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UNIT 1
PAST SIMPLE
El pasado simple se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya
han finalizado.
Es necesario recordar que tenemos dos clases de verbos:
1. Los verbos regulares: son aquellos a los que se añaden la terminación –ed a la forma base del
verbo.
Ejemplos:
cook = cooked
want = wanted
-
.
Alice cooked a delicious turkey. ( Alice cocinó un pavo delicioso)
2. Los verbos irregulares: son aquellos que no siguen una regla determinada para construir el
pasado por lo que deben estudiarse de memoria.
Ejemplos:
go = went
write = wrote
-
Peter went to the cinema last night. (Peter fue al cine la noche anterior)
A continuación se detalla la estructura gramatical en el pasado simple tanto con verbos regulares
como irregulares:
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
YES/NO QUESTIONS
SHORT
ANSWERS
I cooked dinner.
I didn't cook dinner.
Did you cook dinner?
Yes, I did.
You wrote a letter.
You didn't write a letter.
Did you write a letter?
No, I didn’t.
He played soccer.
He didn't play soccer.
Did he play soccer?
Yes, he did.
She had a dog.
She didn't have a dog.
Did she have a dog?
No, she didn’t
It cost $ 200.
It didn't cost $ 200.
Did it cost $ 200?
Yes, it did.
We worked hard.
We didn't work hard.
Did we play hard?
No, we didn’t.
You sold a car.
You didn't sell a car.
Did you sell a car?
Yes, we did.
They studied Math.
They didn't study Math.
Did they study Math?
No, they didn’t.
Al formular tanto oraciones negativas como interrogativas se incluirá el auxiliar DID (NOT) + verbo en
su forma base, tal como se muestra en la tabla antes detallada.
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Para formular PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS con: where, when, what, why, how much, how many,
etc., la estructura es la siguiente:
Wh- word
Auxiliary did
subject
base form of the verb
Where
did
you
go?
Ejemplos:
1. A: Where did you buy your wedding dress?
B: I bought it on ebay.
(Lo compré en ebay)
2. A: When did she go to Miami?
(¿Cuando fue ella a Miami?)
B: She went to Miami in January.
3. A: What did you do last night?
B: I watched TV.
(¿Dónde compraste tu vestido de novia?)
( Ella fue a Miami en Enero.)
(¿Qué hiciste anoche?)
(Ví television)
Recordemos que las expresiones de tiempo más frecuentes en el pasado simple son:
TIME EXPRESSIONS
yesterday morning
last week/year/ month
two days/weeks/ years ago
Ejemplos:
-
Linda cooked some delicious soup yesterday. (Linda cocinó una sopa deliciosa ayer.)
-
What time did you go to bed last night? (¿A qué hora te fuiste a la cama anoche?)
-
I didn’t do my homework three weeks ago. ( No hice mis deberes hace tres semanas)
Exercise 1
I. Put the verbs in parenthesis into the simple past. Use the auxiliary did if necessary:
1.
Last year I (spend) ________ my holiday in Ireland.
2.
Joel (have) ______ a great birthday party last night.
3.
I (travel) __________ around by car with two friends and we (visit)______ lots of interesting
places.
4.
In the evenings we usually (go) ___________ to a pub.
5.
One night we even (learn) _________ some Irish dances.
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6.
We (not/ drink) _____ _______ milk yesterday morning.
7.
It (not / rain) __________ a lot.
8.
But we (see) ________ some beautiful rainbows.
9.
Where (you/ spend) _____ _______ your last holiday?
10. When (she/buy) ______ ________ her dress?
II. Choose a verb from the box and complete the following sentences using the simple past tense.
break
forget give
lose
see
sleep
wear
know
write
begin
1.
They ______ my neighbor’s window with a ball while they were playing soccer.
2.
Margaret________ the answer before I asked her the question.
3.
My mother ________ a letter to me last weekend.
4.
I went to bed early last night so I ________ well.
5.
Sally ________ a beautiful dress at the party last night.
6.
My uncle ________ his passport at the airport yesterday morning. Fortunately he found it later.
7.
The concert ________ at 8:00 pm last Friday. It was awesome.
8.
My son ________ the keys inside the house so we had to break a window to open the door.
9.
I ________ a picture of the whole family last weekend. It reminded me good memories.
10. My father ________ my brother a car for his birthday.
III. Write questions to the underlined answers:
1.
Yes, she did. She went to the beach.
_______________________________________
2.
Christian lived in Cuba.
_______________________________________
3.
Alexander bought a car.
_______________________________________
4.
No, they didn’t. They didn’t have a son.
_______________________________________
5.
It cost $ 300 dollars.
_______________________________________
6.
He went to the disco yesterday.
_______________________________________
7.
I bought a laptop because I needed it for my homework. ________________________________
8.
Liza had three pets at home.
9.
Yes, he did. He came home late last night. _______________________________________
10.
Tina stayed at Marriott Hotel last week.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
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PAST PERFECT
El pasado perfecto es utilizado para referirse a una acción que tuvo lugar en un momento anterior a
otra acción en pasado simple, estableciendo un orden entre ellas.
Ejemplos:
- The boys had stolen the bikes. (Los niños habían robado las bicicletas)
- I'd read the book before I saw the movie. (Yo había leído el libro antes de ver la película)
A continuación se presenta un cuadro con la formación de la estructura gramatical del presente
perfecto:
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
YES/NO QUESTIONS
SHORT
ANSWER
I had worked hard.
I hadn't worked hard
Had you worked hard?
Yes, I had.
You’d been sick.
You hadn't been sick.
Had you been sick?
Yes, I had.
He had lived in Italy.
He hadn't lived in Italy.
Had he lived in Italy?
No, he hadn't.
She’d traveled abroad.
She hadn't traveled abroad.
Had she traveled abroad?
Yes, she had.
It had been a terrible day.
It hadn't been a terrible day.
Had it been a terrible day?
No, it hadn't.
We had called him.
We hadn't called him.
Had we called him?
No, we hadn't.
You had written a letter.
You hadn't written a letter.
Had you written a letter?
Yes, we had.
They had lived in Manta.
They hadn't lived in Manta.
Had they lived in Manta?
No, they hadn't.
Al formular oraciones en pasado perfecto es necesario incluir el auxiliar had + el verbo en pasado
participio. Note que la contracción de had es ‘d.
Ejemplo: He had been sick: He’d been sick. (El había estado enfermo.)
Para formular PREGUNTAS INFORMATIVAS con: where, when, what, why, how much, how many,
etc., la estructura es la siguiente:
Wh-word
Auxiliary (had)
subject
past participle verb?
Where
had
he
gone?
Las expresiones de tiempo que se utilizan en el pasado perfecto son:
TIME EXPRESSIONS
already
for
since
yet
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Ejemplos:
-
We had already called him. (Nosotros ya lo habíamos llamado.)
-
They had lived in Russia for three years. (Ellos habían vivido en Rusia por tres años.)
-
He had studied since 1992. (El había estudiado desde 1992.)
-
She hadn’t invited me yet. (Ella no me había invitado todavía.)
Exercise 2
I. Put the given verbs into the past perfect tense.
1.
The bus ___________ (leave/ already) when we arrived to the bus stop.
2.
My son ate all the soup that I __________ (make).
3.
I was worried because I __________ (not/do) my homework.
4.
My husband bought me the dress that I __________ (see) before.
5.
He didn’t have money because he __________ (pay) all the bills.
6.
Michael failed the exam because he __________ (not/study) enough.
7.
By the time I got home, my family _________ (go) to the beach.
8.
I was late for work because I _________ (miss) the bus.
9.
We lived in the house that my father __________ (build).
10. I met a friend whom I __________ (not/ see) for ages.
II. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences SIMPLE PAST OR PAST PERFECT:
1. I saw London for the first time last week. I __________ it before.
a. hadn’t seen
b. didn’t saw
c. didn’t see
d. hadn’t saw
2. Michael __________ the match yesterday because he had hurt his leg.
a.
hadn’t played
b. didn’t play
c. didn’t played
d. hadn’t play
3. They had a big party because they __________ all their exams successfully.
a. passed
b. had passed
c. had pass
d. pass
4. When Michael arrived home, the burglars _________.
a. had already left
b. left
c. had leave
d. did leave
5. By the time we bought the tickets, the movie _________.
a. started
b. had already started
c. had start
d. starts
6. When I _________ back from London in 1996, the country had changed a lot.
a. come
b. had comes
c. came
d. comes
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7. Susan told me that she _________a new car.
a. had bought
b. buys
c. did bought
d. had buy
8. We didn’t recognize Thomas because he __________ older.
a. getting
b. had gotten
c. gets
d. gotten
c. he did
d. did he did
9. What _________ before he turned on the TV?
a. had he did
b. had he done
b.
10. _________ the instructions before they turned on the machine?
a. Had they read
b. They did read
c. They read
d. Did read
III.
Circle the correct answer simple past or past perfect:
1.
Michael didn’t have / hadn’t had money because he had lost/ lost his wallet.
2.
Tina was/ had been tired because she had studied/ studied too much.
3.
I found/ had found the cell phone that my brother had lost/ lost.
4.
When he arrived/ had arrived, the class started / had already started.
5.
We had felt/ felt very hungry because we didn’t eat/ hadn’t eaten anything yet.
6.
When I got/ had gotten to the airport, I discovered that I forgot/ had forgotten my passport.
7.
My mother was/ had been very pleased to see that I had cleaned/ cleaned the house.
8.
I opened/ had opened my handbag to find out that I forgot/ had forgotten my wallet.
9.
It didn’t rain/ hadn’t rained for three months so the garden was/ had been completely dry.
10. My son was / had been sick last night because he ate/ had eaten too much.
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UNIT 2
SECOND CONDITIONAL
El segundo condicional se lo utiliza para expresar una situación hipotética o irreal en el presente,
es improbable que la situación se cumpla en algunos casos. Para su formación utilizamos la palabra
“if" (si).
Ejemplos:
-
If I worked harder, I would pass the exam
Si yo trabajara más, pasaría el examen
-
We would phone her if we had her number.
Nosotros la llamaríamos si tuviéramos su número.
A continuación las estructuras que se utiliza en el segundo condicional:
If
Condition (Past simple),
Result Clause (would + infinitive)
If
I won the lottery,
I would travel around the world.
Si
yo ganara la lotería,
(yo) viajaría alrededor del mundo.
O
Result Clause (would + infinitivo)
I would travel around the world.
Yo viajaría alrededor del mundo
if
Condition (Simple Past)
if
si
(yo) ganara la lotería
I won the lottery.
Ejemplos:
-
If I got a pay rise, I would buy a flat.
Si tuviera un aumento, me compraría un departamento.
-
Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time.
Rachel aprendería a tocar la guitarra si tuviera más tiempo.
-
If you didn’t have so much work you wouldn’t be so serious.
Si no tuvieras tanto trabajo, no estarías tan seria / tan serio.
-
I wouldn’t give you so many sweets if you didn’t ask me.
No te daría tantos dulces si no me pidieras.
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 Es importante mencionar que en el segundo condicional, se emplea WERE para todas las
personas del verbo to be.
Este es uno de los usos más importantes de este segundo condicional y se suele traducir por "Si yo
fuera tú"
Ejemplos:
-
If he were a millionaire, he would lend me the money.
Si él fuera millonario, el me prestaría dinero.
-
You look tired. If I were you, I would get some rest
Te ves cansado. Yo en tu lugar, descansaría.
Exercise 3
I. Match the sentences from column A with column B so they can have meaning.
A
B
1. My parents would help me if...
a. ...I were going to a fancy dress party.
2. I would color my hair blue if...
b. ...I were dying of hunger.
3. Paul would tell you my secret if...
c. ...she did all her exams well.
4. I wouldn’t eat monkey meat unless…
d. ...I had problems at school.
5. Rachel would marry Martin if...
e. ...I missed the bus.
6. Her teacher would be very pleased if...
f. ...he though my life was in danger.
7. I wouldn’t take a taxi home unless...
g. ...he had a lot of money and he was old enough.
8. If I had enough money I…
h. … she would be very happy.
9. We would speak English if …
i. …would buy a big house.
10. If Susan passed the exam…
j…. we lived in Australia.
II. Complete the sentences in the SECOND CONDITIONAL, using the verbs in parenthesis:
1.
If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.
2.
If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
3.
If she ______________ (not / be) always so late, she ________________(be) promoted.
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4.
If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
5.
If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I ________________(have) a good job.
6.
She _________________ (be) happier if she _________________ (have) more friends.
7.
They ________ (have) more money if they _____________ (not / buy) so many clothes.
8.
We _________________ (come) to dinner if we _________________ (have) time.
9.
She _________________ (call) him if she _________________ (know) his number.
10. She _________________ (pass) the exam if she _________________ (study) more.
III. Complete the sentences with your OWN ideas in the SECOND CONDITIONAL:
1.
I would buy an airplane if _____________________________________.
2.
If I won the lottery, I _________________________________________.
3.
If I were a child, I ____________________________________________.
4.
I would go to the beach if _____________________________________.
5.
If I lived in Canada, I _________________________________________.
6.
I wouldn’t study if ___________________________________________.
7.
If I didn’t have a house, I______________________________________.
8.
I wouldn’t buy a car if ________________________________________.
9.
If I had more free time, I _____________________________________.
10. I would be happier if _________________________________________.
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UNIT 3
PHRASAL VERBS
Se denominan phrasal verbs a las expresiones idiomáticas que se forman de la combinación de un
verbo + preposiciones o adverbios. Esto da como resultado nuevos verbos compuestos con un
significado distinto al que nos da el diccionario para los verbos individuales.
Ejemplo:
-
El verbo “put” significa “poner”, pero si le agregamos el complemento “off”, tenemos “put
off” que significa postergar o posponer.
Es importante mencionar que un mismo phrasal verb puede tener varios significados. Así por
ejemplo, turn on significa encender, abrir, etc.
A continuación una lista de phrasal verbs comunes:
break down: fallar, averiarse
give up: renunciar a
put off: posponer
take off: sacarse
look after: cuidar
grow up: crecer
pass away: morir
put away: guardar, ordenar
get up: levantarse
run away: escapar
run out of: quedarse sin
put on: ponerse
find out: descubrir
turn on: encender
turn off: apagar
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Exercise 4
I. Match the following phrasal verbs with their meanings:
1. give up
a. ... to remove something, especially a piece of clothing from
your/somebody's body.
2. run out of
b. ... to be responsible for or to take care of something/ somebody.
3. break down
c. ... to start the flow of electricity, gas, water or something.
4. take off
d. ... to stop trying to do something.
5. look after
e. ... to finish a supply of something.
6. turn on
f. ... to die.
7. put on
g. ... to become larger and change from being a child to being an
adult as time passes.
8. find out
h. … to discover something by accident.
9. pass away
i. … to stop working because of a fault.
10. grow up
j…. to dress yourself in something.
II. Choose the right phrasal verb to complete these sentences:
1.
2.
3.
My car ______ on the highway so we couldn’t get to work on time.
a. put on
b. found out
c. broke down
d. turned on
The doctor suggested him to ______ smoking.
a.
look after
b. pass away
d. give up
c. grow up
Susan _______ her shoes and walked on the grass.
a. passed away b. grew up
c. put on
d. took off
4.
I’ve ________ milk. I have to go to the supermarket and buy some.
a. got up
b. run out of
c. turned off
d. found out
5.
I have a box where you can ________ the children’s toys.
a. put away
b. put on
c. turned on
d. turned off
6.
It’s sad for parents to see their children ________ faster than they expect.
a. put on
b. grow up
c. run out of
d. take off
7.
It was hard for her to ______ that her husband had cheated on her.
a. pass away
b. find out
c. put on
8.
d. get up
What time do you usually ________ in the morning to go to school?
a. get up
b. grow up
c. put on
d. take off
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9.
Can you ________ the radio, please? I need to study for my exam.
a. turn off
b. break down
c. run away
d. look after
10. Sue _______ from home to avoid familiar problems.
a. turned on
b. gave up
c. ran away
d. put off
III. Complete the sentences using a phrasal verb from the box
ran away
grew up
put on
look after
found out
put away
put off
give up
gets up
passed away
1. Don’t forget to ______ ______ your toys in the box after you finish playing.
2. I need to _______ ______ my jacket because it is cold outside. Can you wait for me, please?
3. Michael usually _______ ______ at 7:00 a.m. every morning.
4. Martha _______ ______ from her home at the age of thirteen. Her parents looked for her
desperately and after some days they could find her.
5. Don’t worry about your baby. I can _______ ______ him while you’re away.
6. Her mother _______ ______ last year because of a heart attack. She was a kind woman.
7. The meeting was _______ ______ until later because there weren’t enough people.
8. Laura _______ ______ in Boston, that’s why she can speak English perfectly.
9. We _______ ______ later that we had been at the same school. It was an interesting coincidence.
10. Ann didn’t _______ ______ her job after she found out she was pregnant. She’s a strong woman.
VERBS: LIKE, HATE AND LOVE
WOULD LIKE AND WANT
Recordemos que anteriormente se analizó el uso de los verbos seguidos de gerundio (- ing) e
infinitivo. En el caso de los verbos like, hate y love; estos pueden ir seguidos de otro verbo que puede
estar en gerundio o infinitivo, la única diferencia es en su significado.
Ejemplos:
-
I like dancing with my friends: disfrutar
-
I like to dance with my friends: querer hacer algo porque considero que es positivo
-
Susan loves eating in a restaurant.
-
I hate washing the dishes every night. or
or
Susan loves to eat in a restaurant.
I hate to wash the dishes every night.
Mientras que al usar would like y want, el verbo a continuación siempre irá en infinitivo. La expresión
would like puede expresar una idea en presente o un deseo en un futuro.
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Ejemplos:
-
I would like to eat something light. (Me gustaría comer algo ligero)
-
I want to study for the exam tonight. ( Quiero estudiar para el examen hoy en la noche)
Exercise 5
I. Circle the correct answer:
a. Sofia and Thomas ________ to have three children in the future.
likes/ would like
b. Tina ______ to get a master’s degree in two years.
love/ wants
c.
I _____ doing the washing up. It’s annoying.
likes/ hate
d. My brother _____ listening to pop music. He enjoys it a lot.
like/ loves
e. She _____ playing soccer every weekend. She can’t miss it.
would like/ likes
f.
love / wants
Ann _____ to learn Spanish and Japanese.
g. Fred _____ walking his dog in the park.
would like/ loves
h. They ______ waiting in lines because they say it’s a waste of time.
loves/ hate
i.
Susan _______ to watch horror films.
likes/ want
j.
My mother _____ taking care of young children.
hates/ want
II. Unscramble the following sentences. Include the –s if necessary
a. ( would like/ a new car/ David / to have) ______________________________________
b. ( like/ reading/ Sarah/ poetry)
______________________________________
c.
( to study/ History/ hate/ Andrea)
______________________________________
d. ( Brandon / to live/ want/ abroad)
______________________________________
e. ( Do / like / you/ dancing salsa/ ?)
______________________________________
f.
______________________________________
( hate/ getting up / My husband/ early)
g. ( Irene / every weekend / making / love/ parties) ____________________________________
h. ( putting away/ hate/ the toys/ in the box/ I)
____________________________________
i.
( looking after/ My sister/ like/ her little children) ____________________________________
j.
(put off/ The boss / the meeting/ would like)
____________________________________
III. Complete these sentences with your own ideas using a verb in gerund or infinitive:
a. I love ____________________________________________________________
b. My friend hates ____________________________________________________
c. My dog likes ______________________________________________________
d. I like ___________________________________________on the weekends.
e. I want _______________________________________ in five years.
f. My father loves ___________________________________________________
g. I hate __________________________________________________________
h. My friend likes ___________________________________________________
i. My mother wants _________________________________________________
j. I would like ____________________________________ in ten years.
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UNIT 4
PASSIVE VOICE: SIMPLE PAST
Una oración podemos enfocar la acción del verbo en el sujeto o en el objeto. Cuando la acción del
verbo recae sobre el sujeto, se dice que la oración está en voz activa.
Ejemplo:
-
My friend carried his bags to her car.
(Mi amiga llevó sus bolsos a su auto.)
Cuando la acción del verbo recae en el objeto, se dice que la oración está en voz pasiva.
Ejemplo:
-
The bags were carried by my friend to her car.
(Los bolsos fueron llevados por mi amiga a su auto.
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activa cuente con objeto directo, es
decir que responda a la pregunta "¿qué cosa?"
Ejemplo:
-
Juan lost the notebook. (Juan perdió el cuaderno)
¿Qué cosa perdió Juan? (El cuaderno (éste es el objeto directo))
De esta manera podremos cambiar a voz pasiva, que en este caso la oración sería:
The notebook was lost by Juan. (El cuaderno fue perdido por Juan)
Para cambiar una oración de voz activa a voz pasiva en el pasado simple debemos tener en cuenta
que luego de colocar al objeto al inicio de la oración se utilizará was o were (dependiendo del objeto
ya sea este singular o plural) + verbo en pasado participio.
El objeto directo pasara a ser nuestro sujeto en la oración en voz pasiva.
Voz activa
Subject
Helen
Voz pasiva
+
verb
+
wrote
A book
was
written
Object + be + verb (p. part.) +
object (complement)
a book
by
agent +
time complement
last year.
Helen
last year.
subject + time complement
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A continuación algunos ejemplos del cambio de voz activa a pasiva en el pasado simple:
VOZ ACTIVA
VOZ PASIVA
Isabel Allende wrote a novel.
A novel was written by Isabel Allende.
Michael didn't clean the kitchen.
The kitchen wasn't cleaned by Michael.
Did you send the letters?
Were the letters sent by you?
James sold three books yesterday.
Three books were sold by James yesterday.
Exercise 6
I. Identify whether these sentences are ACTIVE OR PASSIVE.
a.
They explained the lesson.
____________________
b.
My dog ate a sandwich yesterday.
____________________
c.
These cars were produced in German.
____________________
d.
Mathematics was taught by Professor Brown.
____________________
e.
The letters were written by Joseph.
____________________
f.
Lots of houses were destroyed by the earthquake.
____________________
g.
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
____________________
h.
The bus broke down on the high way.
____________________
i.
They closed their workbooks.
____________________
j.
Our houses were built long time ago.
____________________
II.
Choose the correct answer to complete these sentences in the PASSIVE OR ACTIVE VOICE:
1.
The telephone _________ by Alexander Graham Bell.
a.
invented
b. to invent
c. were invented
d. was invented
The police _______ the thief last week.
a. wasn’t found b. didn’t find
d. not found
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
This car ________. It's too old.
a. didn’t steal
b. wasn’t stolen
Paul _______ a letter to the president.
a. sent
b was sent
c. weren’t found
c. weren’t stolen
c. were sent
A new restaurant________ last week down the corner.
a. opened
b. were opened
c. was opened
That cake ________ by Linda. Somebody else did it.
a. didn’t make
b. not made
c. weren’t made
d. not steal
d. to send
d. to open
d. wasn’t made
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7.
8.
9.
Someone ________ my purse.
a. stole
b. was stolen
c. were stolen
d. be stolen
When _____ the telephone ______ ?
a. did / invent
b. was/ invented
c. did/ invented
d. were/invented
_____ you_____ the door?
a. did/ close
b. were/ close
c. was/ closed
d. did/ closed
10. The package ________ on time and that’s why we are in a big trouble.
a. weren’t sent
b. wasn’t sent
c. didn’t send
d. didn’t sent
III. Change the following sentences to the passive voice:
1.
Michael bought a new car last week.
__________________________________________
2.
Liza wrote a letter.
__________________________________________
3.
They didn’t open the box.
__________________________________________
4.
Samantha took this photograph yesterday.___________________________________________
5.
The police caught the thieves yesterday.
__________________________________________
6.
Where did you buy those magazines?
__________________________________________
7.
My son sent a postcard from Canada.
__________________________________________
8.
John Lennon didn’t write this song.
__________________________________________
9.
They didn’t repair my car last week.
__________________________________________
10. Did they sell the house?
__________________________________________
END OF FIRST PARTIAL
16
UNIT 5
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Las Cláusulas Relativas se usan para definir o identificar el sustantivo que las precede. Estas
cláusulas se introducen con Pronombres o Adverbios Relativos.
who won the competition?
Ejemplos: Do you know the man
sustantivo
Relative Clause
En este ejemplo who es el pronombre relativo.
I’ll never forget the day
sustantivo
when I met you.
Relative Clause
En este ejemplo when es el adverbio relativo.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS
Los pronombres y adverbios relativos son:
who
whom
whose + noun
which
que, quién, el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para personas)
a quien, al cual, a la cual, a los cuales, a las cuales (para personas)
cuyo, cuya, cuyos, cuyas (para personas)
que, lo que, el cual, lo cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales (para cosas)
that
que, el que, la que, los que, las que (para personas y cosas)
what
lo que
where
when
why
donde, en el que
cuando, en que
por lo que, por qué
a. Who tiene las funciones de sujeto y su antecedente (el sujeto al que refiere) debe ser una persona,
aunque puede ocasionalmente referir un animal personificado, como por ejemplo en cuentos.
The man who called is my husband.
The doctor who helped you is my father.
El hombre que llamo es mi esposo.
El doctor que te ayudo es mi padre.
b. Whom es muy formal y se emplea en lenguaje escrito. Su uso no es muy común en lenguaje
hablado.
The girl whom I wanted to see wasn’t there. La chica a quién yo quise ver no estuvo allí.
The man whom I invited didn´t come.
El hombre a quien invite no vino.
17
c. Whose expresa posesión y pertenencia y se refiere únicamente a personas,
(también excepcionalmente a animales y a nombres colectivos).
The family whose house we stayed in was very friendly. La familia en cuya casa estuvimos era muy
amigable.
I met a woman whose job is interesting.
Conocí a una mujer cuyo trabajo es interesante.
d. Which se emplea como sujeto y como complemento y se refiere solamente a cosas o animales:
The car which is in the garage is mine.
This is the car which I go to work in.
El carro que está en el garaje es mío.
Éste es el carro con el cual voy a trabajar.
e. That se emplea como sujeto o complemento directo y puede referirse a personas, cosas o
animales:
The letter that came yesterday is from my mother.
The man that came to our house is my teacher.
La carta que llegó ayer es de mi madre.
El hombre que vino a nuestra casa es
mi profesor.
f. What generalmente hace referencia a acciones o situaciones.
I know what you're thinking.
Nobody knows what will happen tomorrow.
Sé lo que estás pensando
Nadie sabe qué pasará mañana
g. Where indica lugar.
I visited the town where I was born.
The school where they study is very strict.
Visité la ciudad donde yo nací.
La escuela donde ellos estudian es muy estricta.
h. When hace referencia a un tiempo
I always remember the day when we got married.
Christmas Day is a day when people eat turkey.
Siempre recuerdo el día en que nos casamos.
Navidad es un día cuando la gente come pavo.
i. Why se refiere a una razón.
That is why she refused the offer.
I don’t know why you didn’t come.
Eso es por lo que ella rechazó la oferta.
No sé por qué tú no viniste.
 Who, that y which pueden ser el sujeto o el objeto de una cláusula relativa.
Observa:
Marianne is the girl
who
invited us to the party
Who es el sujeto:
She
invited us to the party
Marianne is the girl
who
we met last night
Who es el objeto:
We met her
last night
18
Exercise 7
I.
Join the two sentences by using who for people and that for things.
Examples:
1. That’s the woman.
2. She works in the post office.
That’s the woman who works in the post office.
1. That’s the building.
2. It was destroyed in the fire.
That is the building that was destroyed in the fire.
a. 1. He’s the man.
2. He painted my house
___________________________________________________________
b. 1. What is the name of the boy?
2. He telephoned you.
___________________________________________________________
c.
1. What happened to the money?
2. It was on my desk.
___________________________________________________________
d. 1.They’re the people.
2. They offered Sue a job.
___________________________________________________________
e. 1. The car has now been found.
2. It was stolen.
___________________________________________________________
f.
1. She’s the person.
2. She gives me a lift to work every day.
___________________________________________________________
g. 1. The lock has now been repaired.
2. It was broken.
___________________________________________________________
h
1. Most of the people are very nice.
2. They work in Peter’s office.
___________________________________________________________
II.
Complete the sentences by using who for people and that for things.
1.
John Murray is the man _____ owns the Grand Hotel.
2.
The man _____ we spoke to wasn’t very nice.
3.
This is the sweater _____ I bought on Saturday.
4.
What is the name of the company _____ you work for?
5.
A bi-lingual person is someone _____ speak two languages equally well.
6.
Peter is the boy _____ I saw in the supermarket yesterday.
7.
Are these all the letters _____ came in the morning’s post?
8.
Have you found the money _____ you lost?
9.
The people _____ used to live in that house have moved.
10. I don’t like films _____ are very violent.
19
III.
Answer the questions by using whose.
Example:
Who’s Mrs. Barnes? (Her husband teaches at Annie’s school.)
She’s the woman whose husband teaches at Annie’s school.
1. Who is Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.)
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who are Mr. and Mrs. Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident.)
_____________________________________________________________
3. Who’s that girl? (Her brother works in the post office.)
_____________________________________________________________
4. Who are those people? (Their credit cards were stolen)
_____________________________________________________________
5. Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.)
_____________________________________________________________
IV. Complete the sentences by using where, when or why.
1. Did they tell you the reason _____ they wanted you to do that?
2. What’s the name of the restaurant _____ you had lunch?
3. I can remember the time _____ there wasn’t cell phone.
4. Is that the hospital _____ you had your operation?
5. I don’t understand the reason _____ he was late.
6. Do you remember the day _____ your car broke down on the motorway?
V. Complete the sentences with whose, who, which, or where.
1. Tom, ______________________sister is a teacher, is in my class.
2. The White House, ______________________the US president lives, is in Washington.
3. The cats, ________________ house is broken, are mine.
4. My brother, ______________________works in Warsaw, earns a lot of money.
5. Molly, ______________________father is from Paris, speaks French very well.
6. Venice, ______________________is in Italy, is a very old city.
7. The man, __________________ daughter is my best friend, is the president of the company.
8. John Lennon, ______________________was born in 1940, was a member of The Beatles.
9. My car, ______________________I bought last month, broke down again.
10. The Ritz Hotel, ______________________we stayed last year, is very expensive.
VI. Match the column A with the column B in order to make a clause.
A
1. A banana is a fruit
2. A hat is a thing
3. A pony is a horse
4. A dentist is a person
5. A bus is a big car
6. An architect is a person
B
_____ a. which carries a lot of people.
_____ b. which is very small.
_____ c. who designs houses
_____ d. which is long and yellow.
_____ e. that people wear on their heads
_____ f. who pulls teeth.
20
UNIT 6
WILL vs. BE GOING TO
Forma del futuro con WILL
(SUJETO)
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
PRONOMBRE
S +will + verb (base form) +
c
S +won’t + verb (base form)
+c
Will + s + verb (base
form) + C?
I
you / we / they
he / she / it
I will clean the room.
I won’t clean the room.
Will you clean the room?
You will have a lot of money.
You won’t have a lot of money.
Will we have a car?
He will finish the report.
He won’t finish the report.
Will he finish the report?
Uso del futuro “will”

Para expresar un decisión espontánea
Ejemplo: Wait, I will help you. (Espera, te ayudaré.)

Cuando no estamos muy seguros acerca de predicciones del futuro, usamos expresiones tales
como: probably, possibly, perhaps, maybe, I think, I hope.
Ejemplos: He will probably come back tomorrow. (Probablemente él regresará mañana.)
I think I will travel to The United States next year.
(Pienso que viajaré a Los Estados Unidos el próximo año.)
Perhaps you will be surprised to know about it.
(Quizá estarás sorprendido de saber acerca de esto.)

Para promesas
Ejemplo: I will be on time, don’t worry!. (Estaré a tiempo, no te preocupes)

Para ofrecimientos
Ejemplo: I’ll bring snacks for the movie day this Friday. (Traeré snacks para el día de la película
este viernes)
21
FUTURE BE GOING TO
Forma del futuro “be going to”
(SUJETO)
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
QUESTION
PRONOMBRE
S + be + going to + verb
S + be + not (isn’t/aren’t) +
going to + verb
Be + s + going to + verb +
C?
I
you / we / they
he / she / it
I am going to speak.
I am not going to speak.
Am I going to speak?
You are going to speak.
You are not going to speak.
Are you going to speak?
He is going to speak.
He is not going to speak.
Is he going to speak?
Uso del futuro “be going to”

Para hablar de planes futuros. Algo que ya ha decidido hacer.
Ejemplo: I am going to study harder next year. (Voy a estudiar más duro el próximo año)

Para hacer predicciones basadas en evidencias en el presente.
Ejemplo: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain. (El cielo está completamente oscuro. Va a
llover.)
Exercise 8
I. Write sentences by using the future will. Choose the appropriate verb from the box for each
sentence.
buy
go
help
win
stay
do
take
cook
understand
get
1. We _______________ you if you want.
2. Are you thirsty? I ___________ you a drink.
3. I think our team _____________ the match on Sunday.
4. Maybe she _____________ a language course in England.
5. Don’t worry! I _____________ the tickets for the concert.
6. Perhaps she _______________ this for you.
7. Maybe we ______________ at home next holiday.
8. She hopes that he _______________ dinner tonight.
9. I’m sure they ________________ your problem.
10. They ________ probably __________ to the party.
22
II. Write negative or interrogative sentences by using the future will.
1. (I / answer / the question) _________________________________________________________
2. (she / read / the book)
Maybe_____________________________________________________
3. (where / we / meet) ______________________________________________________________?
4. (we / send / the postcard)__________________________________________________________
5. (Vanessa / catch / the ball) ________________________________________________________
6. (James / open / the door) _________________________________________________________
7. (what / they / eat / tonight) _________________________________________________________?
8. (You / have / fish) _______________________________________________________ for lunch?
9. (she / give / him / the apple)________________________________________________________
10. (when / she / be / back) ___________________________________________________________?
III. Answer the questions by using be going to. These people have already planned their activities.
Example: Why did you buy that cake?
→ (I / celebrate / my husband’s birthday) I’m going to celebrate my husband’s birthday.
1. What does she need the telephone for?
→ (she / call / her boyfriend) _________________________________________________________
2. Why are they wearing sport suits?
→ (they / play / squash) _____________________________________________________________
3. Why has Fiona bought chocolates?
→ (She / visit / her grandma) _________________________________________________________
4. Why do you need a map?
→ (we / walk / in the mountains) ______________________________________________________
5. What do you need the cloth and the bucket for?
→ (we / wash / the car) _____________________________________________________________
6. Why are you running about with the toothbrush?
→ (I / brush / my teeth) _____________________________________________________________
7. Why is daddy not coming with us?
→ (he / repair / the car) _____________________________________________________________
8. Hurry up!
→ (they / light / the bonfire) __________________________________________________________
9. Why are all these tapes on the table?
→ (we / learn / Greek) ______________________________________________________________
10. What do you need the pen for?
→ (I / write / some postcards) _________________________________________________________
23
IV. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb by using the future be going to.
Example: Jim (not / travel) isn’t going to travel to Spain next Summer.
1. It (rain) _________________________________________________.
2. They (eat) ______________________________________________ stew.
3. I (wear) ______________________________________________ blue shoes tonight.
4. We (not / help) __________________________________________ you.
5. Jack (not / walk) __________________________________________ home.
6. (cook / you) ______________________________________________________ dinner?
7. Sue (not / share) __________________________________________________ her biscuits.
8. (leave / they)____________________________________________________ the house?
9. (take part / she) ________________________________________________ in the contest?
10. I (not / spend) _________________________________________ my holiday abroad this year.
V.
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb: Use will or be going to.
1. A: Gabriel, do you want to come with us?
B: OK. I ___________________(go) with you.
2. A: Does Sue have plans for Friday night?
B: Yes. She ______________________(see) a movie.
3. A: I need somebody to wash my car.
B: That’s no problem. I ________________(do) it.
4. A: I don’t know how to solve this math problem.
B: It’s easy. I __________________(help) you.
5. A: What are you doing next Summer?
B: We ________ probably __________(visit) Mexico city?
6. A: Have you decided what to do about your job?
B: Yes. I __________________________(not / quit) my job. It’s very difficult to get a new one.
7. Luis starts classes at 7:00. It’s 6:45. He’s leaving his house now. He ___________________ (arrive)
very late.
8. A: I have decided to have a party.
B: who ________ you ___________________(invite)?
9. A: Do you prefer tea or coffee?
B: I _______________(have) some coffee, please.
10. A: What are your plans for the holidays?
B: We _____________________(visit) our parents.
24
VI. Circle the correct form of the verb in each sentence.
1. I’m sorry. I can’t talk now. I’ll call / am going to call you later.
2. My sister will have / is going to have a baby in June.
3. A: Sorry. I can’t take you to the airport.
B: Don’t worry. I will get / am going to get a taxi.
4. I’ve decided to repaint my bedroom. I’ll paint / ‘m going to paint it white.
5. We’re going to have dinner at 7:00 pm. After that, maybe we will watch / we are going to watch a
movie.
6. When I retire, I will travel / am going to travel to Europe to visit the most beautiful tourist places.
7. Anne and Tom decided not to study languages next year. Anne will study / is going to study
medicine and Tom will take/ is going to take a gap year.
8. Bye July. I’ll phone / ’m going to phone you as soon as I get home!
9. We have thought about it and we have decided that we will get / are going to get married this year.
10. Mrs. Padilla, those bags seem very heavy. I’ll help / ’m going to help you carry them.
25
UNIT 7
PRESENT PERFECT REVIEW

El presente perfecto se usa en el idioma inglés para narrar hechos que ya han ocurrido en
el pasado, pero no se menciona un tiempo exacto.

El presente perfecto también se usa para hablar de hechos que empezaron en el pasado y
continúan hasta ahora.

El presente perfecto es también usado para hablar de acciones que han sido completadas
recientemente.
Ejemplos:
-
I have already sent the letter.
Yo ya he enviado la carta.(no digo cuando)
-
She has been here four times.
Ella ha estado aquí cuatro veces.
-
I have worked here since 1998.
He trabajado aquí desde 1998.(continúo trabajando)
-
Paul has just painted his room.
Paul ha acabado de pintar su cuarto.(hace unos
minutos)
Conjugación:
PRONOUNS
Sujeto
AFFIRMATIVE
Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo
(pasado participio)
NEGATIVE
Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) +
Verbo (pasado participio)
QUESTIONS
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto +
Verbo (pasado participio)
I
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
HE
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has he eaten …?
SHE
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has she eaten …?
IT
has eaten
hasn’t eaten
Has it eaten …?
WE
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have we eaten …?
YOU
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have you eaten …?
THEY
have eaten
haven’t eaten
Have they eaten …?
Oraciones Afirmativas
Para formar oraciones afirmativas en Presente Perfecto debemos utilizar el auxiliar HAVE o HAS
acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio (ya sean verbos regulares o verbos
irregulares).
26
Sujeto + Auxiliar (have o has) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I have bought a new dress for the party.
Yo he comprado un nuevo vestido para la fiesta.
You have studied the lesson for two hours.
Tú has estudiado la lección por dos horas.
He has eaten pizza many times this month.
Él ha comido pizza muchas veces este mes.
She has lost the keys again.
Ella ha perdido las llaves nuevamente.
Recuerde que las terceras personas del singular (He, she, it) deben conjugarse con el auxiliar
HAS.
Exercise 9
I. Circle has or have according to the subject.
1.
My co-worker have / has achieved some objectives.
2.
The appointment have / has been postponed.
3.
My boss have / has sent my duties through Internet.
4.
The messenger have / has forgotten the parcels on the desk.
5.
My friends have / has called me several times today.
6.
I have / has answered some phone calls in my new job.
7.
The Directors have / has assigned me other tasks.
8.
I have / has performed some different activities.
9.
My secretary have / has written the reports.
10. My customers have / has read my emails but nobody has replied yet.
Oraciones Negativas
Para construir oraciones negativas en Presente Perfecto, utilizamos la forma negativa del auxiliar, es
decir HAVE NOT o HAS NOT acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio.
Usualmente se utilizan las contracciones:
Have + not = haven’t
o
has + not = hasn’t
Sujeto + Auxiliar (haven’t o hasn’t) + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento
I haven’t visited my grandparents this year.
Yo no he visitado a mis abuelos este año.
You haven’t finished the homework yet.
Tú no has terminado el deber todavía.
He hasn’t used the computer today.
Él no ha usado la computadora hoy día.
She hasn’t taken a shower yet.
Ella no se ha bañado todavía.
27
II. Put the words in the correct order and write negative sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
Example: on / plane / the / arrived / has / time
The plane hasn’t arrived on time.
1. the / accomplished / project / objectives / its / has
_______________________________________________________
2. the / suggestion / have / managers / the / accepted
_______________________________________________________
3. ideas / the / has / auditor / new / recommended
_______________________________________________________
4. programs / audience / have / TV / the / increased / the
_______________________________________________________
5. my / has / years / paid / brother / taxes / the / 5 / in / last
_______________________________________________________
6. the / made / good / leaders / decisions / have
_______________________________________________________
7. degrees / graduate / their / reached / students / have / the
_______________________________________________________
8. trainers / good / have / the / courses / designed
_______________________________________________________
9. recently / has / better / Jennifer / got / a / job
_______________________________________________________
10. my / taken / parents / the / have / Europe / tour / to
_______________________________________________________
Preguntas de Si / No
Para formar una interrogación, colocamos el auxiliar (have o has) al comienzo de la oración, luego el
sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:
Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Have you studied for the final exam this month?
Have they arrived punctual to the class this level?
Has he cleaned his room?
Has she called her daughter today?
¿Has estudiado para el examen final este mes?
¿Han llegado puntuales a la clase este nivel?
¿Ha limpiado su cuarto?
¿Ha llamado a su hija hoy día?
Para responder este tipo de preguntas en forma corta, necesitamos usar el sujeto y el auxiliar ya sea
en forma afirmativa o negativa.
Ejemplo:
-
Have you finished the project?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
-
Has Paula eaten her lunch?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
-
Have they painted their house?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
-
Has the dog slept in the sofa?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
28
III. Answer the following questions in short form.
1. Have you answered the question?
________________________________
2. Has Jenny locked the door?
________________________________
3. Has Patricio called us?
________________________________
4. Have you seen the picture?
________________________________
5. Have your parents got the letter?
________________________________
6. Has it rained a lot?
________________________________
7. Have we sung the song?
________________________________
8. Has Maureen watched the film?
________________________________
9. Has Bob read many books?
________________________________
10. Have you ever been to London?
________________________________
IV. Write questions in Present Perfect Tense by using the words in parenthesis. Don’t forget to use the
past participle form of the verb.
Example: (your mother / dinner / cook ) Has your mother cooked dinner?
1. (you / a truck / drive)
________________________________________________
2. (perform / in / play / a / Karla)
________________________________________________
3. (my friends / achieve / goals / their) ________________________________________________
4. (taxes / pay / his / Ken)
_______________________________________________
5. (Ron and you / race / win / the)
________________________________________________
6. (travel / to Colombia / Yadira )
________________________________________________
7. (eat / sushi / you)
________________________________________________
8. (watch / Titanic / your parents)
________________________________________________
9. (finish / the homework / your friend) ________________________________________________
10. (call / your mother / you)
________________________________________________
Preguntas Informativas
Para formar una pregunta informativa, colocamos la pregunta informativa de acuerdo al tipo de
información requerida, seguido del auxiliar (have o has), luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo
principal también en Pasado Participio:
Wh + Auxiliar (have o has) + Sujeto + Verbo (pasado participio) + Complemento?
Where have you gone this week?
How long has she worked in that company?
29
Ejemplos:
- What have you learnt in your English class?
I have learnt new vocabulary.
- Where has your friend bought her books?
She has bought her books in the library.
- How long have they studied for the test?
They have studied for the test for two hours.
- Who has finished the English homework?
Everybody has finished the English homework.
How many times have you been to Peru?
I’ve been there three times.
V. Choose the correct answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
How long has Mary driven her motorcycle?
a. Not bad.
b. For two years.
c. Lately.
d. In 2006.
What have you eaten these days?
a. Vegetables.
b. studied a lot.
c. For two hours.
d. The teacher.
What has your husband done lately?
a. At home.
b. My parents.
c. In summer.
d. Read a book.
Where have you spent vacation?
a. In August.
b. My family.
c. At the beach.
d. Swimming.
Who has left the books on the desk?
a. Henry.
b. Since 1999.
c. At the office.
d. Dictionaries.
Where have the ladies come from?
a. At 5 pm.
b. In Christmas.
c. July and me.
d. Italy.
Which movie has received the best review?
a. In February.
b. At the university.
c. Les Misérables.
d. From Ecuador.
How have you been lately?
a. For one hour.
b. Fine.
c. My mother.
d. At home.
How often has the manager come before 9 am?
a. Twice a month.
b. In winter.
c. Jason.
Why have you applied for the job?
a. My parents.
b. In October.
c. Twice.
d. For one year.
d. Because I have the
qualifications.
VI. Write questions based on the underlined words.
Example:
They have lived in Manta for five years.
1. I have been in the garden for one hour.
2. My sister has cooked dinner.
How long have they lived in Manta?
_________________________________________
_______________________________________________
30
3. Sue has read the book twice.
_______________________________________________
4. My friend has crashed his car.
_______________________________________________
5. Jeanneth has been on holiday for eight days. ______________________________________
6. Freddy has done his homework.
_______________________________________________
7. Gabriel has stopped at the corner. _______________________________________________
8. Sarah has bought five books.
_______________________________________________
9. Jason has talked to his teacher.
_______________________________________________
10. Catherine has cleaned the house because she is having a party tonight.
____________________________________________________
FOR and SINCE
For y Since sirven para delimitar el tiempo de la acción del verbo, establecen cuando la acción ha
concluido.
FOR
DURANTE/POR
SINCE
DESDE
Ejemplo:
-
I have lived here for four years.
Yo he vivido aquí durante 4 años.
-
I have lived here since 2011.
Yo he vivido aquí desde el 2011.
-
He hasn’t studied for eight years.
El no ha estudiado durante ocho años.
-
He hasn’t studied since 2009.
El no ha estudiado desde el 2009.
Observe que usamos for para expresar la duración de una acción, y since para indicar cuándo
comenzó la acción.
VII. Complete these sentences. Use for o since.
1. I haven't phoned home _________ Christmas.
2. We've been here _________ 10 minutes.
3. I have worked for International House _________ eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town_________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema_________ ages.
6. I have studied non-stop_________ 9:15.
7. I have had a driving license_________ I was eighteen.
8. She hasn't had a day off_________2010.
9. Johan has been in England_________ more than two weeks now.
10. Peter has been our best friend _________we were nine.
31
ALREADY and YET
ALREADY
YET
YA
TODAVIA NO, AUN
Already se utiliza en oraciones positivas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción ya ocurrió o
que se lleva a cabo. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado o al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
-
I have already done my homework
Mary has visited London already.
Has Ron already written the essay?
Have you made your bed already?
Yo ya he hecho mis deberes.
Mary ya ha visitado Londres.
Ya ha escrito Ron su ensayo?
Ya tendiste tu cama?
Yet se utiliza en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para expresar que una acción todavía no ha
concluido. Yet se coloca al final de la oración.
Ejemplo:
-
I haven't done my homework yet.
Have you studied Unit 3 yet?
Yo todavía no he hecho mis deberes.
¿Ya has estudiado la unidad 3?
VIII. Use the following words and write sentences in Present Perfect. They can be positive, negative
or interrogative.
1.
your wife / the baby / had / yet / has / ? _____________________________________________
2.
No / hasn’t / the baby / she / yet / had
3.
already / Rita / has / breakfast / had _______________________________________________
4.
made / I / the / already / have / reservation___________________________________________
5.
have /already / we / bought / some staff ___________________________________________
6.
the time / I / to choose / haven’t / had / yet / the color __________________________________
7.
lunch / had / We / yet / haven’t ___________________________________________________
8.
for the baby / have / some names / you /yet / thought of / ? ______________________________
9.
made / I / of names / already / have /a list ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________
10. you / finished / Have / already / project / the ? _______________________________________
IX. Write complete answers to the following questions. Use already in positive answers and yet in
negative answers.
Examples: - Have you eaten at the new seafood restaurant? Yes, I have already eaten there.
- Has your sister been to Montañita?
No, she hasn’t visited it yet.
1. Has Liz played tennis this month?
Yes, __________________________________
2. Has your car been fixed yet?
No, ___________________________________
3. Have you bought that new laptop?
No, ___________________________________
4. Have your neighbors cut the old tree?
Yes, __________________________________
5. Have you driven your car today?
Yes, __________________________________
6. Have Charles and Ann gone to Brazil?
No, __________________________________
32
7. Has Tom seen that film?
Yes, __________________________________
8. Has the teacher given the results of the exams? No, __________________________________
9. Have you had lunch yet?
Yes, __________________________________
10. Has your daughter read Harry Potter book?
No, ___________________________________
JUST, EVER and NEVER
JUST
EVER
NEVER
ACABAR DE
ALGUNA VEZ
NUNCA
Just se utliza para expresar acciones que han sucedido recientemente. Se coloca después del
auxiliar have o has.
Ejemplo:
-
I have just done my homework.
Yo he acabado de hacer mis deberes.
Ever se utiliza en preguntas. Se coloca antes del verbo en participio pasado.
Ejemplo:
-
Have you ever been to Spain?
Has estado alguna vez en España?
Never se utiliza en oraciones afirmativas, pero el significado es negativo. Cuando usamos never ya
no se usa not.
Ejemplo:
-
I have never been to China.
INCORRECT
Nunca he estado en China.
I haven’t never been to China.
X. Use just, ever or never to complete the following sentences.
Example: - Sonia and Carlos have just had a baby girl. They are really happy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Have you _____________ ridden a motorcycle?
Has David _____________ flown a plane?
The employees have _____________ received a bonus. They are not happy in their jobs.
Peter has _____________ bought a new car. It is a sports car.
My sister has _____________ been to Manchester. She’d like to visit it someday.
The intern has _____________ finished his classes. He’s free now.
Has your daughter _____________ been late for school?
I’ve been to Canada but I’ve _____________ been to The United States.
The President has _____________ won the election again.
I’m not hungry. I’ve ____________ had lunch with Tim.
33
UNIT 8
REPORTED SPEECH (STATEMENTS)
Reporte Directo e Indirecto
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de
hacerlo: utilizando el reporte directo o el reporte indirecto.
Reporte Directo (Direct Speech)
Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el reporte directo.
Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas y deberá ser palabra por palabra.
Ejemplos:
-
“I am going to Cuenca next week,” she said.
"Voy a Cuenca la semana que viene," ella dijo.
-
“Do you have a pen?” he asked.
"Tienes un bolígrafo?" él preguntó.
-
Alicia said, "I love to dance."
Alicia dijo, "Me encanta bailar."
-
Christian asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?"
Christian preguntó, "Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?"
Reporte Indirecto (Indirect Speech)
El reporte indirecto, a diferencia del reporte directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita ser palabra
por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el reporte indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. Para reportar lo
que otra persona ha dicho se usan los verbos: SAY o TELL
Ejemplos:
*Reporte de Oraciones
-
Paola said (that) she was a new student.
Paola dijo que ella era una nueva estudiante.
-
They told me (that) they would bake a cake for their parents.
Ellos dijeron que hornearían una torta para sus padres.
-
The boy said (that) he could play soccer very well.
El niño dijo que él podía jugar futbol muy bien.
-
The teacher told us (that) she would come back in one hour.
La profesora dijo que ella volvería en una hora.
34
A continuación se presenta un cuadro explicativo de los cambios de los tiempos verbales.
REPORTE DIRECTO
REPORTE INDIRECTO
Present Simple
"He's American" she said.
"I'm happy to see you," Maria said.
Past Simple
She said he was American.
Maria said that she was happy to see me.
Present Continuous
"Daniel is living in Loja," she said.
He said, "I'm making dinner."
Past Continuous
She said Daniel was living in Loja.
He told me that he was making dinner.
Past Simple
"We went to the movies last night," he said.
Luis said, "I didn't go to work yesterday."
Past Perfect Simple
He told me they had gone to the movies last night.
Luis said that he hadn't gone to work yesterday.
Past Continuous
"I was working late last night," Vicki said.
They said, "We weren't waiting long."
Past Perfect Continuous
Vicki told me she'd been working last night.
They said that they hadn't been waiting long.
Present Perfect Simple
Heather said, "I've already eaten."
"We haven't been to China," they said.
Past Perfect Simple
Heather told me that she'd already eaten.
They said they hadn't been to China.
Present Perfect Continuous
"I've been studying English for two years," he said.
Sofia said, "We've been dating for over a year
now."
Past Perfect Continuous
He said he'd been studying English for two years.
Sofia told me that they'd been dating for over a
year.
Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple (*NO CHANGE)
"I'd been to Chicago before for work," he said.
He said that he'd been to Chicago before for work.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said, "I'd been dancing for years before the
accident."
Past Perfect Continuous (*NO CHANGE)
She said she'd been dancing for years before the
accident.
Se puede usar "that" en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra
persona. “That”es opcional
Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado, es decir que todavía es verdad o que es
en el futuro, no tenemos que cambiar el tiempo verbal.
Ejemplos:
-"I'm 30 years old," she said.
→ She said she is 30 years old.
-"I'll cut my hair tomorrow," Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair tomorrow.
35
Reporte Indirecto con los verbos modales:
El tiempo verbal cambia en el reporte indirecto también con algunos de los verbos modales:
REPORTE DIRECTO
Will
Can
REPORTE INDIRECTO
Would
Freddy said he would go to the movies
tomorrow.
Could
Debora said, "Andres can work tomorrow."
Debora said Andres could work tomorrow.
Must
Had to
"You must wear your seatbelt," mom said.
My mom said we had to wear my seatbelt.
Shall
Should
Tomas told me he should take care of the
baby.
Might/Could
Sandra said she might not be in class
tomorrow.
"I'll go to the movies tomorrow," Freddy said.
"I Shall take care of the baby" Tomas said.
May
Sandra said, "I may not be in class tomorrow."
Los adverbios y expresiones adverbiales de lugar y tiempo cambian de la siguiente forma:
REPORTE DIRECTO
today
yesterday
the day before yesterday
last week / year…
a / two … week / year…ago
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week /year …
here
now
this
these
REPORTE INDIRECTO
that day
the day before
two days before
the previous week / year…
a / two…week / year before
the next /following day
in two days' time
the following week / year
there
then
that
those
Cuándo usar Say or Tell?
Say y Tell tienen significados similares. Los dos significan comunicarse verbalmente con
alguien. Pero se los usa en forma diferente.
 You say something
 You tell someone something
Ejemplos:
Susan said (that) she was busy.
George said (that) he had a new computer.
computer.
They said (that) they weren’t home that day.
day
Susan told Jim (that) she was busy.
George told us (that) he had a new
They told me (that) they weren’t home that
36
Exercise 10
I. Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
Example: The teacher: “The exam will not be difficult.”
The tracher said that the exam would not be difficult
1. Juan:"Marcelo is at home."
___________________________________________________________________
2. Max:"Francis often reads a book."
___________________________________________________________________
3. Susan:"I'm watching TV."
___________________________________________________________________
4. Simon:"David was ill."
___________________________________________________________________
5. Patricia:"The girls helped in the house."
___________________________________________________________________
6. Ricardo:"I am going to ride a skateboard."
___________________________________________________________________
7. Stefani and Carlos:"We have cleaned the windows."
___________________________________________________________________
8. Charlie:"I didn't have time to do my homework."
___________________________________________________________________
9. Mrs. Salas:"My mother will be 50 years old."
___________________________________________________________________
10. Jane:"The boss must sign the letter."
___________________________________________________________________
II. Choose the correct option to complete the reported statements.
1. Sofia: "I love chocolate."
Sofia said (that) she __________ chocolate.
a. loved
b. loves
c. was loving
2. Patricio: "I went skiing."
Patricio said (that) he _________ skiing.
a. went
b. had gone
c. have gone
3. Maria: "I will eat steak for dinner."
Maria said (that) she __________ eat steak for dinner.
a. willing
b. will
c. would
4. Juan: "I have been to Loja twice."
Juan said (that) he __________ to Loja twice.
a. had been
b. has been
c. was being
5. My teacher: "I have had three cars."
My teacher said (that) he __________ three cars.
a. has
b. has had
c. had had
37
6. My friends: "We’re going to go to Tonsupa next holiday."
My friends said (that) they __________ going to go to Tonsupa next holiday.
a. were
b. was
c. are
7. Sebastian: "I don't like spinach."
Sebastian said (that) he __________ like spinach.
a. doesn't
b. don't
c. didn't
8. Mary: "I have never been to London."
Mary said (that) she __________ never been to London.
a. had
b. has
c. have
9. Daniela: "I was swimming with my friends last weekend."
Daniela said (that) she _________ swimming with her friends last weekend.
a. has been
b. had been
c. have been
10. Tim: "I have two beautiful cats."
Tim said (that) he had ___________some cats.
a. have
b. has
c. had
III. Finish the sentences using reported speech. Don’t forget to change the expressions of time.
Example: Sarah: “I was writing a letter yesterday.”
Sarah told me that she had been writing a letter the day before.
1. Jack: “I’m doing my Math homework now”
Jack said that __________________________________________________.
2. Michael: “David has already been here three times.”
Michael told me that _____________________________________________.
3. Peter and Helen: “Our teacher will go to the museum tomorrow”
Peter and Helen told me that _______________________________________.
4. Liz: “I went to the swimming pool yesterday.”
Liz told me that __________________________________________________.
5. Charlie: “Somebody stole my car a few weeks ago.”
Charlie said that _________________________________________________.
6. Sylvia: “I must finish the report this Friday.
Sylvia said that __________________________________________________.
7. Rocío: “My husband works here every day.”
Rocío told us that _______________________________________________.
8. My parents: “We didn’t travel to Europe Last year.
My parents said that _____________________________________________.
9. Tom: “I use these markers in class.”
Tom told me that ________________________________________________.
10. Helen: “My boyfriend is going to come next Friday”
Helen told me that ______________________________________________.
38
ANSWER KEY
UNIT 1
Exercise 1
I.
1. spent
2. had
3. traveled / visited
4. went
5. learnt
6. didn’t drink
7. didn’t rain
8. saw
9. did you spend
10. did she buy
II.
1. broke
2. knew
3. wrote
4. slept
5. wore
6. lost
7. began
8. forgot
9. saw
10. gave
III.
1. Did she go to the beach?
2. Where did Christian live?
3. What did Alexander buy?
4. Did they have a son?
5. How much did it cost?
6. When did he go to the disco?
7. Why did you buy a laptop?
8. How many pets did Liza have?
9. Did he come home late last night?
10. Where did Tina stay last week?
Exercise 2
I.
1. had already left
2. had made
3. hadn’t done
4. had seen
5. had paid
6. hadn’t studied
7. had gone
8. had missed
9. had built
10. hadn’t seen
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
III.
a. didn’t have / had lost
b. was / had studied
c. found/ had lost
a
b
b
a
b
c
a
b
b
a
d. arrived / had already started
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
felt / hadn’t eaten
got/ had forgotten
was/ had cleaned
opened/ had forgotten
hadn’t rained/ was
was / had eaten
UNIT 2
Exercise 3
I.
1. d
2. a
3. f
4. b
5. g
6. c
7. e
8. i
9. j
10. h
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
were – would get
weren’t friends – would be
weren’t –would be
won – would travel
spoke – would have
would be - had
would have – didn’t buy
would come - had
would call - knew
would pass – studied
39
III. POSSIBLE ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I had a lot of money
would travel around the world
would play more often with my friends
I didn’t have to work.
would speak English fluently.
6. I were a millionaire
7. would rent one to live in.
8. I didn’t have enough money
9. would stay home more often.
10. I didn’t have to work so much.
UNIT 3
Exercise 4
I.
1. d
2. e
3. i
4. a
5. b
6. c
7. j
8. h
9. f
10. g
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
d
d
b
a
b
b
a
a
c
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
put away
put on
gets up
ran away
look after
passed away
put off
grew up
found out
give up
Exercise 5
I.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
would like
wants
hates
loves
likes
wants
loves
hate
likes
hates
II.
a. David would like to have a new car.
b. Sarah likes reading poetry.
c. Andrea hates to study History.
d. Brandon wants to live abroad.
e. Do you like dancing salsa?
f.
My husband hates getting up early.
g. Irene loves making parties every weekend.
h. I hate putting away the toys in the box.
i.
My sister likes looking after her little
children.
j.
The boss would like to put off the meeting.
III. POSSIBLE ANSWERS
a. going to the beach.
b. working on the weekends
c. eating meat.
d. sleeping late
e. to have a house
f. driving his car
g. washing the dishes
h. going shopping
i. to drive a car.
j. to have my own business
40
UNIT 4
Exercise 6
I.
a. active
b. active
c. passive
d. passive
e. passive
f.
passive
g. active
h. active
i.
active
j.
passive
III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
b
b
a
c
d
a
b
a
b
A new car was bought by Michael last week.
A letter was written by Liza.
The box wasn’t opened.
This photograph was taken by Samantha yesterday.
The thieves were caught by the police yesterday.
Where were those magazines bought?
A postcard from Canada was sent by my son.
This song wasn’t written by John Lennon.
My car wasn’t repaired by them last week.
Was the house sold by them?
UNIT 5
Exercise 7
I. Join the two sentences by using who for people and that for things.
1. He’s the man who painted my house.
2. What is the name of the boy who telephoned you?
3. What happened to the money that was on my desk?
4. They’re the people who offered Sue a job.
5. The car that was stolen has now been found.
6. She’s the person who gives me a lift to work every day.
7. The lock that was broken has now been repaired.
8. Most of the people who work in Peter’s office are very nice.
II. Complete the sentences by using who for people and that for things.
1. who
6. who
2. who
7. that
3. that
8. that
4. that
9. who
5. who
10. that
41
III. Answer the questions by using whose.
1. He’s the man whose flat was broken into.
2. They are the couple whose children were injured in the accident.
3. She’s the girl whose brother works in the post office.
4. They are the people whose credit cards were stolen.
5. I’m the person whose mother phoned the police.
IV. Complete the sentences
by using where, when or
why.
1. why
V. Complete the sentences
with whose, who, which, or
where.
1. whose
VI. Match column A with
column B in order to make a
clause
1. d
2. where
2. where
2. e
3. when
3. whose
3. b
4. where
4. who
4. f
5. why
5. whose
5. a
6. when
6. who
6. c
7. whose
8. who
9. which
10. where
UNIT 6
Exercise 8
I. Write sentences by using the future will.
Choose the appropriate verb from the box
for each sentence.
1. will help
II. Write negative or interrogative sentences by
using the future will.
2. will get
2. Maybe she will not / won't read the book.
3. will win
3. Where will we meet?
4. will take
4. They will not / won't send the postcard.
5. will buy
5. Vanessa will not / won't catch the ball.
6. will do
6. James will not / won't open the door.
7. will stay
7. What will they eat tonight?.
8. will cook
8. Will you have fish for lunch?
9. will understand
9. She will not / won't give him the apple.
10. will go
10. When will she come back?
1. I will not / won't answer the question.
42
III. Answer the questions by using the future
be going to. These people have already
planned their activities.
IV. Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verb by using the future be going to.
1. She is going to call her boyfriend.
2. They are going to play squash.
3. She's going to visit her grandma.
4. We´re going to walk in the mountains.
5. We're going to wash the car.
6. I am going to brush my teeth.
7. He is going to repair the car.
8. They are going to light the bonfire.
9. We are going to learn Greek.
1. is going to rain
2. are going to eat
3. am going to wear
4. are not going to help
5. is not going to walk
6. Are you going to cook
7. is not going to share
8. Are they going to leave
9. is she going to take part
10. I'm going to write some postcards.
10. I'm not going to spend
V. Complete the following sentences with the VI. Circle the correct form of the verb in each
correct form of the verb: Use will or be going to. sentence.
1. will go / ’ll go
2. is going to see / ‘s going to see
3. will do / ’ll do
4. will help / ‘ll help
5. will ----- visit / ‘ll ------- visit
6. am not going to quit / ‘m not going to quit
7. will arrive / ‘ll arrive
8. are -----going to invite
9. will have / ‘ll have
10. are going to visit
1. ‘ll call
2. is going to have
3. will get
4. ‘m going to paint
5. will watch
6. am going to travel
7. is going to study / is going to take
8. ‘ll phone
9. are going to get
10. ‘ll help
UNIT 7
Exercise 9
I. Circle has or have according
to the subject.
II. Put the words in the correct order and write negative
sentences in Present Perfect Tense.
1. has
2. has
3. has
4. has
5. have
6. have
7. have
8. have
9. has
10. have
1. The Project hasn’t accomplished its objectives.
2. The managers haven’t accepted the suggestion.
3. The auditor hasn’t recommended new ideas.
4. The TV programs haven’t increased the audience.
5. My brother hasn’t paid taxes in the last 5 years.
6. The leaders haven’t made any good decisions.
7. The graduate students haven’t reached their degrees.
8. The trainers haven’t designed good courses.
9. Jennifer hasn’t got a better job recently.
10. My parents haven’t taken the tour to Europe.
43
III. Answer the following questions in
short form.
IV. Write questions in Present Perfect Tense by using
the words in parenthesis. Don’t forget to use the past
participle form of the verb.
1. Yes. I have. / No, I haven´t.
2. Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.
1. Have you driven a truck?
2. Has Karla performed in a play?
3. Have your friends achieved their goals?
3. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t .
4. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
5. Yes, they have. / No, I haven’t.
6. Yes, it has.
/ No, it hasn’t
7. Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t
8. Yes, he hasn’t. / No, he hasn’t.
4. Has Ken paid his taxes?
5. Have Ron and you won the race?
6. Has Yadira traveled to Colombia?
7. Have you eaten sushi?
9. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
8. Have your parents watched Titanic?
9. Has your friend finished the homework?
10. Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
10. Has your mother called?
V. Choose the correct answer.
VI. Write questions based on the underlined words.
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. c
5. a
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. d
1. Where have you been for an hour?
2. Who has cooked dinner?
3. How many times has Sue read the book?
4. Who has crashed his car?
5. How long has Jeanneth been on holiday?
6. What has Freddy done?
7. Where has Gabriel stopped?
8. How many books has Sarah bought?
9. Who has talked to his teacher?
10. Why has Catherine cleaned the house?
VII. Complete these sentences. Use
for o since.
VIII. Use the following words and write sentences in
Present Perfect.
1. since
2. for
3. for
4. since
5. for
6. since
7. since
8. since
9. for
10. since
1. Has your wife had the baby yet?
2. No, she hasn’t had the baby yet.
3. Rita has already had breakfast.
4. I have already made the reservation.
5. We have already bought some staff.
6. I haven’t had the time to choose the color yet.
7. We haven’t had lunch yet.
8. Have you thought of some names for the baby yet?
9. I have already made a list names.
10. Have you finished the project already?
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IX. Write complete answers to the following questions. Use
already in positive answers and yet in negative answers.
1. Yes, she has already played tennis his month.
2. No, it hasn’t been fixed yet.
3. No, I haven’t bought it yet.
4. Yes, they have (already) cut it already.
5. Yes, I’ve already driven my car today.
6. No, they haven’t gone there yet.
7. Yes, he has already seen it (already).
8. No, she hasn’t given them yet.
9. Yes, I’ve already had lunch (already)
10. No, she hasn’t read it yet.
X. Use just, ever or never to
complete the following sentences.
1. ever
2. ever
3. never
4. just
5. never
6. just
7. ever
8. never
9. just
10. just
UNIT 8
Exercise 10
I. Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Juan said that Marcelo was at home.
Max told me that Francis often read a book.
Susan said that she was watching TV.
Simon said that David had been ill.
Patricia told me that the girls had helped in the house.
Ricardo said that he was going to ride a skateboard.
Stefani and Carlos told me that they had cleaned the windows.
Charlie said that he hadn't had time to do his homework.
Mrs. Salas told me that her mother would be 50 years old.
Jane said that the boss had to sign the letter.
II. Choose the correct option
to complete the reported
statements.
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. c
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. c
III. Finish the sentences using reported speech. Don’t forget to
change the expressions of time.
1. he was doing his Math homework then.
2. David had already been there three times.
3. their teacher would go to the museum the following day.
4. she had gone to the swimming pool the day before.
5. somebody had stolen his car a few weeks before.
6. she had to finish the report that Friday.
7. her husband worked there every day.
8. they hadn’t traveled to Europe the previous year.
9. he used those markers in class.
10. her boyfriend was going to come the following Friday.
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