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BASES PARA EL ESTABLECIMIENTO DE UN
PROGRAMA DE VIGILANCIA DE ENFERMEDADES
EMERGENTES Y/O PRESENTES EN MEXICO…
MVZ, PHD LAURA BATISTA
BATISTA & ASOCIADOS
SONORA, MÉXICO
LAC BROME, QC, CANADÁ
AGENDA
• Introducción
• Propuesta
• La globalización
• Análisis y acciones
• Diagnóstico
• La bioseguridad
• Transporte
• Impacto económico
• Conclusiones
AUTORIDADES
PRODUCTORES
(propiedad)
VETERINARIOS
(acciones, liderazgo,
planes)
COORDINACIÓN Y ORGANIZACIÓN
CLAVE!!!!!
EQUIPOS DE APOYO
(LABORATORIOS DE DIAGNÓSTICO,
empresas farmacéuticas, de alimentos,
genéticas, transporte, etc.)
PORQUE ESTA
PROPUESTA?
Spike in
Jan/Feb?
Source: Swine Health Monitoring Report, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine. May 16, 2014.
Source: Dr Steve Tousignant (tous0026@umn.edu), National PRRSv Incidence Project, UMN
MUNDO GLOBALIZADO
Arruda et al. 2014
LA GLOBALIZACIÓN TIENE SUS
BEMOLES…
• Importaciones masivas de cerdos, canales y
material de todo el mundo.
• Posibilidad de importar enfermedades exóticas
o emergentes.
• Algunas están bien caracterizadas, pero otras
no…
El ébola deja en evidencia al sistema de salud mundial
el mundo NO está preparado para las epidemias.
Trish M. Pearl hace una aguda crítica y emite una urgente
alerta para que el mundo se prepare frente a las crisis
infecciosas, las cuales serán cada vez más frecuentes.
http://eleconomista.com.mx/entretenimiento/2015/05/12/mundo-no-preparado-lasepidemias
ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES
• Problema más complicado…
• Enfermedades mal descritas con
patología variable.
Algunas con poca signología.
•
•
•
Requieren analizar los datos de
producción.
Requiere decidir si es o no un problema
de producción en la granja.
Classical swine fever found in Russian wild boar
By Georgi GytonGeorgi Gyton , 15-Apr-20142014-04-15T00:00:00Z
Related tags: Classical swine fever, Hog cholera, Russia, Wild boar, World
Organisation for Animal Health
An outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) has been discovered in multiple
locations in Russia.
Three outbreaks have been recorded – the first since October 2013 – in wild boar,
in the Amurskaya Oblast region of the country.
A total of one death and the destruction of 16 wild boar have been reported so
far.
The outbreak started on 21 February 2014, but the report wasn’t received by the
World Organisation for Animal Health until yesterday (14 April).
Measures taken to control the spread include screening, movement control inside
the country and the control of wildlife reservoirs.
CSF, also known as hog cholera, is a contagious viral disease of domestic and wild
swine.
This content is copyright protected
However, if you would like to share the information in this article, you may use the
headline, summary and link below:
Classical swine fever found in Russian wild boar
By Georgi GytonGeorgi Gyton, 15-Apr-2014
An outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) has been discovered in multiple
locations in Russia.
http://www.globalmeatnews.com/Industry-Markets/Classical-swine-fever-found-inRussian-wild-boar
Copyright - Unless otherwise stated all contents of this web site are © 2015 - William
Reed Business Media Ltd - All Rights Reserved - For permission to reproduce any
contents of this web site, please email Robert Proctor - Full details for the use of
materials on this site can be found in the Terms & Conditions
Related news:
Breaking news: Danes move
quickly on suspected swine
fever case
Switzerland calls ban on certain
live pig imports
Classical swine fever discovery
in Ukraine
Vaccine claim in fight against
African swine fever
EU member states pass new
swine fever controls
African swine fever to impact
2014 pig prices
Harding, J. 2014
Harding, J. 2014
Harding, J. 2014
Harding, J. 2014
NUESTRA HISTORIA NO ES
BUENA…
• Hemos importado muchas enfermedades de otros
países…
• No las hemos identificarlas rápidamente.
• Por lo tanto no hemos sido capaces de contenerlas
y evitar su diseminación.
DE DONDE VIENEN?
• Mutaciones, variaciones y-o recombinaciones
de virus y bacterias apatógenas y de
patogenicidad baja
• Espacios en la naturaleza
• Presión de sistemas de producción
• Densidad animal
Swine - Health Management and Biosecurity
Information for Ontario pork producers on swine health management and biosecurity.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED)
Biosecurity
•National Strategy to Prevent the Spread of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea to
Canada, Canadian Swine Health Board
•National Swine Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard, Canadian Swine Health Board
•Biosecurity Fundamentals For Visitors To Livestock Facilities
•10 Step Guide to Implementing an Effective Biosecurity Plan (PDF Version)
•Biosecurity Checklist
•Biosecurity - Infectious Agents
•Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheets
•Biosecurity Fundamentals for Extension Personnel
•Disinfection in On-Farm Biosecurity Procedures
•On-Farm Biosecurity: Traffic Control and Sanitation
•Farming Inspections and Biosecurity Protocols, Ministry of Labour video
•Rodent Control in Livestock and Poultry Facilities (Order No. 13-057)
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/swine/health.html
PED News: CANADA. PED, TGE and Delta Coronavirus Remain a Threat in Western
Canada
COUNTRY & DATE: Canada. 2015-Sep-01
TYPE: Unofficial
ISSUE: Follow-up: outbreaks reported in Canada
SUMMARY: Environmental testing has shown PED, TGE and Delta Coronavirus
remain a threat in western Canada. Because of the success of the environmental
surveillance programs initiated to monitor high traffic sites for signs of Porcine
Epidemic Diarrhea, those programs are being extended in Alberta, Saskatchewan
and Manitoba for another fiscal year. Dr. Julia Keenliside, a Veterinary
Epidemiologist with Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, told those taking
part in Alberta Pork's monthly PED Telephone Town Hall Meeting last week, the
success in dealing with PED is a testament not only to our producers' hard work
but the hard work of everyone in the industry to work together to keep this disease
out.
FULL TEXT:
http://www.farmscape.com/f2ShowScript.aspx?i=25142&q=PED%2C+TGE+and+D
elta+Coronavirus+Remain+a+Threat+in+Western+Canada
Photos courtesy of: AJ Smit (#1
and #2) and Aubrey Cordray (#3)
http://www.omicsonline.org/sen
eca-valley-virus-and-vesicularlesions-in-a-pig-with-idiopathicvesicular-disease-21577579.1000123.pdf
NUEVAS AMENAZAS: VIRUS DEL
VALLE DEL SENECA
• Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus) in Swine, August 5, 2015 —
Recently, there have been 4 cases of vesicular disease observed in unrelated diagnostic
case submissions (3 cases from exhibition swine in Iowa, 1 case from a commercial finishing
operation in South Dakota) at the ISU-VDL since July 28, 2015. Foreign animal disease
investigations were initiated and samples all tested negative to FMDV, but positive to
Senecavirus A. Other vesicular diseases have been ruled out as well. AASV originally
reported on the presence of Seneca Valley Virus in October 2012. That article describing
the clinical presentation associated with earlier introductions can be accessed on the
AASV website. In addition, Drs. Chris Rademacher, Darin Madson, Rodger Main, KJ Yoon,
Daniel Linhares, and AJ Smit at Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab have
compiled a fact sheet entitled Senecavirus A (Seneca Valley Virus) in Swine describing the
virus and clinical presentation of the recent cases. This document can be viewed on the
AASV website by clicking here.
https://www.aasv.org/search.php?q=seneca+valley
Seneca Valley Virus Notice - identified in pigs in the US but from Canada and
at a Canadian assembly yard.
CFIA has provided some information to the swine industry on the detection of Seneca Valley Virus (SVV) in Canada at an
Ontario assembly yard the week of October 19, 2015.
Two different pig shipments from Canada were found to have vesicles and lameness at the same US abattoir.
One load was from Ontario, via an ON assembly yard; one was sows from MB, though MB assembly yard.
USDA did an FAD investigation and notified CFIA. Samples from the abattoir were sent to both CFIA and US labs and
were negative for all FAD’s, but positive for SVV.
CFIA did sampling at premises of origin in both ON and MB and all were negative. No samples were taken from MB assembly,
as risk assessment deemed it to be not necessary, and the yard is assumed negative. Samples from ON assembly tested
positive for SVV.
CFIA trying to get additional information from US on how long animals were held before slaughter, contact with other pigs
there, etc. At this point the source of the infection cannot be definitively proven.
In Canada, animals showing vesicular lesions, will be considered FAD suspects. The CFIA will respond to any suspect FAD’s,
including SVV. Suspects must be reported to CFIA, who will do inspection, risk assessment, and possible quarantine and testing.
At an abattoir that could require plant stoppage, etc. as the FAD investigation occurs.
CFIA can test for SV, SVD and FMD to rule out those FAD's. It has SVV tests, but they are not yet validated. They are
endeavoring to validate the test with known positive samples being brought in from US for this.
SVV is being seen more frequently in US and Brazil. Not sure if same virus as circulating previously or new strain. Strains from US
previously have rarely appeared in Canada.
CFIA will respond to SVV lesions as a suspect FAD for now; if more cases do appear in Canada, they will work on refining that
protocol.
We are expecting CFIA to initiate a call with swine veterinarians in the near future.
Chris Byra
Manager - Canadian Swine Health Intelligence Network
Greenbelt Swine Veterinary Services
8451 Harvard Place
Chilliwack, BC V2P 7Z5
(604)316-6974 (cell)
byra@cshin.ca byra@rcssp.ca
O, A MENOS QUE
…
28
Johnson, A. 2015
COMUNICACIÓN Y REDES
• EN LA COMUNIDAD VETERINARIA ESTAS REDES DEBERÍAN SER TAN
COMUNES COMO EL FACEBOOK, TWITTER O LINKEDIN, SIN EMBARGO NO
LO SON.
• ESTAS REDES MANEJAN INFORMACIÓN DE SALUD Y PRODUCCIÓN QUE
AYUDEN A TODOS LOS VETERINARIAS A RESOLVER PROBLEMAS DE SALUD
ALREDEDOR DEL MUNDO.
• ALGUNAS YA EXISTEN:
• HTTP://WWW.SWINEHEALTH.CA/CSHIN.PHP
• HTTP://BIOPORTAL.UCDAVIS.EDU/
ENTENDER LA DINÁMICA DE LA
INFECCION
PED Case Update
Québec: As of October 19, 2015, 11 of the 16 sites infected with PED are now negative. The table below tabulates the
sites in Québec that have been infected along with their current status.
The PED virus from 5 farms were sequenced and two strains were identified. Four farms had the original highly virulent
PEDv strain and one had the Indel strain (Ohio), which is somewhat less virulent.
Chris Byra
Manager of the Canadian Swine Health Intelligence Network
Estabilidad
negativo
PRRS
Semen
adecuada
Aclimatación
disminución
Circulación viral
efectiva
Bioseguridad
controlada
Movilizaciones
constante
Monitoreo DX
compartida
Base de datos
regional
Programa de control
Inestabilidad
positivo
inadecuada
aumento
mala
desorganizada
inconstante
desconocida
local
PLAN DE CONTINGENCIA
DIAGNÓSTCIO Y
MONITOREO CONTINUO
QUIEN SOY …?
Gottschalk, M. , 2004
Aclimataciónd
Pie de cría
Maternidad
OBJETIVO
Destete
Engorda
• Nuevo brote
• Enfermedad endémico
• Monitoreo continuo
• Caso raro/esporádico
• Control
• Erradicación
• Monitoreo de enfermedades emergentes
• Dependiendo
del objetivo, serán las pruebas a
solicitar y las muestras que debo enviar
HABILIDAD DE LAS HERRAMIENTAS
DIAGNÓSTICAS DE DETECTAR EL VPRRS
DURANTE LA INFECCIÓN
39
Cano, JP 2013
Quick,
easy,
cheap
to collect►
▼ PCR detection of SIV, PCV2, PRRSV, TTV
▼ PRRSV ELISA antibody response.
Prickett et al., 2008. Detection of PRRSV infection in porcine oral fluid samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:156-163.
Prickett et al., 2008. Oral-fluid samples for surveillance of commercial growing pigs for PRRSV and PCV2 infections. JSHAP 16(2):86-91.
Hoffman P, Prickett J, et al., 2008. Implementation and validation of swine oral fluid collection in a commercial system. 38th Annual Meeting
of the AASV. San Diego, California, pp. 301-302.
ESTABLECER UN MUESTREO INICIAL,
CONTINUO Y DE CONTINGENCIA
Tipo de Granja
Status de PRRSv
Negative (IV)
Edad
Muestra
Adultos
# mínimo de
muestras
Prueba
10
ELISA / PCR (pools)
(Secuenciar si es
positivo)
30
PCR / Secuencia
Suero
Pie de Cría▲
Stable (II), Neg/Vac (Inv),
Pos/Vac (Ipv)
Por destetar
Positive (Ip)
Negative (IV)
4 semanas postdestete
Destete ■
Neg/Vac (Inv), Pos/Vac (Ipv), Pos
(Ip)
Negative (IV)
4 semanas postllegada
Engorda ●
Neg/Vac (Inv), Pos/Vac (Ipv), Pos
(Ip)
Suero
10
Fluídos orales
(OF)
1 soga / 1000
cerdos
Suero
10
OF
1 soga / 1000
cerdos
Suero
10
OF
1 soga / 1000
cerdos
Suero
10
OF
1 soga / 1000
cerdos
ELISA
PCR (pools) /
Secuencia
ELISA
PCR (pools) /
Secuencia
Clasificación de Granjas
(Vers 6 – Nov 2011)
(Adaptado de Holtkamp and Polson “Terminology for classifying herds for PRRSv status” JSHAP 2011;19(1):44-56)
Site Classification Guideline for PED Virus
Bob Morrison (P.I. Swine Health Monitoring Project), Matt Ackerman, Joe Connor
Sow Farms
I – Infected and shedding virus
II – Stable – weaned pigs are negative for PED
- Herd is free of clinical signs of PED
- At least 4 consecutive samples of piglet feces collected as often as weekly from
farrowing are PCR negative.
o Each sample must represent 30 litters between 7 days of age and weaning (95/10).
o Collect 1 Swiffer sample per litter. Bias the litters towards younger parity sows
and/or have any diarrhea. Swab diarrhea when evident.
o You may pool up to 5 swabs (litters) together for PCR testing.
III – Provisionally negative
- Herd is free of clinical signs of PED and at least 60 gilts have been introduced and have
remained free of clinical signs of PED for at least 60 days.
- These sentinel gilts should have no known history of prior PED infection.
- Serum test is negative on at least 30 gilts present in sow herd for at least 60 days
- Ongoing monthly testing of gilt litters is encouraged
IV – Negative
- Herd has no clinical history of PED virus
Or
- Herd was provisionally negative, has had no clinical evidence of PED virus for at least 6
months and gilts entering herd have no history of PED infection and have remained free
of clinical signs.
ROMPER PARADIGMAS,
PORQUE NO?!!!
NO TENGAN MIEDO!!!
LOS FLUIDOS ORALES
Zimmerman, J. 2002
ESTUDIAR, ENTENDER Y
PRACTICAR LA
EPIDEMIOLOGÍA
RESULTADOS DE UNA
INVESTIGACIÓN DE CASO Y
PRÁCTICA BASADA EN EVIDENCIA
Batista, L. y Mondaca E. 2014
LA BIOSEGURIDAD
`
Broes A y Boutin R 2003
LA REALIDAD!!
TRANSPORTE
1.
No. de movimientos al día
2.
Lavado de camiones
3.
Presencia de excremento
4.
Manejo de cerdos
5.
Diseño del camión
6.
Tipo de material del camión
7.
CHOFERES
MUESTREO
CONOCER LOS MOVIMIENTOS
DE CERDOS Y TRANSPORTE DE
UN ÁREA
Enciso, C. 2014
LIMITANTES EN EL TRANSPORTE
• Capacidad de lavado
• Costo y precio del
lavado
• Mano de obra
ESTACIONES DE
TRANSFERENCIA
ANALIZAR Y ENTENDER EL
IMPACTO PRODUCTIVO, COSTO
Y RETORNO A LA INVERSIÓN
(ROI) DE CUALQUIER
ESTRATEGIA
FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA
EFICIENCIA PRODUCTIVA
ECONÓMICA Y CALIDAD DEL CERDO
Font, P. 2010
PÉRDIDAS DE PRODUCTIVIDAD EN
EL ÁREA REPRODUCTIVA
Reduction in pigs weaned / mated female / year (calculated)
(from BH-A)
Survey of Veterinarians
0.0
BH-A
BH-B
Production Records
BH-D
BH-C
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
Source: Survey of veterinarians; 26 veterinarians representing 2,339,800 females
Holtkamp D. et al. 2013
PÉRDIDAS DE PRODUCTIVIDAD
EN LA LÍNEA DE PRODUCCIÓN
6%
Survey of Veterinarians Production Records
GP-A1
GP-B 2
GP-C 3
Survey of Veterinarians
0
GP-A1
GP-C 2
1
0.04
-50
0.02
-60
0.00
1%
-70
-0.02
0%
-80
-0.04
-90
-0.06
Mortality
(% of pigs born alive)
GP-C
0.06
-40
2%
1
0.08
-30
3%
Production Records
GP-B
0.10
-20
4%
0.14
GP-A 1
0.12
-10
5%
Survey of Veterinarians
Production Records
GP-B 2
Average Daily Gain
(g/day)
Feed Conversion
(g feed/g gain)
Major source of loss associated with PRRS virus in growing
pigs is mortality
Source: Survey of veterinarians; 26 veterinarians representing 41,496,625 pigs marketed
1,2,3,4
Different superscripts indicate statistical significance; Values from production records only
Holtkamp D. et al. 2013
COSTO DE LAS ENFERMEDADES
Diagnostic cost/ pig weaned
Pharmaceutical cost/pig
weaned
$0.14
$0.26
$0.23
$0.22
$0.59
$1.15
$1.13
$0.91
BH-A
BH-B
$1.35
Immunization cost/pig
weaned
$1.91
$1.79
$1.74
BH-D
$2.08
$3.32
$3.15
$2.87
TOTAL
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
BH-C
$4.00
$US/pig weaned
Source: Survey of veterinarians; 26 veterinarians representing 2,339,800 females
Holtkamp D. et al. 2013
UN NUEVO JUGADOR: COEFICIENTE DE VARIACIÓN
DEL PESO AL MERCADO
Edad promedio, d (Patience el al. 2008)
19
68
140
Meta de coeficiente de variación, %
22
13
8
80 kg.
90kg.
110k +/- 10 kg. 120 kg. 130kg.
FACTORES DE RIESGO
PARA LA VARIACIÓN DE
PESO
Variación de peso
Peso al nacimiento
Y destete
Enfermedades de la
Hembra y del
Lechón
Manejo
Tamaño de parto
Nutrición
PRRS
No. de parto
Tipo de comedero
SDPS
Genética
Espacio/cerdo
Respiratorias
Medio ambiente
Digestivas
Sexo
ESCUCHAR COMENTARIOS
COMO…
• Los fracasos vienen de…
• Falta de cumplimento de las estrategias probadas y
establecidas…
• Solo un cambio en los paradigmas lograrán una mejora a largo
plazo de los programas individuales o regionales de control y
mejoramiento de salud…
• Estos cambios dependen de nuestra habilidad de transferir y
aceptar el conocimiento, la tecnología y la motivación …
NOS OBLIGA A PENSAR EN UNO DE NUESTROS ACTIVOS
MÁS VALIOSOS
Entrenamiento de personal
1.Trabajo consistente y estándar.
2.Un equipo que confianza en sí mismo.
3.Un equipo que es confiable.
4.Un sistema de producción es más eficiente.
5.Un sistema sostenible.
6.Menor presencia de enfermedades y errores.
7.Mayor motivación del personal y por lo tanto un trabajo más eficiente.
8.El personal está consciente de las responsabilidades al trabajar con
otras personas y lo que los hace más flexibles.
9.Menor rotación de personal.
10. Finalmente, se aumenta la eficiencia no solo en la producción y
salud, sino también permite la supervivencia económica de la empresa.
CONCLUSIONES…
“Claramente no existe fin a las amenazas que
potencialmente pueden impactar a la industria porcina
global; repetidamente la historia nos ha demostrado
que las enfermedades, de notificación obligatoria, o
no, y emergentes ocurren regularmente.”
Traducido de Harding, J. IPVS 2014.
CONCLUSIONES, cont
• PLAN DE CONTINGENCIA Y
ACCIÓN INMEDIATA
• DIAGNÓSTICO, DETECCIÓN
TEMPANA Y MONITOREO
• ADHERENCIA Y RESPETO A LOS
PROTOCOLOS
• BIOSEGURIDAD
• CADA REGIÓN/PAÍS ES UN
MUNDO
• EDUCACIÓN Y CAPACITACIÓN
TE ATREVES A SOÑAR?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LwvuQkAGcA
"LOCURA
ES HACER LAS COSAS DE LA
MISMA MANERA UNA Y OTRA VEZ, Y
ESPERAR RESULTADOS DIFERENTES”
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Drucker, P