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MATERIAL DE FORMACIÓN
3. LOS TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS
3.1.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE
El Presente Simple se refiere a una acción que ha sucedido en algún momento antes que
ahora. Sin embargo, a veces la acción continua; en ocasiones la acción sucedió en el
pasado pero el resultado de la acción continua en el presente.
Ejemplo:
John is looking for his wallet. He can't find it. He has lost his wallet.
He has lost his wallet = He lost it and he still hasn't got it.
“Have/has lost” es el presente perfecto simple:
Esta parte de la gramática inglesa resulta difícil para algunas nacionalidades, porque en su
lengua materna no existe un tiempo gramatical especial para estas situaciones – usan el
Presente o el Pasado = por lo tanto es aconsejable comparar el Presente Perfecto con estas
estructuras.
™ FORMA
Fundamentalmente, el Presente Perfecto Simple tiene la siguiente forma:
Have/has + past participle (del verbo principal)
I have been ...
(irregular)
He has opened...
(regular)
Muchas veces el participio pasado acaba en -ed (finished/decided etc.), sin
embargo muchos verbos importantes son irregulares (lost/done/been/written
etc.). (Ver lista de los verbos irregulares)
Positive and negative
I
You
We
Have
They
He/She/It
has
Short Forms:
I have been = I’ve been
You have been = You’ve been
We have been = We’ve been
They have been = They’ve been
He has been = He’s been
(not)
seen
the
movie.
TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS
She has been = She’s been
It has been = It’s been
Question
have
Where
has
Yes/No question
Have you been to Spain?
Has she done it?
I
You
We
They
He/She/It
gone?
Short answers
Yes, I have. – No, I haven’t.
Yes, she has. – No, she hasn’t.
™ USO
* ver también el apartado “USO” para el Presente Perfecto Continuo
(abajo) – comparación de aspectos del Simple y el Continuo.
Cuando usamos el presente perfecto siempre hay un aspecto que tiene que ver con el
ahora. La acción en el pasado tiene un resultado ahora:
¾ 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (I haven't got it now)
¾ He told me his name but I've forgotten it. (I can't remember it now)
¾ 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (she is out now)
¾ I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (Do you know where it is now?)
Con frecuencia empleamos el presente perfecto para dar nueva información o para
anunciar un suceso reciente:
¾ The road is closed. There's been (= there has been) an accident.
¾ (from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
Se puede usar el presente perfecto con just, already y yet
Just = 'hace poco tiempo':
¾ 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
¾ Hello. Have you just arrived?
Usamos already para decir que algo ha occurrido antes de lo previsto:
¾ 'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'
¾ 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone.'
Yet = 'hasta ahora' demuestra que la persona hablando está esperando que algo suceda.
Usa yet solamente para frases negativas y preguntas:
¾ Has it stopped raining yet?
¾ I've written the letter but I haven't posted it yet.
Usamos el presente perfecto con today / this morning / this evening etc.( hoy / esta mañana /
esta tarde etc.) cuando estos períodos todavía no han terminado en el momento de hablar:
¾ I've drunk four cups of coffee today.
¾ Have you had a holiday this year (yet)?
¾ I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?
¾ Ron hasn't worked very hard this term.
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TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS
En los siguientes ejemplos la persona que está hablando también habla de un período que
continua hasta ahora
(últimamente / en los últimos días / hasta ahora / desde esta mañana etc.):
¾ Have you heard from George recently?
¾ I've met a lot of people in the last few days.
¾ Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far.
Usamos When ...? (+ pasado simple)) y How long ...? (+ presente perfecto):
¾ When did you start the game? – We started 30 minutes ago.
¾ How long have you known John? – I have known him for 2 years.
Usamos for cuando hablamos de un período de tiempo :
¾ I have known him for two years.
Usamos since para hablar del comienzo de un período de tiempo:
¾ I have known him since 1998.
3.2.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
El Presente Perfecto Continuo y el Presente Perfecto Simple son muy parecidos porque
ambos:
- expresan una actividad que comenzó en el pasado y que continua hasta el presente
¾ We’ve been working on it for months!
- se refieren a una actividad con un resultado en el presente
¾ I’m tired because I’ve been working hard.
™ FORMA
Have/has + been + - ing (participio presente del verbo principal)
Positive and negative
I
We
You
They
He/she/it
´ve (have)
haven’t
been working.
´s(has)
hasn’t
Question
How long
have
has
Yes/No question
Have you been running?
Has she been shopping?
I
We
You
They
He/she/it
been working?
Short answer
Yes, I have. - No, I haven’t.
Yes, she has. – No, she hasn’t.
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TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS
™ USO
Muchas veces usamos el presente perfecto continuo para decir por cuánto tiempo algo ha
estado sucediendo, sobre todo con how long, for... y since... . La acción todavía está
sucediendo (como en el ejemplo) o acaba de dejar de suceder.
¾ How long have you been learning English? (you're still learning English)
¾ Tim is still watching television. He's been watching television all day.
¾ Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour.
¾ George hasn't been feeling well recently.
Se puede usar el presente perfecto continuo para acciones que se repiten a lo largo de un
período de tiempo:
¾ Debbie is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight.
Comparación del presente perfecto continuo y del presente perfecto simple –
Usamos el continuo para preguntar o decir how long (durante cuánto tiempo) para una
actividad que aún no ha terminado):
¾ How long have you been playing this match?
Usamos el simple para preguntar o decir how much, how many o how many times
(cuánto, cuántos o cuántas veces) para acciones ya terminadas :
¾ How many sets have you played so far?
Los verbos que transmiten la idea de mucho tiempo, por ejemplo; wait, work, learn, travel,
play se pueden usar con el Presente Perfecto Continuo:
¾ I’ve been learning English for two years.
¾ She’s been playing tennis since she was 6.
Sin embargo, los verbos que no transmiten la idea de mucho tiempo, por ejemplo; find, start,
buy, die ,lose, break, stop no se suelen usar en el Presente Perfecto Continuo:
¾ I’ve bought a new dress.
¾ Tom has broken the glass.
Verbos que expresan un estado– por ejemplo; like, love, know, have para posesión, no se
usan con el Presente Perfecto Continuo:
¾ She’s known him for two weeks.
¾ How long have you had your bike?
3.3.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO FRENTE AL PASADO
Si queremos decir cuándo sucedió la acción (en el pasado – ayer/la semana pasada /en
1990/ hace dos días), usamos el Pasado Simple:
¾ I went to Prague last week.
¾ She bought a new bike yesterday.
Vamos a comparar el Presente Perfecto y el Pasado Simple en las siguientes frases:
Presente Perfecto
She has left.
(She is not here now)
Pasado Simple
She left ten minutes ago.
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TIEMPOS PRESENTES PERFECTOS
Have you ever been to Russia?
Did you go to Russia last year?
(= in your life, until now)
He is a painter. He has painted many Picasso painted a lot of pictures.
pictures.
She’s worked here for two years.
She worked here for two years (1990 -1992),
(she still works here)
but now she works somewhere else.
I have lost my wallet.
I lost my wallet yesterday.
(I can’t find it now)
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