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1 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1. 1ST TYPE: Expresa Situaciones Presentes O Futuras Reales. Usamos Los Siguientes Tiempos Verbales: - IF CLAUSE: Simple Present -Main Clause: Will /Can /Simple Present/ Imperative If It Rains, We Will Stay At Home. IF IT RAINS, WE CAN STAY AT HOME If It Rains, Go Home Quickly NOTA: podemos usar UNLESS en lugar de IF……..NOT If they don´t get up early, they will be late. Unless they get up early, they will be late 1) REWRITE THESE FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: 1) I’ll go to the cinema tomorrow if I don’t have to work late. - I’ll go to the cinema tomorrow unless 2) I’ll phone your parents unless your behaviour improves. - if 3) Anna must study or she won´t pass if 4) Unless he studies harder, he is going to fail the test. - If ... 5) You won’t pass the exam unless you work harder. - You won’t pass the exam if ... 6) I´m going to the party only if you go too. Unless.. 7) Unless he studies harder, he is going to fail the test. - If ... 8) You won’t pass the exam unless you work harder. - You won’t pass the exam if ... 9) John usually walks to work if his friends don’t give him a lift. usually walks to work unless ... - John 2 2. 2ndTYPE: Expresa situaciones hipotéticas en el presente o futuro. Usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales: - IF CLAUSE: Simple past – -MAIN CLAUSE: Would/Could + infinitive sin “to” Ej: If it rained, we would stay at home. 2) REWRITE SENTENCES WITH A SECOND CONDITIONAL CLAUSE: 1) Mike is tired to play basketball today. – If he ... 2) George can’t go to the cinema with me because he is too busy. - But if George ... 3) Sheila is fat because she eats too much. - If Sheila ... 4) I can’t go to Tokyo because I don’t have enough money. - If I ... 5) I think you should study much more. - If I were you ... 3. 3rdTYPE: Expresa situaciones imposibles. Usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales: - IF CLAUSE: Past perfect - MAIN CLAUSE: Would have + past participle Ej: If it had rained, we would have stayed at home. 3) REWRITE SENTENCES WITH A THIRD CONDITIONAL CLAUSE: 1) The runner twisted his ankle because he fell. - If the runner hadn’t _____________________________________________ 2) The driver fell asleep at the wheel and caused an accident. - If the driver _________________________________________ 3) I went to sleep very late last night because I was so excited. - If I ______________________________________________ 4) We didn’t move to Paris last year and so I didn’t learn French. - If we had _______________________________________ 5)He spilled coffee on the keyboard and he damaged it. If he ____________________________________________________ 3 WISH CLAUSES Para expresar deseos o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha ocurrido o que ocurre utilizamos I wish / If only. (¡OJALA!) Las dos formas se pueden utilizar pero If only es mucho más enfático. a) I WISH / IF ONLY + SIMPLE PAST. Si nos lamentamos por algo que sucede o situación en presente y desearíamos que fuera diferente. Ex: I wish I lived in a house! If only I spoke English well! b) I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE. Si nos lamentamos o arrepentimos por algo que ha sucedido en el tiempo pasado, o de una situación en el pasado. Ex: I wish I had told them the truth! c) I WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD + INFINITIVE. Se usan cuando los sujetos son diferentes. Con esta estructura nos quejamos de algo en el presente que nos molesta. Ex: I wish you would drive more slowly. 4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + SIMPLE PAST: 1) I’d love to live in Australia. - I wish ... 2) Why don’t we go abroad for our holidays? - I wish ... 3) I’d love to be able to cook. - I wish ... 4) Why don’t we have a bigger house? - If only ... 5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT: 1) I’m sorry I decided to work in London. - I wish ... 2) It was a mistake to leave Manchester. - I wish ... 3) What a pity I didn’t watch the final game. - I wish ... 4) I’m sorry we lost all our money. - I wish ... 6) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD + INFINITIVE: 1) I usually complain because my son has to go to school on Saturdays. - I wish ... 2) Why is the school so expensive? I complain about it. - I wish ... 3) Sheila isn’t very polite to her grandparents. I don’t like it at all. - I wish ... 4) I’d like Peter to give up smoking. Everybody complains about it. - I wish 5) Peter doesn’t wash very often. - If only ... 4 RELATIVE CLAUSES A. WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, WHERE, WHEN. Estos pronombres de relativo (relative pronouns) y palabras que pueden hacer la función de relativo introducen las oraciones de relativo (relative clauses) que se usan para añadir más información sobre alguien o algo que sería el “antecedente”. 1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS: - WHO(M): Se usa para decir algo de una persona. WHOM va detrás de una preposición. Ejemplos: Mr Smith is the man who won the prize. The man who they gave the prize was Mr Smith They are the teachers about whom i was talking - WHICH: Se usa para decir algo de un animal o de una cosa o idea. . Ejemplos: This is the ring which cost me a lot of money. The ring which I bought cost me a lot of money. - WHOSE: Se traduce por “cuyo/a/os/as”. Se usa para hablar de posesión y pertenencia relativa al antecedente. Ejemplo: Brenda is a girl whose father is very rich. 2. Otras palabras que pueden hacer la función de relativos: - WHERE: Se traduce por “donde”. Se usa para indicar “lugar” relacionado con el antecedente. Ejemplo: That’s the house where he lived. - WHEN: Se traduce por “cuando”. Se usa para indicar “tiempo” relacionado con el antecedente. Ejemplo: I remember the day when I met you NOTA: la preposición se puede colocar delante del pronombre relative o al final de la oración subordinada de relativo. Ejemplo: that´s the girl. He was going out with her that´s the girl with whom he was going out that´s the girl who he was going out with 5 b.-Defining relative clauses: especificamos algo sobre el antecedente. Charles is the man. he phoned yesterday. “Charles is the man who phoned yesterday.” 7) JOIN THESE SENTENCES USING A DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: 1) This is the place. I read the newspaper here every day. - This is the place ______________________________________ 2) George has a boat collection. It contains more than 100 models. - George has a boat collection ________________ 3) They bought a Persian rug. It was really expensive. - They bought a Persian rug ____________________________ 4) We found a lost child. His mother was looking for him. - We found a lost child ____________________________________ 5) I came across an old friend. He is vegetarian. - I came across _________________________________________________ 6) They are the people. Their house burned down last winter. - They are the people ___________________________ 8) JOIN THESE SENTENCES USING A NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE: Sam, who is sixty, has started to study Chinese. “Sam has started to study” “He is sixty” 1) The new tunnel will be opened next month. It is the safest in Europe. - The new tunnel, ____________ 2) Fur coats are very popular among wealthy women. They produce indignation among animal lovers. - Fur coats, ___________________________________ 3) Fiesta was written by Ernest Hemingway. It is also called The Sun rises. -Fiesta, ___________________________________________ 4) Harrods is a fashionable London department store. It is one of the longest in Europe. - Harrods, _________________________________________ 5) My English friends live in Bristol. They are members of Greenpeace. - My English friends, ____________________________________ 6) Mark is a great architect. He is Scottish. - Mark , ________________________________________________ 6 PASSIVE VOICE A. ESTRUCTURA: Observa estos ejemplos: Spanish is spoken in Argentina. That car was repaired by Tom. - Como puedes comprobar la voz pasiva se forma de la siguiente manera: Verbo to be + past participle del verbo correspondiente. Recuerda: El past participle es la forma de la 3ª columna de los verbos irregulares y se forma añadiendo -ed al infinitivo en los verbos regulares. - Se utiliza el verbo to be en el mismo tiempo verbal que el verbo en la voz activa. Observa la siguiente oración en voz activa y pasiva con el verbo en past simple: Active voice Tom broke the window Ejemplo: Passive voice The window was broken by Tom. Nota: en el ejemplo de la voz pasiva aparece el complemento agente introducido por by (por) - En el siguiente cuadro se muestran los diferentes tiempos y formas verbales con sus formas activas y pasivas: Verb tense Active voice Passive voice Present simple arrest/arrests am/is/are arrested Present continuous am/is/are arresting am/is/are being arrested Past simple arrested was/were arrested Past continuous was/were arresting was/were being arrested Present perfect have/has arrested have/has been arrested Past perfect had arrested had been arrested Future simple (will) will arrest will be arrested 7 Be going to am/is/are going to arrest am/is/are going to be arrested Future perfect will have arrested will have been arrested Would + inf would arrest would be arrested Would + have + Past Part. would have arrested would have been arrested Modal verb can arrest can be arrested ¿CÓMO TRANSFORMAR UNA ORACIÓN ACTIVA EN PASIVA? Shakespeare Subject wrote romeo and Juliet verb direct object romeo and Juliet was written BY Shakespeare 9) TURN THESE SENTENCES INTO THE PASSIVE/ACTIVE VOICE: 1) They speak Spanglish in the USA. - Spanglish ... 2) Mr Stavans has published a dictionary. - A dictionary ... 3) They will write books on Spanglish. -Books on ... 4) They have cancelled the flight. - The flight ... 5) The children are using the workshop. - The workshop ... 6) They have hired a limousine. - A limousine ...... 7) Mark composed the song. - The song ... 8) They produce a lot of wine in Spain. - A lot of wine ... 9) Barcelona organised the Games. -The Games ... 10) The police did not arrest Joe. - Joe ... 11) They make Nissan cars in Ávila. -Nissan cars ... 12) Mark didn’t take the bus at six. -The bus ... 1) Your temperature will be taken by the nurse. -The nurse ... 2) All babies were given a vaccination in hospital. -They ... 3) My pain wasn’t relieved by this medicine. -This medicine ... 4) This book has been translated by Alan. - Alan ...
