks, protected areas, and finance
reforestation. The debts of some African countries have been written off by donor countries. The Bush
Administration proposed to write off parts ofLatin America's $7 billion debt. The Global Environment
Fund of the World Bank proposed to lend $300-400 million a year for environmental projects in
developing countries and in Eastern Europe. The main goals are to protect the ozone layer, prevent
deforestation and desertification, and clean up pollution. Some companies finance reforestation in
Guatemala to offset their own emissions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7028.
Publicación no.: 384 Effects of the Younger Dryas cooling event on late quaternary montane oak forest
in Costa Rica / Islebe, Gerald A; Hooghiemstra, Henry. (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado
424, CP 77000, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, MX <E-mail: gerald@ecosur-qroo.mx> <E-mail:
hooghiemstra@bio.uva.nl>).
En: Ecology and conservation of neotropical montane oak forests. Kappelle, M. (ed.) Berlin-Heidelberg:
Springer-Verlag, 2006. p. 29-38. (Ecological Studies Series; v. 185). ISBN: 978-3-540-28909-8.
Climate change is expected to profoundly impact global vegetation types. Those changes can be best
evaluated if we understand past climate change and its impact on vegetation types. From research by
Martin (1964), we know that glacial times had impact on Costa Rican vegetation.Later paleoecological
and palynological studies from the Cordillera de Talamanca include Hooghiemstra et al. (1992), Horn
and Sanford (1992), Horn (1993), Islebe et al. (1996), Islebe and Hooghiemstra (1997), and Rodgers and
Horn (1996). The Younger Dryas cooling event (11,000-10,000 14C years BP), the last stage of the
Pleistocene, is of great interest as there is still an exciting discussion questioning if this event was global,
or rather restricted to some regions of the northern hemisphere. To date, the effects of the Younger
Dryas cooling have been observed in ice cores (Dansgaard et al. 1989), marine sediments (Kennett
1990), and terrestrial cores from different parts of the world (Peteet 1993, 1995). For Central America
and northern South America, a Younger Dryas cooling event has been suggested for Guatemala (Leyden
1995), Costa Rica (Islebe et al. 1995), Colombia (van Geel and van der Hammen 1973; van der Hammen
1978; Kuhry et al. 1993; Hooghiemstra and van der Hammen 1995), Ecuador (Clapperton et al. 1997),
and Peru (Thompson et al. 1995).However, the lack of bracketing radiocarbon dates (i.e., dates that
delimit events by an upper and lower age boundary) is a problem in many paleorecords (Heine 1993;
Van't Veer et al. 2000). In this chapter, we present data from the La Chonta bog area, located in the
Cordillera de Talamanca. Hastenrath (1973) reported several glacier advances, and that at 10,000 years
BP the deglaciation process had ended. Our study site is located at 2,310 m altitude and is today
surrounded by montane oak forest.We consider this altitude as strategic to understand past vegetation
changes. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the impact of the Late Glacial-Holocene transitional
climatic conditions on montane oak forests.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5514.
Publicación no.: 385 Arthropod assemblages in epiphyte mats of Costa Rican cloud forests
[Comunidades de artrópodos en la maraña de epífitas de bosques nubosos costarricenses] / Yanoviak,
Stephen P; Nadkarni, Nalini M; Solano, R. (Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, 200 9th Street SE,
Vero Beach, FL 32962, US <E-mail: yanoviak@terra.com.pe> <E-mail: nadkarnn@evergreen.edu>).
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En: Biotropica (ISSN 0006-3606), v. 39, no. 2, p. 202-210. 2007.
Tropical cloud forests are functionally important ecosystems, but are severely threatened due to
deforestation and fragmentation. Epiphyte mats, accumulations of live vegetation and dead organic
matter on tree trunks and branches, are a conspicuous component of cloud forests and harbor diverse
assemblages of meso- and microarthropods. We compared the morphospecies richness, composition,
and abundance of arthropods in epiphyte mats between primary and secondary forests of Monteverde,
Costa Rica, and at two nearby replicate sites. Epiphyte mats were thinner and less structurally diverse in
secondary forest. We collected ca 36,000 micro- and mesoarthropods from epiphyte mats in the 2-yr
study. Whereas arthropod morphospecies richness did not differ among forest types, arthropod
abundance was significantly higher in secondary forest due to larger numbers of ants, especially
Solenopsis spp. Arthropod assemblages showed a high degree of taxonomic overlap both within and
between primary and secondary forests (Jaccard abundance-based similarity = 0.93-0.96). Although
characteristics of the arthropod fauna proved to be similar among sites and between forest types, there
was a significant temporal effect: arthropod morphospecies richness in epiphyte mats generally was
lower in the dry season (February-May), when many taxa probably became dormant or sought shelter
against desiccation in deeper portions of mats.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5719.
Publicación no.: 386 ¿Hay o no hay biodiversidad en plantaciones forestales? / Piedra-Jiménez, C;
Zúñiga-Garita, Igor. (Universidad Nacional. Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, 3000 Heredia, CR <E-mail:
izunig@una.ac.cr>). Heredia: Universidad Nacional / Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, s.f. 13 pp.
El presente artículo trata de responder una pregunta que a través de los años muchos investigadores se
hacen: ¿Hay o no hay biodiversidad en las plantaciones forestales? Si no fuera así, no habría razón por la
cual aún se aplican estudios destinados a solucionar esta interrogante en muchas partes del mundo. Se
menciona el propósito del establecimiento de las plantaciones forestales, contestando a una pregunta
de ¿por qué existen en el planeta? Además, se dio la necesidad de establecer los principales impactos
que provocan las plantaciones forestales al ambiente, que por lo visto son tanto positivos como
negativos, según la situación y las políticas que se aplican para la incorporación de las plantaciones
forestales en los distintos países del orbe.La conclusión es un poco relativa, en el sentido de que hay
razones que identifican a las plantaciones como promotoras hacia una recuperación de biodiversidad,
suplantando tierras que han sido degradadas año tras año, por actividades agrícolas y ganaderas; por
otra parte, hay otras razones que modifican esta situación, identificando por lo contrario a las
plantaciones forestales como actividades que sustituyen al bosque natural y por lo tanto se promueve la
degradación de la biodiversidad. A raíz de estos, los autores del artículo dejan a criterio del lector la
respuesta a la pregunta original del estudio, proporcionándoles una base científica, cargada de
información determinante.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5521.
Publicación no.: 387 Simulation of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from tropical primary
forests in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone [Simulación de las emisiones de óxido nitroso y óxido nítrico de
bosques primarios en la Zona Atlántica costarricense] / Liu, Shuguang; Reiners, William A; Keller,
Michael; Schimel, Davis S. (Raytheon Systems Company. EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198, US <Email: sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov> <E-mail: reiners@uwyo.edu> <E-mail: michael.keller@unh.edu> <Email: schimel@ucar.edu>).
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En: Environmental Modeling and Assessment (ISSN 1364-8152), v. 15, p. 727-743. 2000.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) are important atmospheric trace gases participating in the
regulation of global climate and environment. Predictive models on the emissions of N2O and NO
emissions from soil into the atmosphere are required. We modified the CENTURY model (Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J., 51 (1987) 1173) to simulate the emissions of N2O and NO from tropical primary forests in the
Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica at a monthly time step. Combined fluxes of N2O and NO were simulated as a
function of gross N mineralization and water-filled pore space (WFPS). The coefficients for partitioning
N2O from NO were derived from field measurements (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). The
modified CENTURY was calibrated against observations of carbon stocks in various pools of forest
ecosystems of the region, and measured WFPS and emission rates of N2O and NO from soil to the
atmosphere. WFPS is an important factor regulating nutrient cycling and emissions of N2O and NO from
soils making the accuracy of the WFPS prediction central to the modeling process. To do this, we
modified the hydrologic submodel and developed a new method for the prediction of WFPS at the
monthly scale from daily rainfall information. The new method is based on: (1) the relationship between
monthly rainfall and the number of rainfall events, and (2) the relative cumulative frequency distribution
of ranked daily rainfall events. The method is generic and should be applicable to other areas. Simulated
monthly average WFPS was 0.68-0.02 - identical with the field measurement average of 0.68-0.02 from
the annual cycle observed by Keller and Reiners (Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8 (1994) 399). Simulated
fluxes of N2O and NO were 52.0-9.4 mg-N m-² month-¹ and 6.5-0.7 mg-N m-² month-¹, respectively,
compared with measured averages of 48.2-11.0 mg-N m-² month-¹ and 7.1-1.1 mg-N m-² month-¹. The
simulated N2O/NO ratio was 11.2-1.9 compared with the measured value of 10.9-4.7. WFPS is the
dominant determinant of the fraction of gross N mineralization that is emitted from the soil as N2O and
NO. If WFPS were not limiting during part of the year, this fraction would be 4.2%. With some periods of
lower WFPS, the realized fraction is 2.2%. Because of the strong relationships between N2O and NO
emission rates and rainfall and its derivative, WFPS, these moisture variables can be used to scale up
nitrogen trace gas fluxes from sites to larger spatial scales.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5649.
Publicación no.: 388 Propuesta metodológica para evaluar la adaptación de los productores a la
variabilidad climática, principalmente la sequía, en cuencas hidrográficas en América Central
[Methodological proposal to evaluate the farmer's adaptation to climate variability, specifically drought
in Central America's watershed] / Benegas-Negri, L.A. Turrialba: CATIE, 2006. 145 pp. Tesis, Mag. Sc. en
Manejo Integrado de Cuencas Hidrográficas, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza
(CATIE), Turrialba (Costa Rica).
Central America have drought continues zones exposed to natural disasters and food periodical scarcity
but it has a responsal to this climate variability with people adaptation, aspect that was looking for
evaluation. Therefore, was elaborated a standard to evaluate the farmer's adaptation to the climate
varialibility, specifically drought in Central America's watershed, obtained through contributions of
professionals of this region. It was obtained five principles, ten criteria, twenty six indicators and fifty
one verifiers. This standard was applied in the watershed of the Aguas Calientes' river in Nicaragua,
previous multicriteria evaluation of the acceptance level of the standard, which was mean. The general
qualification indicates a low adaptation level to this condition. The analysis of drought adaptation
strategies and technologies existing and the perception of climate variability were based in surveys,
interviews, workshops and field visits. It was prioritize the most vulnerable areas and the solution
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alternatives in a participative way. It was analyzed the financial feasibility of two crops (henequen and
pitahaya) existing like adaptation to drought options. It was confirmed the vulnerability of this
watershed, which most vulnerable areas are located in the middle and low stratums; and, in spite of
that, in the middle zone there are not application of water harvest and storage strategies and plantation
of fruit trees; and in the low zone there is exclusively the irrigation strategy, being insignificant the green
manures and alive and died barriers, revealing the weaknesses of the most vulnerable zones. The
henequen crop under the actual production system is untenable, but with the fiber transformation in
thread, it's profitable. The pitahaya produced in patio present positive financial indicators with low
capitalization of investments; however, this crop would be a good adaptation alternative if it has
increased the density of plants maintaining the patio areas.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5771.
Publicación no.: 389 El pago de los servicios ambientales y las comunidades indígenas [The pay of
environmental services and indigenous communities] / Torres-Carral, G. (Universidad Autónoma
Chapingo. Departamento de Sociología Rural, Chapingo, Méx, MX <E-mail: gatocarr@hotmail.com>).
En: Ra Ximhai (ISSN 1665-0441), v. 2, no. 1, p. 187-207. 2006.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-5464.pdf
The present work deals with ample way the discussion and the practice of the payment by
environmental services, which is a subject very debated at the directed present time to know the
benefits and/or risks that imply these payments, according to the institutional normativity, as well as in
relation to modus operandi of transnational corporative ones through its foundations. These payments
by conservation are important in views of the environmental crisis and their possible solution. In
connection with this last one it is important to know which is the performance of non-indigenous and
indigenous communities as much as established in the rural world of countries like Mexico, Ecuador,
Costa Rica, Panama, etc.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5464.
Publicación no.: 390 Soil organic carbon pool under native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands
of Costa Rica [Depósito de carbono orgánico debajo de plantaciones de árboles nativos en las tierras
bajas del Caribe de Costa Rica] / Jiménez, Juan José; Lal, Rattan; Leblanc-Ureña, Humberto A; RussoAndrade, Ricardo O. (Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología CSIC, Avda Regimiento Galicia, s/n Jaca, E/22700
Huesca, ES <E-mail: jjimenez@ipe.csic.es> <E-mail: hleblanc@earth.ac.cr> <E-mail: rrusso@earth.ac.cr>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 241, p. 134-144. 2007.
We evaluated the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and selected physico-chemical soil variables in a
plantation with native tree species established in a degraded pasture of the Caribbean lowlands of Costa
Rica. Studies on the rate and accumulation of aboveground biomass and C have been conducted in
native tree plantations of Costa Rica. However, more studies on the SOC pool are needed since only few
works provide information on the subject. The tree plantation was established in 1991 on a 2.6 ha
degraded pasture (Ischaemum sp.). Four species were selected: Vochysia guatemalensis Smith,
Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess, Stryphnodendron excelsum Poeppig et Endl. and Hyeronima
alchorneoides Allemao. Average SOC concentration ranged from 44.9 to 55.2 g kg-¹ (0-10 cm), and
decreased with depth up to 12.7-16.8 g kg-¹ (40-50 cm). The highest SOC pool was measured under H.
alchorneoides and V. guatemalensis, i.e. 131.9 and 119.2 Mg C ha-¹, respectively, whereas in the pasture
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it was 115.6 Mg C ha-¹. The SOC pool has not changed significantly under the tree species evaluated 14
years after establishment. A multivariate ordination technique named between-within class principal
component analysis was used to determine the factors and trend that explain the variability in the data.
The effect of vegetation in the SOC and selected soil variables measured in this study was only detected
for H. alchorneoides. The information presented herein about the depth distribution of the SOC fraction
improves our knowledge for further developing prediction models.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5665.
Publicación no.: 391 Lignin and enhanced litter turnover in tree plantations of lowland Costa Rica /
Raich, James W; Russell, Ann E; Bedoya-Arrieta, R. (Iowa State University. Department of Ecology,
Evolution and Organismal Biology, Ames, IA 50011, US <E-mail:jraich@iastate.edu>).
En: Forest Ecology and Management (ISSN 0378-1127), v. 239, no. 1/3, p. 128-135. 2007.
We quantified the effect of overstory species composition on forest floor dynamics in lowland Costa
Rica. Aboveground litter production and forest floor mass were measured over 1 year in 16-year-old
single-species plantations established in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The tree
species investigated (=experimental treatments) were Hyeronima alchorneoides, Pentaclethra
macroloba, Pinus patula subsp. tecunumanii, Virola koschnyi, Vochysia ferruginea, and Vochysia
guatemalensis. Organic matter fluxes in litterfall, which averaged 10.1 Mg ha-¹ year-¹, were similar to
those reported from comparable Neotropical plantations, whereas nitrogen fluxes in litterfall (up to 210
kg N ha-¹ year-¹) were high. Litter production was significantly greater beneath Hyeronima and V.
ferruginea than beneath Virola, primarily due to high rates of non-woody litter production by
Hyeronima, large amounts of twig litter production by V. ferruginea, and low production of both
fractions by Virola. V. ferruginea had significantly more branch litter on the ground than did any other
species, whereas Hyeronima had the largest accumulations of non-woody (mostly leaf) litter.
Accumulations of woody litter correlated closely with rates of branchfall: branches _1 cm in diameter
persisted on the forest floor for 0.9 year on average, independent of species. Rates of decay of nonwoody litter, in contrast, varied significantly among species, with fastest rates (2.8 year-¹) observed
beneath Pentaclethra and the slowest decay rates (1.5 year-¹) in plots of V. guatemalensis. Contrary to
expectations, litter decay rates increased with increasing lignin contents, paralleling results of a
concomitant study that found a significant negative correlation between litter lignin and surface-soil
organic matter content. Our results demonstrate that different overstory-tree species generate
significantly different forest floors, in terms of mass, composition and dynamics. These differences affect
soil restoration, tree regeneration and other ecological processes important to selecting species for
tropical plantation establishment and reforestation efforts.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5394.
Publicación no.: 392 Using lidar to identify structural differences between primary and secondary
tropical rainforests [Utilizando la técnica "lidar" para identificar las diferencias estructurales entre
bosques lluviosos tropicales primarios y secundarios] / Cowden, C.C; Weishampel, J.F. (University of
Central Florida. Department of Biology, 400 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32816-2368, US <Email: cccowd@aol.com> <E-mail: jweisham@mail.ucfedu>). Working Forests in the Tropics:
Conservation through Sustainable Management. Abstracts, University of Florida, Gainesville USFebruary
25-26, 2002. , 2002. p. 52.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-5231.pdf
Reservados todos los derechos por parte de OET. Se permite su fotocopiado
con fines académicos y la utilización de los datos, siempre y cuando se cite la
fuente de información.
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(Abstract only). Remote sensing is an invaluable tool for estimating forest cover over vast or inaccessible
areas; such techniques have been applied to measure various biophysical attributes of forest canopies
including height, stand volume, and aboveground biomass. The development of large footprint lidar
(light detection and ranging) has allowed accurate mapping of canopy structure of closed canopies with
high leaf area indices (LAI). Analysis of lidar return waveforms has yielded various structural descriptions
such as canopy surface height, height profiles, and canopy volume. Field research has shown primary
and secondary tropical rainforests to be both structurally and floristically discrete; therefore, remotely
sensed canopy characteristics may be able to distinguish primary forests from secondary forests.
Secondary forests act as nutrient sinks, and primary forests are potential sources but remain relatively at
equilibrium under natural disturbance regimes (gap-phase dynamics). Thus the ability to discern
rainforest types is integral in developing accurate estimates of global carbon dynamics and local nutrient
cycling. For this study, lidar data were collected from primary and secondary tropical rainforests at La
Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica in March 1998 for the Vegetation Canopy Lidar (VCL) mission. Using
height, fractal dimension, and semi-variance techniques on this lidar transect data, we assessed the
ability to distinguish between primary and secondary tropical rainforest.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-5231.
Publicación no.: 393 Protection fails to stem amphibian decline [La protección no puede prevenir la
disminución de anfibios] / Williams, N.
En: Current Biology (ISSN 0960-9822), v. 17, no. 10, p. 339-340. 2007.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6183.pdf
A long-term analysis of amphibian and reptiles in a Costa Rican nature reserves designated to protectect
them reveals an alarming fall in numbers.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6183.
Publicación no.: 394 Análisis del sistema de pago por Servicios Ambientales en la rentabilidad de una
plantación de Gmelina arborea, en la zona Huetar Norte, Costa Rica / Espinoza-Miranda, A. (Ministerio
de Ambiente y Energía. Coordinadora de Educación Ambiental, San José, CR).
En: Strucplan On Line, 14 p. 2007.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6384.pdf
Desde hace dos décadas Costa Rica se ha ocupado del campo ambiental, al igual que lo han hecho otros
países y Organismos Internacionales, en busca de soluciones para incorporar un moderno concepto de
compensación a los empresarios por los servicios ambientales que brinda el bosque y las plantaciones
forestales a la sociedad. La problemática mayor del sector forestal está centrada en la tecnología y
financiamiento de la sostenibilidad de los proyectos de reforestación, considerando que el retorno de la
inversión se produce en el mediano y largo plazo, principalmente para garantizar un buen manejo
silvicultural de las plantaciones. Por tal razón el Estado creó el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento
Forestal (FONAFIFO) con la finalidad de buscar alternativas de solución a la falta de financiamiento para
el desarrollo de proyectos sostenibles que mejoren la calidad de vida de la sociedad costarricense. Es
necesario por tanto evaluar hoy día el Sistema de pago por Servicios Ambientales, como principal fuente
de financiamiento para asegurar el éxito en función de rentabilidad financiera de los proyectos de
reforestación con especies maderables. En esta investigación se presenta la importancia del problema,
se indica el problema principal, los objetivos: general y específicos, así como la conceptualización de las
variables. Se desarrolla el marco teórico que abarca conceptos básicos utilizados en este estudio, los
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cuales de una u otra forma, han permitido conocer y permitirán aplicar los indicadores de laestructura
de costos, la rentabilidad financiera de esta actividad. Los aspectos técnicos, involucran los términos en
cuanto a la descripción de los sitios o fincas, especificaciones de las plantaciones, características de la
especie, requisitos técnicosy legales para optar por el financiamiento, entre otros. Se hace referencia a
la metodología empleada, las fuentes de información, la descripción de los instrumentos, su validez,
alcances y limitaciones. Se analizan e interpretan los datos obtenidos con cada uno de los instrumentos
aplicados en la investigación, incorporando el análisis estadístico y gráfico para su mayor comprensión.
Finalmente, se presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones por objetivo, además de una
recomendación global que incluye todos los lineamientos expuestos y propone una solución financiera
integrada del problema.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6384.
Publicación no.: 395 Multi-scale variation in fine-root biomass in a tropical rain forest: a seven-year
study [Variación multiescala en biomasa de raíces finas en un bosque tropical lluvioso: un estudio de
siete años] / Espeleta-Delgado, Javier F; Clark, Deborah A. (Organization for Tropical Studies. La Selva
Biological Station, INTERLINK-341, P.O. Box 02-5635, Miami, FL 33102, US <E-mail:
jespele@sloth.ots.ac.cr> <E-mail: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr>).
En: Ecological Monographs (ISSN 0012-9615), v. 77, no. 3, p. 377-404. 2007.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-6935.pdf
Understanding the dependency of ecosystem processes on spatial and temporal scales is crucial in
current efforts to model ecosystem responses to global change. Here we present a case of nonlinear
interactions between temporal and spatial scales in a high spatial- and temporal-resolution study of
fine-root biomass responses to edaphic and climatic variation in a lowland tropical rain forest (La Selva,
Costa Rica). The spatiotemporal variation in fine roots in this forest was considerably greater thanthat
for aboveground live biomass and litterfall. Standing stocks of both live and dead fine roots varied
strongly during a seven-year period (up to 10-fold) and across two edaphic gradients with different soil
nutrient and water variation (up to four-fold). Fine-root biomass decreased with soil fertility and
volumetric soil water content, but responses across a landscape gradient (decreasing with total soil P
and K and increasing with N:P ratio between two Oxisols with different weathering) differed from those
across a topographic gradient in older Oxisols (increasing with total Fe and Al and decreasing with Ca,
Mg, and C:N ratio down the slopes). The spatial contrasts across the landscape gradient (but not in the
topographic gradient) changed substantially through time, and they, in fact, disappeared entirely by the
middle of the study interval. Shortterm monitoring of belowground standing biomass could thus lead to
important biases when quantifying root responses. The positive time 3 gradient interaction in fine-root
biomass across soil types (but not downslope) also indicates nonlinear changes in spatial patterns across
temporal scales, so studies on temporal responses also need to be spatially explicit at narrow scales.
This interaction also appears to be more complex than previously recognized: semester-averaged fineroot biomass was negatively correlated with soil water content in the preceding semester, but the
relationship was restricted to residual Oxisols. To increase the accuracy of global carbon cycle models in
the future, a critical complement to observations of ecosystem processes at regional and global scales
will be quantifying these processes through multiple years and across the substantial edaphic gradients
that typically exist within landscapes.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-6935.
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Publicación no.: 396 Manual para mejores prácticas de conservación de las tortugas marinas en
Centroamérica / Chacón-Chaverri, Didiher; Valerín, N; Cajiao-Jiménez, María Virginia; Gamboa, H (il.);
Marín, G (il.). (Asociación ANAI, Apdo 170-2070, San José, CR <E-mail: tortugas@racsa.co.cr> <E-mail:
vicky.cajiao@marviva.net>). s.l.: PROARCA/CAPAS, 2000. 155 p.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-1645.pdf
(Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-1645.
Publicación no.: 397 Processes responsible for the nitrous oxide emission from a Costa Rican Andosol
under a coffee agroforestry plantation [Procesos responsables para la emisión de óxido nitroso de un
Andosol costarricense bajo una plantación agroforestal de café] / Hergoualc'h, Kristell; Skiba, Ute;
Harmand, Jean Michel; Oliver, Robert. (CIFOR ENV BOCBD, POB 0113, Bogor 16000, ID <E-mail:
k.hergoualch@cgiar.org>).
En: Biology and Fertility of Soils (ISSN 0178-2762), v. 43, p. 787-795. 2007.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7073.pdf
We used the inhibitor acetylene (C2H2) at partial pressures of 10 Pa and 10 kPa to inhibit autotrophic
nitrification and the reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) to N2, respectively. Soils (Andosol) from a Coffea
arabica plantation shaded by Inga densiflora in Costa Rica were adjusted to 39, 58, 76 and 87% waterfilled pore space (WFPS) and incubated for 6 days in the absence or presence of C2H2. Soil respiration,
nitrification rates and N2O emissions by both processes were measured in relation to soil moisture
conditions. At all WFPS studied, rates of N2O and N2 productions were small (4.8; 14.7; 23 and 239.6 ng
N- N2O g-¹ d.w. d-¹ at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS, respectively), and despite a low soil pH (4.7), N2O was
mainly produced by nitrification, which was responsible for 85, 91, 84 and 87% of the total N2O
emissions at 39, 58, 76 and 87% WFPS, respectively. At the three smaller values of WFPS, a linear
relationship was established between WFPS, soil respiration, nitrification and N2O released by
nitrification; no N2 was produced by denitrification. At more anaerobic conditions achieved by a WFPS of
87%, a large rate of N2O production was measured during nitrification, and N2 production accounted for
84% of the gaseous N fluxes caused by denitrification.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7073.
Publicación no.: 398 Climate change implicated in amphibian and lizard declines [Cambio climático
implicado en la disminución de anfibios y lagartijas] / Wake, David B. (University of California. Museum
of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, US <E-mail:
davidbwake@gmail.com>).
En: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424),
v. 104, no. 20, p. 8201-8202. 2007.
The Tink Frog (Eleutherodactylus diastema), once a commonly encountered species with dense
populations, is one of 17 species of amphibians and lizards that have experienced steep declines, on the
order of 75%, over the past 35 years at the La Selva Biological Station in lowland northeastern Costa
Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7204.
Publicación no.: 399 Some aspects of climate in Costa Rica using historical data from the XIX century
[Algunos aspectos del clima en Costa Rica utilizando datos históricos del siglo XIX] / Amador-Astúa, Jorge
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A. (Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas y Escuela de Física, San José, CR <Email: jamador@cariari.ucr.ac.cr>).
En: Tópicos Meteorológicos y Oceanográficos, v. 9, no. 2, p. 64-74. 2002.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7156.pdf
A brief historical account, of the early development of meteorology in Costa Rica, particularly during the
1700s and 1800s, and, of the first meteorological observations taken in the country, is presented.
Quantitative meteorological data were scarceand descriptive evidence of atmospheric phenomena
predominated over most of the XVIII century. During the first third of the 1800s, Rafael F. Osejo,
provided the first descriptions and explanations of local climate, floods and, of what appears to be, the
intrusion of cold air masses in the Caribbean region of Central América. Danish botanist, A. S. Oersted
made systematic meteorological observations of precipitation and temperature during 1846-47, that
clearly showed, what is probably, the earliest quantitative description of the Mid-Summer Drought
(MSD) or "veranillo" in the country. Documentary sources of the period 1830-1890 often refer to
snowfalls in the highest mountain tops of Costa Rica. A simple analysis of synoptic data for the last few
decades helped to understand the possible origin and the meteorological likelihood for such an extreme
meteorological situation. Since no such conditions are known to have been scientifically documented
during the last decades, this could be a plausible indication of climate change since that century,
specially if recent evidence of ongoing warming at high altitude peaks is considered. Temperature
information, although very disperse in public and private archives, was collected from primary and
secondary sources and quality controlled. Monthly temperature values were constructed for the period
1866 to 1887 for San José. This time series together with that for the period 1888 to 1899, has been
used to study some aspects of the climate in the region. Anomalies of temperature during the period of
study clearly show the warming associated with some El Niño events (including the 1876-78 episodes,
the most intense event of the century) and the cooling in the region possibly due to the Krakatau
eruption of 1883. Theresults of this research bring the attention about the importance of meteorological
data rescue and the use of documentary historical sources in the reconstruction of extreme events of
past climate.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7156.
Publicación no.: 400 Tree species effects on soil properties in experimental plantations in tropical
moist forest [Efectos de las especies de árboles en las propiedades del suelo en plantaciones
experimentales en bosque húmedo tropical] / Russell, Ann E; Raich, James W; Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar
J; Fisher, R.F. (Iowa State University. Department of Natural Resources, Ecology & Management, Ames,
IA
50011,
US
<E-mail:
arussell@iastate.edu>
<E-mail:
jraich@iastate.edu>
<E-mail:
oscarval@iastate.edu> <E-mail: r-fisher@tamu.edu>).
En: Soil Science Society of America Journal (ISSN 0361-5995), v. 71, no. 4, p. 1389-1397. 2007.
We resampled one of the earliest replicated experimental sites used to investigate the impacts of native
tropical tree species on soil properties, to examine longer term effects to 1-m depth. The monodominant stands, established in abandoned pasture in 1988 at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica,
contained six species, including one exotic, Pinus patula ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz & J.P. Perry) Styles,
and five native species: Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Ktze (N2-fixing); Hyeronima alchorneoides
Allemao; Virola koschnyi Warb; Vochysia ferruginea Mart; and Vochysia guatemalensis J.D. Smith. Soil
organic carbon (SOC) differed significantly among species in the surface (0-15 cm) layer, ranging from
44.5 to 55.1 g kg-¹, compared with 46.6 and 50.3 g kg-¹ in abandoned pasture and mature forest,
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respectively. The change in surface SOC over 15 yr ranged from -0.03 to 0.66 Mg C ha-¹ yr-¹. The species
differed in the quantity and chemical composition of their detrital production. Soil organic C was
significantly correlated with fine-root growth, but not with aboveground detrital inputs. Soil organic C
increased with potential C mineralization on a grams of C basis, indicating that species influenced both
the quality and quantity of SOC. Contrary to expectations, SOC declined with increasing fine-root lignin
concentrations, indicating that lignin-derived C did not dominate refractory SOC pools. We hypothesize
that differences among species in the capacity to increase SOC stocks involved fine-roottraits that
promoted soil microbial turnover and, thus, greater production of recalcitrant, microbial-derived C
fractions.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7317. S11414.
Publicación no.: 401 Running hot and cold: Are rainforest sinks or taps for carbon? [Funcionan caliente
y frío: ¿Son los bosques lluviosos tropicales sumideros o fuentess de carbono?] / Levy, S. (<E-mail:
levyscan@sbcglobal.net>)
En: Bioscience (ISSN 0006-3568), v. 57, no. 7, p. 552-557. 2007.
Conventional wisdom has long held that tropical rainforests act as a sink for carbon dioxide, cleansing
the atmosphere of a major greenhouse gas. However, biologists studying the forests of Costa rica are
finding that rising temperatures are causing trees to grow less and to pump out more casrbon dioxide,
adding to an accelerating pattern of global warming. On a cloudy day, the rainforest seen from the top
of the La Selva canopy research tower seems to go on forever. In fact, La Selva is the small tip of a
peninsula of remnant habitat in a landscape heavily altered by human activities. Some researchers
helieve this may make data from La Selva less relevant to conditions in Amazonia and other areas with
large swaths of tropical forest.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7306.
Publicación no.: 402 New techniques for accurate measurement of water and water isotopes: Insights
into the mechanisms that control the humidity of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
[Nuevas técnicas para la medida exacta del agua y de los isótopos del agua: Entendimiento de los
mecanismos que controlan la humedad de la troposfera superior y la estratosfera baja] / Sayres, D.S.
Cambridge: Harvard University, 2006. 136 p. Dissertation, Ph.D., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
(USA).
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7459.pdf
Elucidating the mechanisms that control stratospheric humidity is essential if global climate models are
to accurately predict how changes in the boundary layer will effect ozone loss in the stratosphere. One
method of testing which dehydration mechanisms are prominent in the tropical upper troposphere is
using the isotopic ratio of water vapor, as the ratio records the dehydration history of the air parcel.
Measurements of the isotopic ratio of water vapor in the overworld stratosphere, over the continental
United States and Gulf of Mexico, show air that is enriched in HDO compared with previous remote
measurements of tropical stratospheric air. It is concluded that the cause of this enrichment is
evaporation of lofted ice as a result of deep convection that penetrates as high as 430 K. Based on a
simple mixing model, it is shown that as much as 40% of water vapor in the midlatitude overworld is the
result of convective ice lofting. During the recent CR-AVE mission, tropical profiles of HDO and H2O show
that the tropical stratosphere over Costa Rica in wintertime is also enriched in HDO. However,
measurements in the lower part of the TTL are consistent with convective air following a Rayleigh profile
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and detraining at 350 K and then rising without further depletion. It is proposed that the stratospheric
air over Costa Rica is heavily influenced by middleworld air from the midlatitudes and is not the result of
slow ascent in the tropics. The measurements used in this thesis were obtained using anew instrument
that leverages advances in electronic design and laser development with the sensitivity obtained from
cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy to make accurate measurements of water isotopes. The
Harvard Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (ICOS) instrument uses a high-finesse optical cavity to
produce kilometer pathlengths in a meter sized cell. The theory and application of ICOS as a tracer
instrument are laid out in the context of making accurate measurements traceable to laboratory
standards. Laboratory calibrations with two different water addition systems as well as cross-calibration
with other water and water isotope instruments yield an accurate determination of molecular line
strengths and line widths and a robust method for testing the ICOS fitting algorithm. Comparisons with
other water and water isotope instruments were made during the AVE-WIIF campaign. ICOS shows good
agreement in both H2O and HDO when compared to other instruments. However, a small bias is
detected at low mixing ratios and pressures below 100 mbar. The cause of this bias is described as well
as possible solutions. Accurate remote sensing measurements are also important for understanding the
role of convection and other dehydration mechanisms. Comparisons made during the CRYSTAL-FACE
mission use in situ ice water content (IWC) from the Harvard Total Water and Water Vapor instruments
with remote measurements of radar reflectivities from the Cloud Radar System (CRS). A cloud model is
used to assess the sampling error caused by comparing measurements that sample air parcels that are
not spatially nor temporally collocated. The conclusion from the model, which is confirmed by the
CRYSTAL-FACE data, is that measurements must be made within 2 kilometers of each other. Limiting the
comparisons to times when in situ and remote measurements were within 2 kilometers of each other,
IWC derived from CRS measurements is within 15% of the IWC measured in situ.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7459.
Publicación no.: 403 Frog declines: Exploring connections among climate change, immunity and
disease [Disminución de ranas: Explorando las conexiones entre el cambio climático, inmunidad y
enfermedad] / Beecher, N.A. Bloomington: Indiana University, 2006. 112 p. Dissertation, Ph.D., Indiana
University, Bloomington, IN (USA).
Frog and toad populations have been declining drastically all over the world. For the past 20 years,
marked declines have been recorded for 40% of the frog and toad species in the Monteverde Cloud
Forest Preserve (MCFP), Costa Rica, where climate change and disease have been implicated. Our study
explored possible connections between climate change, immunity and disease susceptibility, examining
in particular how climate-induced changes in pond water levels may influence amphibian immune
systems. We examined immune development and function (thymus growth, antibody production and
skin graft rejection) in Meadow treefrogs (Hyla pseudopuma), a declining species in the MCFP, when
tadpoles developed under various water regimes. During the wet seasons of 2001-2004, laboratory
experiments were conducted in the MCFP by subjecting tadpoles to constant or declining water levels.
Field studies also took place in man-made and natural forest ponds that experienced different rainfall
and pond water retention patterns. Our studies suggested that development under shallow or highly
variable water levels led to weaker immunity. Under these conditions, both tadpoles and young froglets
were less able to reject foreign tissue, an important immune response involved ininitially fighting off
infection. These data support the hypothesis that climate-induced changes in pond water can influence
amphibian immune development as well as function. Collectively, these results may have important
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implications concerning climate change effects on amphibian populations, as well as the possible role of
immunosuppression and increased disease susceptibility in species declines.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-8445.
Publicación no.: 404 Tropical rainforests: Carbon sink or carbon source? [Bosques lluviosos tropicales:
¿Sumideros de carbono o fuentes de carbono?] / Rosner, H. Boulder: University of Colorado, 2006. 37 p.
ISBN: 978-0-542-96910-2. Thesis, M.Sc., University of Colorado at Boulder (USA).
To make a model that can accurately predict the impacts of climate change, it's crucial to know whether
tropical forests will in fact be sinks for carbon dioxide - net reducers of CO2in the atmosphere - or
whether they'll be sources, releasing more CO2 than they absorb. The research of Deborah A. and David
B. Clark, at La Selva in Costa Rica, hints at the idea of rainforests as CO2 sources, a scary proposition that
could speed up the effects of global warming. Armed with decades of data, the Clarksare now showing
that enough global warming will slow the growth of tropical trees, which could cause rainforests to emit
more carbon dioxide than they soak up, and by century's end, trees in the tropical forests could die.
Instead of saving us from the greenhouse effect, the world's rainforests could contribute to it. This
thesis includes a reported work of journalism about the Clarks' research, as well as thoughts about the
potential for a longer body of work on this topic. It concludes with observations about the relationship
between scientists and journalists.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7644.
Publicación no.: 405 An incentive mechanism for reducing emissions from conversion of intact and
non-intact forests [Un mecanismo para incentivar la reducción de emisiones para la conversión de
bosques intactos y no intactos] / Mollicone, D; Achard, F; Federici, S.E; Grassi, H.D; Belwared, G; Raes, A;
Seufert, F; Stibig, G; Matteucci, H.J; Schulze, G. (Commission of European Communities. Joint Research
Centre, Institute of Environmal Sustainability, CCR, TP 440, I-21020 Ispra, IT <E-mail: dmolli@bgcjena.mpg.de> <E-mail: frederic.achard@jrc.it>).
En: Climatic Change (ISSN 0165-0009), v. 83, no. 4, p. 477-493. 2007.
This paper presents a new accounting mechanism in the context of the UNFCCC issue on reducing
emissions from deforestation in developing countries, including technical options for determining
baselines of forest conversions. This proposal builds on the recent scientific achievements related to the
estimation of tropical deforestation rates and to the assessment of 'Cyintact' forest areas. The
distinction between 'Cyintact' and 'Cynon intact' forests used here arises from experience with satellitebased deforestation measurements and allows accounting for carbon losses from forest degradation.
The proposed accounting system would use forest area conversion rates as input data. An optimal
technical solution to set baselines would be to use historical average figures during the time period from
1990 to 2005. The system introduces two different schemes to account for preserved carbon: one for
countries with high forest conversion rates where the desired outcome would be a reduction in their
rates, and another for countries with low rates. A 'Cyglobal' baseline rate would be used to discriminate
between these two country categories (high and low rates). For the hypothetical accounting period
2013-2017 and considering 72% of the total tropical forest domain for which data are available, the
scenario of a 10% reduction of the high rates and of the preservation of low rates would result in
approximately 1.6 billion tCO(2) of avoided emissions. The resulting benefits of this reduction would be
shared between those high-rate countries which reduced deforestation and those low-rate countries
which did not increase their deforestation over an agreed threshold (e.g., half of "global" baseline rate).
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7344.
Publicación no.: 406 Above- and belowground carbon sequestration under various land-use systems
and soil types in Costa Rica [Captura de carbono por encima y por debajo del suelo en diversos sistemas
de uso de la tierra y tipos de suelo en Costa Rica] / Jiménez, Juan José; Lal, Rattan. (Instituto Pirenaico de
Ecología CSIC, Avda Regimiento Galicia, s/n Jaca, E/22700 Huesca, ES <E-mail: jjimenez@ipe.csic.es>).
En: Carbon sequestration in soils of Latin America. Lal, R; Cerri C.C; Bernoux, M; Etchevers, J; Cerri, E.
(eds.) Binghampton, NY: The Haworth Press, 2006. p. 167-185. ISBN: 9781560221371. (Sin resumen).
Localización: Biblioteca OET: S10919.
Publicación no.: 407 Efecto del cambio climático en la agricultura. Experiencias en Costa Rica /
Villalobos-Flores, Roberto; Retana-Barrantes, José A. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Departamento
de Agrometeorología, San José, CR <E-mail: rvilla@imn.ac.cr> <E-mail: jretana@imn.ac.cr>). [San José]:
Roberto Villalobos & José. A. Retana, s.f. 2 p.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7188.pdf
La alteración de los patrones climáticos afectará indudablemente la producción y la productividad
agrícola de diferentes maneras, dependiendo de los tipos de prácticas agrícolas, sistemas y período de
producción, cultivos, variedades y zonas de impacto. Se estima que los principales efectos directos
derivados de las variaciones en la temperatura y precipitación principalmente, serían la duración de los
ciclos de cultivo, alteraciones fisiológicas por exposición a temperaturas fuera del umbral permitido,
deficiencias hídricas y respuesta a nuevas concentraciones de CO2 atmosférico. Algunos efectos
indirectos de los cambios esperados se producirían en las poblaciones de parásitos, plagas y
enfermedades (migración, concentración, flujos poblacionales, incidencias, etc.) disponibilidad de
nutrimentos en el suelo y planificación agrícola (fechas de siembra, laboreo, mercadeo, etc.). Una de las
formas más utilizadas actualmente para estudiar el impacto de un cambio climático sobre los sistemas
agrícolas ypecuarios, es evaluando escenarios futuristas de cambio en modelos computacionales de
simulación de crecimiento de cultivos. Estos permiten analizar el comportamiento productivo durante
todo el ciclo del cultivo bajo diferentes marcos climáticos, obteniendo resultados sobre los efectos de
variaciones en la temperatura, la precipitación y la radiación solar, principalmente. La mayoría de estos
estudios aplican variaciones en la temperatura máxima, mínima o en la media y en la precipitación. Los
rangos devariación de los elementos meteorológicos, son generados por Modelos de Circulación
General (MCG). Si bien es cierto que existen desacuerdos entre los investigadores sobre la magnitud de
cambio en estos elementos, la tendencia en las investigaciones agrícolas que utilizan escenarios
climáticos derivados de los MCG es que sean del orden de 1 a 4°C en la temperatura, con un aumento o
disminución en la lluvia diaria entre un 5 y un 15%. Con estos rangos de variación, las posibilidades de
construcción de escenarios es grande, máxime que algunos modelos de simulación de crecimiento
permiten manejar combinaciones de factores y factores aislados como tratamientos de estudio. Además
de la temperatura y la precipitación, el otro elemento de cambio importante a evaluar es el contenido
de CO2. Los MCG trabajan sobre el estimado de alcanzar el equilibrio climático ante una concentración
de CO2 duplicada de la actual (323 ppm). Experimentos con altos contenidos de CO2 indican que el
comportamiento estomático producido, podría generar una economía del agua consumida por las
plantas, así como un efecto fertilizante en el caso de las leguminosas. Además, un incremento en la
concentración del CO2, aumentaría directamente la taza de fotosíntesis y la producción de biomasa de
las plantas C3, con cambios poco significativos en las plantas C4, como el maíz, sorgo y caña de azúcar.
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Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7188.
Publicación no.: 408 Programa de asistencia holandés para estudios de cambio climático: Proyecto de
evaluación del impacto del cambio climático sobre la producción agrícola de Costa Rica / VillalobosFlores, Roberto; Retana-Barrantes, José A. (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional. Departamento de
Agrometeorología, San José, CR <E-mail: rvilla@imn.ac.cr> <E-mail: jretana@imn.ac.cr>). [San José]:
Roberto Villalobos & José. A. Retana, s.f. 3 p.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7186.pdf
El objetivo general del proyecto fue estudiar el impacto de un cambio climático sobre los cultivos
agrícolas de frijol, papa y café en las principales regiones de producción en Costa Rica. Específicamente
se analizó el efecto de variaciones en la temperatura del aire y la precipitación sobre la fisiología general
y los rendimientos del cultivo de frijol en la Región Huetar Norte y de los cultivos de café y papa en la
Región Central de Costa Rica.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7186.
Publicación no.: 409 Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer [Mediciones de
gases traza en la capa de la tropopausa tropical] / Marcy, T.P; Popp, P.J; Gao, R.S; Fahey, D.W; Ray, E.A;
Richard, E.C; Thompson, T.L; Atlas, Elliot L; Loewenstein, M; Wofsy, Susan C; Park, S; Weinstock, E.M;
Swartz, W.H; Mahoney, M.J. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Chemical
Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, US <E-mail:
tpmarcy@hotmail.com>).
En: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 1352-2310), v. 41, no. 34, p. 7253-7261. 2007.
A unique dataset of airborne in situ observations of HCl, O3, HNO3, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3Cl has been
made in and near the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). A total of 16 profiles across the tropopause were
obtained at latitudes between 10°N and 3°S from the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft flying from
Costa Rica. Few in situ measurements of these gases, particularly HCl and HNO3, have been reported for
the TTL. The general features of the trace gas vertical profiles are consistent with the concept of the TTL
as distinct from the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere. A combination of the tracer profiles and
correlations with O3 is used to show that a measurable amount of stratospheric air is mixed into this
region. The HCl measurements offer an important constraint on stratospheric mixing into the TTL
because once the contribution from halocarbon decomposition is quantified, the remaining HCl (>60% in
this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in the TTL brings with it a proportional
amount of stratospheric O3. Quantifying the sources of O3 in the TTL is important because O3 is
particularly effective as a greenhouse gas in the tropopause region.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7405.
Publicación no.: 410 Growth, carbon sequestration, and management of native tree plantations in
humid regions of Costa Rica [Crecimiento, captura de carbono y manejo de plantaciones de árboles
nativos en regiones húmedas de Costa Rica] / Redondo-Brenes, Alvaro. (Yale University. School of
Forestry & Environmental Studies, 210 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, US <E-mail:
alvaro.redondo@yale.edu>).
En: New Forests (ISSN 0169-4286), v. 34, no. 3, p. 253-268. 2007.
The Costa Rican government has provided incentives for reforestation programs since 1986 and initiated
a Payment for Environmental Services program in 1996. These incentives yielded native species
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reforestation programs throughout the country. This research aims to provide information about
growth, carbon sequestration, and management of seven native tree species (Vochysia guatemalensis,
Vochysia ferruginea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Calophyllum brasiliense, Terminalia amazonia, Virola
koschnyi, and Dipteryx panamensis) growing in small and medium- sized plantations in the Caribbean
and Northern lowlands of Costa Rica. A total of 179 plots were evaluated in 32 farms. Overall, I found
that V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, H. alchorneoides, and T. amazonia were the species with the
fastest diameter, total height, and volume growth; and T. amazonia and D. panamensis sequestered
more carbon. Moreover, I found that the plantations that had been thinned before this assessment had
the best growth. The results of the present research enhance the criteria elaborated in previous
research findings to improve species choices for reforestation and silvicultural management in Costa
Rica and in other regions with similar ecological features. Furthermore, they support the concept that
tropical plantations can serve diverse economic, social, and ecological functions that may ultimately
help reduce atmospheric CO2 accumulation. The Costa Rican government has provided incentives for
reforestation programs since 1986 and initiated a Payment for Environmental Services program in 1996.
These incentives yielded native species reforestation programs throughout the country. This research
aims to provide information about growth, carbon sequestration, and management of seven native tree
species (Vochysia guatemalensis, Vochysia ferruginea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Calophyllum
brasiliense, Terminalia amazonia, Virola koschnyi, and Dipteryx panamensis) growing in small and
medium-sized plantations in the Caribbean and Northern lowlands of Costa Rica. A total of 179 plots
were evaluated in 32 farms. Overall, I found that V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, H. alchorneoides, and
T. amazonia were the species with the fastest diameter, total height, and volume growth; and T.
amazonia and D. panamensis sequestered more carbon. Moreover, I found that the plantations that had
been thinned before this assessment had the best growth. The results of the present research enhance
the criteria elaborated in previous research findings to improve species choices for reforestation and
silvicultural management in Costa Rica and in other regions with similar ecological features.
Furthermore, they support the concept that tropical plantations can serve diverse economic, social, and
ecological functions that may ultimately help reduce atmospheric CO2 accumulation.
Localización: Biblioteca OET: NBINA-7404.
Publicación no.: 411 The CO2 tracer clock for the Tropical Tropopause Layer [El reloj marcador de CO2
para la capa de la tropopausa tropical] / Park, S; Jiménez, R; Daube, B.C; Pfister, Leonhard; Conway, T.J;
Gottlieb, E.W; Chow, V.Y; Curran, D.J; Matross, D.M; Bright, A; Atlas, Elliot L; Bui, T.P; Gao, R.S; Twohy,
C.H; Wofsy, Susan C. (Harvard University. Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA
02138, US <E-mail: swofsy@deas.harvard.edu>).
En: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ISSN 1680-7316), v. 7, no. 14, p. 3989-4000. 2007.
Enlace: http://www.ots.ac.cr/rdmcnfs/datasets/biblioteca/pdfs/nbina-7496.pdf
Observations of CO2 were made in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the deep tropics in
order to determine the patterns of large-scale vertical transport and age of air in the Tropical
Tropopause Layer (TTL). Flights aboard the NASA WB-57F aircraft over Central America and adjacent
ocean areas took place in January and February, 2004 (Pre-AURA Validation Experiment, Pre-AVE) and
2006 (Costa Rica-AVE, CR-AVE), and for the same flight dates of 2006, aboard the Proteus aircraft from
the surface to 15 km over Darwin, Australia (Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment, TWPICE). The data demonstrate that the TTL is composed of two layers with distinctive features: (1) the
lower TTL, 350-360 K (potential temperature(theta); approximately 12-14 km), is subject to inputs of
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convective outflows, as indicated by layers of variable CO2 concentrations, with air parcels of zero age
distributed throughout the layer; (2) the upper TTL, from theta=similar to 360 K to similar to 390 K (1418 km), ascends slowly and ages uniformly, as shown by a linear decline in CO2 mixing ratio tightly
correlated with altitude, associated with increasing age. This division is confirmed by ensemble
trajectory analysis. The CO2 concentration at the level of 360 K was 380.0(±0.2) ppmv, indistinguishable
from surface site values in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) for the flight dates. Values declined
with altitude to 379.2(±0.2) ppmv at 390 K, implying that air in the upper TTL monotonically ages while
ascending. In combination with the winter slope of the CO2 seasonal cycle (+10.8±0.4 ppmv/yr), the
vertical gradient of -0.78±0.09) ppmv gives a mean age of 26(±3) days for the air at 390 K and a mean
ascent rate of 1.5(±0.3) mm s-¹. The TTL near 360 K in the Southern Hemisphere over Australia